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Language
CONTENTS
Russian Kazakh Kyrgyz Tajik Turkmen Uzbek 481 483 484 485 486 486

Central Asia is a multilingual area, and so this chapter includes words and phrases from six different languages that you may find useful. The official languages of the former Soviet Central Asian countries are Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tajik, Turkmen and Uzbek, but Russian is still the language of government and academia (rather like English in India). Therefore the one language most useful for a visitor is still Russian; youll find that its the second language for most adults, who were taught it in school. A few words of the local language will nonetheless give a disproportionate return in goodwill. At home, educated people normally speak a mishmash of Russian and their native tongue. Learning the Russian Cyrillic alphabet is a very good idea, as most of the Cyrillicbased alphabets of Central Asia will then be familiar as well (see The Russian Cyrillic Alphabet on p482 and Non-Russian Cyrillic Letters on p484). Learning to count in local languages will allow you to listen in on discussions of prices in the markets. In public its now often worthwhile letting non-Russians know in advance that youre not Russian, either by saying so or by starting out in English. For a comprehensive guide to Russian, get a copy of Lonely Planets Russian Phrasebook. For an excellent guide to the other languages of Central Asia, get a copy of Lonely Planets Central Asia Phrasebook.

universal hello (but if you say it a second time in one day to the same person, theyll think you forgot you already saw them!), and (pazhalsta), the multipurpose word for please (commonly used with all polite requests), youre welcome, pardon me, after you and more. The easiest way to turn a statement into a question is just to use a rising tone and a questioning look, or follow it with da?, eg Is this Moscow?, , ? (eta maskva da?). A sentence is made negative by putting (ni) before its main word, eg This is not Moscow, ? (eta ni maskva). Two letters have no sound, but modify others. A consonant followed by the soft sign is spoken with the tongue flat against the palate, as if followed by the faint beginnings of a y. The rare hard sign after a consonant inserts a slight pause before the next vowel.

Greetings & Civilities

Hello.
zdrastvuyte . . ? . /. () . ? ... ? LANGUAGE

Goodbye.
da svidaniya

How are you?

kak dila?

Im well.
kharasho

Yes/No.
da/net

good/OK
kharasho

bad
plokha (balshoye) spasiba

Thank you (very much). Whats your name?

kak vas zavut?

My name is ...
minya zavut ...

Where are you from?

atkuda vy?

RUSSIAN
Two words youre sure to use during your travels are (zdrastvuyte), the

Australia
afstraliya

Canada
kanada

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France
frantsiya /

THE RUSSIAN CYRILLIC ALPHABET Cyrillic Roman Pronunciation

Germany
germaniya

Ireland
irlandiya

New Zealand
novaya zelandiya

the UK (Great Britain)

velikabritaniya

the USA
se she a/amerika

Language Difficulties
I dont speak Russian.
ya ni gavaryu pa ruski -.

I dont understand.
ya ni panimayu . -?

Do you speak English?

vy gavarite pa angliyski?

Could you write it down, please?

zapishite pazhalsta .

Transport & Travel

To get off a marshutnoe minibus say astanavitye pazhalsta. Where is ...?
gde ...? ...? ? ? ? (abbr. . .) (abbr. .) (abbr. .)

When does it leave?

kagda atpravlya etsya?

What town is this?

kakoy eta gorat?

How much is a room?

LANGUAGE skolka stoit nomer?

airport
aeraport

bus
aftobus

a as the a in father (in stressed syllable); as the a in ago (in unstressed syllable) , b as the b in but , v as the v in van , g as the g in god , d as the d in dog , * e as the ye in yet (in stressed syllable); as the yi in yin (in unstressed syllable) , ** yo as the yo in yore , zh as the s in measure , z as the z in zoo , i as the ee in meet , y as the y in boy , k as the k in kind , l as the l in lamp , m as the m in mad , n as the n in not , o as the o in more (in stessed syllable); as the a in hard (in unstressed syllable) , p as the p in pig , r as the r in rub (rolled) , s as the s in sing , t as the t in ten , u as the oo in fool , f as the f in fan , kh as the ch in Bach , ts as the ts in bits , ch as the ch in chin , sh as the sh in shop , shch as sh-ch in fresh chips , hard sign (see p481) , y as the i in ill , soft sign; (see p481) , e as the e in end , yu as the u in use , ya as the ya in yard (in stressed syllable); as the ye in yearn (in unstressed syllable) , * , are transliterated ye when at the beginning of a
word

hotel
gastinitsa

** , are often printed without dots

railway station
zhilezna darozhnyy vagzal

Money & Shopping

How much is it?
skolka stoit? ? ...?

square/plaza
ploshchat

street
ulitsa

Do you have ...?

u vas est ...?

toilet
tualet

bookshop
knizhnyy magazin

train
poyezt

currency exchange
abmen valyuty

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Emergencies Russian
I need a doctor.
mne nuzhin vrach . ! !/ ! !

hospital
balnitsa

police
militsiya

Fire!
pazhar!

Help!
na pomashch!/ pamagiti!

Thief!
vor!

7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1000

sem vosim devit desit dvatsat tritsat sorak pyatdisyat shestdisyat semdisyat vosimdisyat divyanosta sto tysyacha

KAZAKH
Kazakh is a Turkic language. Since 1940 it has been written in a 42-letter version of the Cyrillic alphabet (see p482 and p484). At least as many people in Kazakhstan speak Russian as Kazakh. Any political tension over language issues has been rather neatly sidestepped by making Kazakh the official state language, but permitting the predominant language in local regions to be used in written government business, and giving Russian national language status as language of interethnic communication. Russian is the first language for some urban Kazakhs as well as the large Russian minority who form about 35% of the population. Few people speak English or other Western languages, but many of those who do tend to work in the tourist industry or with foreigners. Street signs are sometimes in Kazakh, sometimes in Russian, sometimes in both. In this book we use the language youre most likely to come across in each town.

market
rynak

money
dengi

pharmacy
apteka

shop
magazin

Time & Days

Dates are given as day-month-year, with the month usually in Roman numerals. Days of the week are often represented by numbers in timetables; Monday is 1. When? today yesterday tomorrow Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
kagda? sivodnya vchira zaftra panidelnik ftornik srida chitverk pyatnitsa subota vaskrisene skolka? nol adin dva tri chityri pyat shest ? ?

LANGUAGE

Kazakh Basics
Peace be with you. assalamu aleykum And peace with you. waghaleykum ussalam
(response)

Numbers
How many? 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Hello. Goodbye. Thank you. Yes/No. How are you? Im well. Do you speak English? I dont understand. Where is...? How much?

salamatsyz be qosh-sau bolyngdar rakhmet ia/zhoq khal zhagh dayyngyz qalay? zhaqsy aghylshynsa bilesiz be? tusinbeymin ... qayda? qansha?

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NON-RUSSIAN CYRILLIC LETTERS Cyrillic Roman Pronunciation

Kazakh , , , , , , , , , Tajik , , , , , , Uzbek , , , , Kyrgyz , , ,

a gh q n u h i gh ee q kh j gh q u kh ng

as the a in man as the gh in ugh a guttural k as the ng in sing as the u in fur as the u in full as the oo in fool as the h in hat as the i in ill as the gh in ugh as the ee in fee as the k in keen as the u in fur as the h in hat as j in jig as the gh in ugh a guttural k as the oo in book as the ch in Bach as the ng in sing as the u in fur as the ew in few aeroport avtobus vokzal dariger dos aurukhana qonaq uy/meymankhana militsia restoran azhetkhana temir zhol vokzal zhaman qaynaghan su nan qymbat zhaqsy yet kurish shay duysenbi seysenbi

Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 100 1000

sarsenbi beysenbi zhuma senbi zheksenbi bir yeki ush trt bes alty etti sakkiz toghyz on zhus myng

KYRGYZ

airport bus station doctor friend hospital hotel police restaurant toilet train station bad boiled water bread expensive good meat rice tea Monday Tuesday

LANGUAGE

Kyrgyz is a Turkic language that has been written using a Cyrillic script since the early 1940s (see p482 and the boxed text opposite). Along with neighbouring countries Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan is in the process of changing over to a modified Roman alphabet. While international Roman letters have already been adopted for vehicle number plates, Kyrgyzstan is the slowest of these three countries in implementing the change from a Cyrillic to a Roman alphabet. In 2000 the government afforded Russian official-language status, but there is currently also a strong push to promote Kyrgyz as the predominant language of government, media and education. Its a move not without its detractors, who see it as a politically motivated means of discriminating against non-Kyrgyzspeaking minorities.

Kyrgyz Basics
(response)

Peace be with you. asalamu aleykom And peace with you. wa aleykum assalam Hello. Goodbye. Thank you. Yes/No. How are you? Im well. Do you speak English? I dont understand. Where is ...? How much?
salam jakshy kalyngydzar rakhmat ooba/jok jakshyszb? jakshy siz angliyscha syly szb? men tshmby jatamyn ... kayda? kancha?

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airport bus station doctor friend hospital hotel police restaurant toilet train station bad boiled water bread expensive good meat rice tea Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 100 1000

aeroport avtobiket doktur dos oruukana meymankana militsia restoran darakana temir jol vokzal jaman kaynatilgan suu nan kymbat jakshy et krch chay dshmb seyshembi sharshembi beishembi juma ishembi jekshembi bir eki ch trt besh alty jety segiz toguz on jz ming

In Dushanbe most people speak Tajik and Russian. Uzbek is also spoken by a significant percentage of the population.

Tajik Basics
(response)

Peace be with you. assalomu aleykum And peace with you. valeykum assalom Hello. Goodbye. Thank you. Yes/No. How are you? Im well. Do you speak English? I dont understand. Where is ...? How much? airport bus station doctor friend hospital hotel police restaurant toilet train station bad boiled water bread expensive good meat rice tea Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
salom khayr naboshad rakhmat/teshakkur kha/ne naghzmi shumo? mannaghz anglisi meydonet? man manefakhmam ... khujo ast? chand pul? furudgoh istgoh duhtur doost bemorhona/kasalhona mekhmonhona militsia restoran khojathona istgoh rohi ohan ganda obi jush non qimmat khub/naghz gusht birinj choy dushanbe seshanbe chorshanbe panjanbe juma shanbe yakshanbe yak du seh chor panj shish khaft khasht

LANGUAGE

TAJIK
Tajik, the state language of Tajikistan since 1989, belongs to the southwest Persian group of languages and is closely related to Dari (the principal language of Afghanistan) and Farsi (the language of Iran). This sets it apart from all the other Central Asian languages which are Turkic in origin. Tajik was formerly written in a modified Arabic script (similar to the Farsi alphabet) and then in Roman, but since 1940 a modified Cyrillic script has been used (see p482 and p484).

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9 10 100 1000

nukh dakh sad khazor

TURKMEN

LANGUAGE

Turkmen, the state language of Turkmenistan since 1990, has been described as 800year-old Turkish. It belongs to the Turkic language family, forming part of the southwestern group together with the Turkish and Azeri (spoken in Azerbaijan). In Turkmenistan virtually everyone speaks Russian and Turkmen (except for Russians, who speak Russian only). English speakers are generally only found in the tourist industry and at some universities. Theres been a significant infiltration of Russian words and phrases into Turkmen, especially in this century (particularly words to do with science and technology). Turkmen conversation is punctuated with Russian, to the extent that sentences may begin in Turkmen, then slip into Russian midway through. Three different scripts have been used to write Turkmen; Arabic, Roman and Cyrillic. Arabic was the first, though little Turkmen was ever written in it (theres a popular style of calligraphy, often used on monuments, in which Cyrillic script is rendered in such a way that it almost resembles Arabic script). A modified Turkish-Roman alphabet was used until 1940 when the Cyrillic alphabet took over. On 1 January 1996, Turkmen Cyrillic was officially replaced by another modified Roman alphabet called Elipbi, and the changeover to this is complete.

doctor friend hospital hotel police restaurant toilet train station bad boiled water bread expensive good meat rice tea Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 100 1000

lukman dost keselkhana mikmankhana militsia restoran hajathana vokzal ervet gaina dlan su churek gummut yakhsheh et tui chay dushanbe seshenbe charshanbe penshenbe anna shenbe yekshanbe bir ikeh uch durt besh alty yed sekiz dokuz on yuz mun

Turkmen Basics
(response)

Peace be with you. salam aleykum And peace with you. waleykum assalam Hello. Goodbye. Thank you. Yes/No. How are you? Fine, and you? I dont understand. Do you speak English? Where is ...? How much? airport bus station
salam sagh bol tangyr howa/yok siz nahili? onat, a siz? men dushenamok siz inglische gepleyarsinizmi? ... niredeh? nyacheh? aeroport durolha

UZBEK

Uzbekistans three major languages are Uzbek, Russian and Tajik. Uzbek is the countrys official language and, with 15 million speakers, it is the most widely spoken of the non-Slavic languages of all the former Soviet states. It belongs to the Turkic language family. Uzbek was written in Roman letters from 1918 to 1941. Since then it has used a modified Cyrillic alphabet, but the country is now moving to a Roman alphabet. While the majority of signs are now in Uzbek Latin, there is still sufficient evidence of Cyrillic (including in menus) to make familiarity with it a good idea (see p482 and p484).

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Uzbek Basics
Peace be with you. salom alaykhum And peace with you. tinch berling
(response)

Hello. Goodbye. Thank you. Yes/No. How are you? Do you speak English? Where is ...? How much? airport bus station doctor friend hospital hotel police restaurant toilet train station bad boiled water

salom hayr rakhmat kha/yuk qanday siz? inglizcha bila sizmi? ... qayerda? qancha/nichpul? tayyorgokh avtobeket tabib urmoq/doost kasalhona mehmonhona militsia restoran hojathona temir yul vokzali yomon qaynatilgan suv

bread expensive good meat rice tea Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 100 1000

non qimmat yakhshi gusht guruch choy dushanba seyshanba chorshanba payshanba juma shanba yakshanba bir ikki uch turt besh olti etti sakkiz tuqqiz un un bir yuz ming

LANGUAGE

Also available from Lonely Planet: Russian Phrasebook and Central Asia Phrasebook

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Glossary
ABBREVIATIONS
This glossary contains Arabic (A), Kazakh (Kaz), Kyrgyz (Kyr), Russian (R), Tajik (Taj), general Turkic (T), Turkmen (Tur), Uzbek (U) and English terms you may come across in Central Asia. -abad (T) suffix meaning town of aiwan covered portico or vaulted portal ak (T) white ak kalpak (Kyr) felt hat worn by Kyrgyz men akimat (T) regional government office or city hall,
also aqimat aksakal (T) revered elder akyn (Kyr) minstrel, bard ala-kiyiz (Kyr) felt rug with coloured panels pressed on alanghy (Kaz) square alplager (R) mountaineers camp, short for alpinistskiy lager apparatchik (R) bureaucrat apteka (R) pharmacy arashan (T) springs arenda (R) literally lease or rent, usually referring to buses that make a trip only if there are enough passengers asalam aleykum (A) traditional Muslim greeting, meaning peace be with you ASSR Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic aul (T) yurt or herders camp aviakassa (T) air ticket office avtobus (R) bus avtostantsia (R) bus stop or bus stand azan (A) Muslim call to prayer

bulvar (R) boulevard bulvary (Kyr) boulevard buzkashi (T) traditional pololike game played with a
headless goat carcass (buz)

caravanserai travellers inn chabana (Kyr & Kaz)- cowboy chaikhana (T) teahouse chapan (U/Taj) traditional Uzbek/Tajik cloak chay (T) tea chaykhana (T) see chaikhana chong (T) big chorsu (T) market arcade choy (U & Taj) see chay choyhona (T) see chaikhana chuchuk (Kaz) see kazy chuchvara (T) dumplings CIS Commonwealth of Independent States; the loose
political and economic alliance of most former member republics of the USSR (except the Baltic states); sometimes called NIS, for Newly Independent States CPK Communist Party of Kazakhstan

dacha (R) a holiday bungalow dangghyly (Kaz) avenue darikhana (Kaz) pharmacy darya (T) river dastarkhan (T) literally tablecloth; feast depe (Tur) see tepe dezhurnaya (R) floor-lady; the woman attendant on
duty on each floor of a Soviet-style hotel dom (R) building dom otdykha (R) rest home dopy (U) black, four-sided skullcap embroidered in white and worn by men; also dopi, doppe or doppilar dutar (T) two-stringed guitar

babushka (R) old woman; headscarf worn by Russian peasant women balbal (T) totemlike stone marker banya (R) public bath basmachi (R) literally bandits; Muslim guerrilla fighters who resisted the Bolshevik takeover in Central Asia batyr (Kyr & Kaz) warrior hero in epics beg (T) landlord, gentleman; also spelt bay or bek berkutchi (Kyr) eagle hunter beshbarmak (Kaz & Kyr) flat noodles with lamb, horse meat or vegetable broth (served seperately) Bi (Kaz) honorific Kazakh title given to clan elders bishkek (Kaz & Kyrg) see pishpek bosuy (Kyr) see yurt bufet (R) snack bar selling cheap cold meats, boiled eggs, salads, breads, pastries etc

eshon (A)- Sufi leader, also spelt ishan GAI (R) traffic police gastronom (R) state food shop geoglyph geometric pattern of stones, often used in
astrological observations

GLOSSARY

ghanch (T) carved and painted plaster gillam (T) carpet glasnost (R) openness in government that was one
aspect of the Gorbachev reforms gorod (R) town Great Game the geopolitical Cold War of territorial expansion between the Russian and British empires in the 19th and early 20th centuries in Central Asia

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Hadith (A) collected acts and sayings of the Prophet

Mohammed haj (A) the pilgrimage to Mecca, one of the five pillars of Islam, to be made by devout Muslims at least once during their lifetime hakimyat (Kyr) municipal administration building hammam (A) bathhouse hammomi (U) baths hanako (U) see khanaka hauz (T) an artificial pool hazrat (A) honorific title meaning majesty or holy Hejira (A) flight of the Prophet Mohammed and his followers to Medina in AD 622 hoja (U) lord, master, gentleman (honourific title)

kurgan (T) burial mound kurort (R) thermal-spring complex kurpacha (U) colourful sitting mattress for a tapchan kvartal (R) district kymys (Kyr) see kumys kyzyl (T) red kyz-kumay (Kyr) traditional game in which a man
chases a woman on horseback and tries to kiss her

kyz-kuu (Kaz) see kyz-kumay laghman (T) noodles LOI letter of invitation lux (R) deluxe, though often a euphemism mahalla (U) urban neighbourhood Manas (Kyr) epic; legendary hero revered by the Kyrgyz manaschi (Kyr) type of akyn who recites from the
Kyrgyz cycle of oral legends manty (T) small stuffed dumplings marshrutka (R & T) short term for marshrutnoe and marshrutnyy avtobus marshrutnoe (R & T)- small bus or van that follows a fixed route but stops on demand to take on or let off passengers, with fares depending on distance travelled marshrutny avtobus (R & T) large bus that follows a fixed route but stops on demand to take on or let off passengers, with fares depending on distance travelled maydoni (U) public square mazar (T) tomb or mausoleum medressa (A) Islamic academy or seminary mihrab (A) niche in a mosque marking the direction of Mecca mikrorayon (R) micro region militsia (R & T) police minor (T) minaret MSDSP Mountain Societies Development Support Project muezzin (A) man who calls the Muslim faithful to prayer mufti (A) Islamic legal expert or spiritual leader mujaheddin (A) Muslim freedom fighter engaged in jihad mullah (A) Islamic cleric

ikat (U) tie-dyed silk IMU Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan IRP Islamic Renaissance Party; grouping of radical
activists dedicated to the formation of Islamic rule in Central Asia Ismaili (A) a branch of Shiite Islam iwan see aiwan

jailoo (Kyr) summer pasture jami masjid (A) Friday mosque jamoat khana (Taj) Ismaili prayer hall and meeting hall jihad (A) holy war jumi (U) Friday, see jami masjid kala (T) fortress kalon (Taj) great kara (T) black kassa (R) cashier or ticket office kazan (T) large cauldron used to cook plov kazy (Kaz) horse-meat sausage -kent (T) suffix meaning town of khanaka (A) a Sufi contemplation hall and hostel for
wandering ascetics; the room of an eshon in which he and other Sufis perform their zikr khanatlas (U) see ikat kino (R) cinema; also kinoteatr kochasi (U) street kchs (Kyr) street kkr (T) kumys shaker kkpar (Kaz) see buzkashi kok (T) blue kolkhoz (R) collective farm kshesi (Kaz & Karakalpak) street koshk (U & Tur) fortress koshma (Kaz) multicoloured felt mats kozha (Kaz) see hoja kumys (Kaz & Kyr) fermented mares milk kupeyny (R) 2nd-class or sleeping carriage on trains; also kupe kupkari (U) see buzkashi

nan (T) flat bread Naqshband the most influential of many Sufi secret
associations in Central Asia Navrus (A) literally New Days; the main Islamic spring festival; has various regional transliterations (Nauroz, Nauryz, Nawruz, Norruz or Novruz) non (U & Taj) see nan

GLOSSARY

oblast (R) province, region oblys (Kaz) province, region OVIR (R) Otdel Vis i Registratsii; Office of Visas and
Registration

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GLOSSARY

pakhta (T) cotton pakhtakor (T) cotton worker panjara (T) trellis of wood, stone or ghanch perestroika (R) literally restructuring; Gorbachevs
efforts to revive the economy piala (T) bowl pishpek (Kaz & Kyr) churn for making kumys pishtak monumental entrance portal platskartny (R) hard sleeper train ploshchad (R) square plov (T) a rice dish with meat, carrots or other additions (traditionally prepared by men for special celebrations), also known as pilau pochta (R) post office pol-lux (R) semideluxe polyclinic health centre propusk (R) military border permit prospekt (R & T) avenue

stolovaya (R) canteen, cafeteria Sufi (A) mystical tradition in Islam suzani (U) bright silk embroidery on cotton cloth tapchan (Taj) tea bed tash (T) stone tebbetey (Kyr) round fur-trimmed hat worn by men telpek (Tur & U) sheepskin hat worn by men tepe (T) fort or fortified hill, also depe tim (T) shopping arcade toi (T) celebration Transoxiana meaning the land beyond the Oxus;
historical term for the region between the Amu-Darya and Syr-Darya rivers TsUM (R) Tsentralny universalny magazin; central department store turbaza (R) holiday camp typically with Spartan cabins, plain food, sports, video hall and bar, usually open only in summer Turkestan literally the Land of the Turks; covers Central Asia and Xinjiang (China)

qala (U) see kala qymyz (Kaz) see kumys qyz-quu (Kaz) see kyz-kumay rabab (T) six-stringed mandolin, also rubab rabad (T) suburb rabat (T) caravanserai rayon (R) district samovar (R) urn used for heating water for tea, often
found on trains

UAZ (R) Russian jeep ulak-tartysh (Kyr) see buzkashi ulama (A) class of religious scholars or intellectuals ulitsa (R) street umuvalnik (R) portable washing basin univermag (R) universalny magazin; department store uulu (Kyr) meaning son of viloyat (U) province vodopad (R) waterfall voksal (R) train station ylag oyyny (Karakalpak)- see buzkashi yurt traditional nomadic house, a collapsible cylindrical wood framework covered with felt

samsa (T) samosa sary (T) yellow ayoli (Tur) street sharq (Taj & U) east shashlyk (T) meat roasted on skewers over hot coals shay (Kaz) see chay shaykhana (T) see chaikhana Shiite (A) one of the two main branches of Islam shubat (Kaz & Taj) fermented camels milk shyrdak (Kyr) felt rug with appliqud coloured panels skibaza (R) ski base SLLPCP Sustainable Livelihoods for Livestock Producing
Communities Project

zakaznik (R) protected area zapovednik (R) nature reserve zhyostky (R) hard carriage on trains zikr (A) recitation or contemplation of the names of
God; recitation of sacred writings; one part of traditional Sufi practice

SSR Soviet Socialist Republic

GLOSSARY

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