This document summarizes an experiment on using a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) as an inverter digital gate. The objectives are to become familiar with BJT amplifier operation and determine the voltage transfer characteristic (VTC) of the inverter. The theoretical background discusses an ideal inverter model and its VTC properties. It then explains the three regions of the BJT inverter VTC - cutoff, forward active, and saturation - and defines related terms like noise margins, logic swing, transition width, propagation delay, rising time, and falling time. The procedure has two parts: 1) constructing and testing a BJT inverter circuit to plot its VTC, and 2) applying an input square wave to measure the
This document summarizes an experiment on using a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) as an inverter digital gate. The objectives are to become familiar with BJT amplifier operation and determine the voltage transfer characteristic (VTC) of the inverter. The theoretical background discusses an ideal inverter model and its VTC properties. It then explains the three regions of the BJT inverter VTC - cutoff, forward active, and saturation - and defines related terms like noise margins, logic swing, transition width, propagation delay, rising time, and falling time. The procedure has two parts: 1) constructing and testing a BJT inverter circuit to plot its VTC, and 2) applying an input square wave to measure the
This document summarizes an experiment on using a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) as an inverter digital gate. The objectives are to become familiar with BJT amplifier operation and determine the voltage transfer characteristic (VTC) of the inverter. The theoretical background discusses an ideal inverter model and its VTC properties. It then explains the three regions of the BJT inverter VTC - cutoff, forward active, and saturation - and defines related terms like noise margins, logic swing, transition width, propagation delay, rising time, and falling time. The procedure has two parts: 1) constructing and testing a BJT inverter circuit to plot its VTC, and 2) applying an input square wave to measure the
This document summarizes an experiment on using a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) as an inverter digital gate. The objectives are to become familiar with BJT amplifier operation and determine the voltage transfer characteristic (VTC) of the inverter. The theoretical background discusses an ideal inverter model and its VTC properties. It then explains the three regions of the BJT inverter VTC - cutoff, forward active, and saturation - and defines related terms like noise margins, logic swing, transition width, propagation delay, rising time, and falling time. The procedure has two parts: 1) constructing and testing a BJT inverter circuit to plot its VTC, and 2) applying an input square wave to measure the
Islamic University of Gaza Digital Electronics Lab (EELE 3121)
Faculty of Engineering Eng. Mohammed S. Jouda
Electrical Engineering department Eng. Amani S. abu reyala
Experiment 2 BJT Inverter
Objectives To be familiar with the operation of BJT Amplifier. To determine VTC of the inverter.
Theoretical Background 1. Ideal Inverter Digital Gate The ideal Inverter model is important because it gives a metric by which we can judge the quality of actual implementation. Its VTC is shown in figure 1.1 and has the following properties: Infinite gain in the transition region, and gate threshold located in the middle of the logic swing, with high and low margins equal to the half of the swing. The input and output impedance of the ideal gate are infinity and zero, respectively.
2. Dynamic Behavior of Inverter Digital Gate
Figure1.2 illustrates the behavior of the inverter digital gate using BJT There are three regions for the above voltage transfer characteristic 1. Cut-off region. 2. Forward Active region. 3. Saturation region.
BJT Inverter can be best expressed by its voltage transfer characteristic (VTC) or DC transfer characteristic as shown in figure 1.3. That relates the output voltage to the input one. If: Vi = Vol, Vo = Voh = Vcc (VTC) or DC Transfer Characteristic The transistor is OFF.
Vi = Vil The transistor Begins to turn on.
Vil < Vi < Vih
The transistor is in forward active region and operates as Amplifier.
Vi = Voh The transistor will be deep is saturation, Vo = Vce(sat).
A measure of sensitivity to noise is called Noise Margin (NM) which can be
expressed by: Nml = Vil Vol. Nmh = Voh Vih.
Logic Swing: Ls = Voh Vol
We can calculate the transition width using the following expression
Tw = Vih - Vil.
Another point of interest of the VTC is the gate or switching threshold voltage Vm that defines as Vm = F(Vm). Vm can also be found graphically at the intersection og the VTC curve and the line given by Vout = Vin as shown in Figure 1.3 For an AC input, the propagation delay can be defined as:
Tphl: the response from a low to high transition.
Tplh: the response from a high to low transition. Tp: Overall propagation delay: Tp = (Tphl + Tplh)/2.
Tr: Rising Time.
Tf: Falling Time.
Procedure Part A: 1) Write the circuit shown in Figure 1.5:
2) Vary the input Voltage according to the table 1.1
Programming in C++ Prof. Partha Pratim Das Department of Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lecture - 07 Stack and Its Applications
Programming in C++ Prof. Partha Pratim Das Department of Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lecture - 07 Stack and Its Applications
