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Kyrgyz
David somfai Kara
Z
LNLLM LULP
Published by LNCOM GmbH ZU.
Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP Cataloguing-in-Publication-Data
Pcatalogue record for this publication is available from Die
Deutsche Bibliothek {http:/ww.ddb.de)
Printed in E.C.
Printed on chlorine-free paper
Prc
This short gra of the Kyrgyz language was prepded by the author on the basis of
ten-year feldwork with the Kyrgz of Kyrgzstan and other Kyrgyz-spe groups n
neighbouring countries (China, Tajikistan). During that time the author minly conceed
on oral literature and popular believes (Shamanism) of the Kyrgz nomads. A good command
o the K langage really neee during the feldwork. Unfortunately no proper
Kyrz @ were available at that time. Some aspects of Kyrgz gammar (e.g.
Auxiliay verbs) are essential for undestanding ad traslating folklore texts. The author tried
to write an up-to-date ganunar, which helps to understand Modem Kyrgyz. Although the
book is based on personal obseations, the author also used a number of Russia publications
fom Soviet times, gar sketches and dictionarie.
The presnt monogaph also gves a short introduction to the Kyrgyz people, their
history, culture ad ngistc ties. Then the phonology of standard K follows, with
colloquial forms of pronunciation. Aer that the Morphology part lists mthe main sufes of
the standard language. There is B Mpte part explaining the usage of auxiliary verb
formaions.
The author is grateful to Prof. Agnes Hm8Dep. of Inner Asia (EL JUniversity,
Budapest) who encouraged W to fnish his sketches about K gra and inspire
hto write this presnt gra. He would also like to thank Aida Somfai Pabek, his
wfor her useful avic.
Contents
0. Introduction
05
0.1 The Kyrgyz and their language
05
0.2 Geolinguistical situation
05
0.3 Influences on the language
06
0.4 Kyrgyz writing systems
07
0.5 Sociolinguistics data
08
l. Phonology
10
1.1 Vowels
10
1.2 Diphthongs
10
1.3 Consonants
11
14 Phonological rules
2. Morphology
17
2.1 Nominal morphology
17
2.1.1. Nouns
17
2.1.2 Pronouns
21
2.1.3. Numerals
27
2.1.4. Adjectives
28
2.1.5. Advebs
29
2.1.6. Nominal categorizers
32
2.1. 7. Other word categories
34
2.2. Verbal morphology
39
2.2.1. Verb
39
2.2.2. Vebal categor
45
2.2.3. Vebal modifes
48
2.3. Auxiliary verb (AU) frmations
51
3. Sample texts
59
Abreviation
63
Stblg
65
3
0. Introduction
0.1 The Kyrgz and their language
The subjet of this book is the Kyrgz literary language, the ofcial language of the
Republic of Ka.
The K the indigenous people of Kyrgzsta and they also live in
neighbouring countries. The Kyrgz speak a Turkic language belongng to the Norther or
Q4group, but genetically related to Sothr Ali dialets (Altai kzhi, Telengit, B.
The Kyrgyz language is divided into two major dialects, which are quite difret, but
understandable to each other.
I) Northe Kyrgz (North Kyrgyzstan, West Xinji ang in China)
Subdialects: Chii i-Naryn, Talas, Osh, Kyzyl-Suu
2) Southe Kyrgz (South Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, South Xinjiang in China).
Uzbek infuence the southern dialet.
Subdialects: Chong-Alai/Jerge-Tal, Pamir-Badakhshan
Present Population of Ktan:
The Kyrz constitute about 60 percent of the whole population of the country due to
migration of other minorities, mostly Russians. There is a big Uzbek minority around Osh too.
Out of the 5 million people of the population close to 3 million peple consider themselves
)t, but it is difcult to tell how many of them actually speak the language on a daily
level.
.2Geolinguistical situation
Beside the Kyrgz of Kyrgzstan there numerous Kyrgz minorities in the
neighbouring countries Bwell:
Tajik: About 70,000 Kyrgz live in two parts of Tai/<itaa. Most of them live in the
Jerge-Tal district, south of the /la/ region of Kta. Others live in the Autonomous
District of , in the Pair region. Some of the Kyrgyz of Tajikstan fe to
Kyrgyzstan during the Tajik war in 1994, most ofthem have settle down d the CmiVm
Uzbekstan: About 170,000 K used to live in some parts of Uzekistan, mostly in the
F Valey, but some of them move to Kain the last ten years.
Chin: About 150,00 K live China, mostly m the Xinjia ( Autonmous
Region, where they have their own Autonomous YM. Kyl m. There Kyrgyz
living in the Och-Turn district (AkSu Pree) as wel. The Kyrgz minority in China
Ma reforme version of the Arabic sript calle 'T(t du '.
: About some J Kyrgz are beieve to live in Ban Region of
Am A bigger Kyrgyz community use to live there. Noblean , who
fe to Afghanistan from the Soviets during the 1920s, le thee peple there. When the
Soviets occupied Afhanistan in 1980 they moved to Pakistan ad the to Turkey. Eventually
they settle down by the Va Lk. The number of K living mTurkey is about 2,00.
There are also Kyrgz communities in Russia (40,00) and Kazakstan (10,000).
0.3 Influences on the language
Persian and Arabic made the biggest influence (about 20%) through the Central Asia
Muslim culture. These words came to Kyrgyz fom the Central Asian Turki population
(Uzbek Uigur). The Uzbeks use a Persian-Tajik pronunciation for Arabic words, which is
reflete in Kyrz pronunciation, e.g.
Arabic Uzbek (Tajik) Kyrgyz Kazak
mo mo'ma'm mai mi i mening
b hal m
conditon, state
'
6
q
tSiq
D
lover
Persian loan words include words of agiclture ad pent m.
Taik (Uzbk) Kyrgz

thqan
dtai
X
n

dstoron
kro
nan
djk
dtak
xora
bread
pent
eting cloth
cock
Wester Mongolian dialects made the second biggest influence. According to my research the
number of these words must be betwen U and 1000. They are mostly related to the
following semantic groups:
I)Words concering family relations through marriage:
6
Kyrgyz
bada
abi

Mongol
0 brother-in-law (their wives are sisters)
abisun-iin siste-in-law (ther husbands are relatives)
kl gui mwoman relate through their marrie O0
wife's relative (mthe marriage)
bOlo bOie/ile niee or nephew (mothers or sisers)
2) Words con eyday nmadic W.
noko ngt srt of bridle
^
Jm
^
Jm
0.4 Kyrgyz writing systems
woode circle on the top of the yurt
four year old fold of shep, horse, etc.
Although Kyrgyz language had no written form before the 1911 century some of the Kyrgyz
were literate. They lee in the Medeses of Tnt, Buk, Andid, Kashghar etc.
Thes peple wrote with the Arabic script and used the Turkic literar language of Cetral
Asia: Turki also known in the West as Catai.
Aer the Soviet revolution in Russia the Kyrgyz liteary language was established. It was
bas on the Norther dialet of ChiJ. In twenty years they change the alphabet thre times
fom refrme Arabic to Cyrillic. Se dfrent alphabets below:
Reforme Arabic
m 1920-30 1 193(-40 The Cl c sinc 1940
a A a a A a a
e BB b 66 b
^ b Cc c BB v
' P
m 1z
8

J Dd d d
0
Ee e Ee ele*
C
X Fj !**
E
j
o
d Gg g }: d
J r Oloj g
(y) O3 2
J z li 1u
I s
J
j j
K j
7
..
L s Kk k 1X k
(q
t g(y)
Ll Jn
k
(q Mm m MM m

k Nn n W n

g
/l I ll '

'
Oo Oo
J ee 6 ee 6
r
m Pp p Ua p
M
Qq
k
(q Pp r
O Rr r Cc s
.J 6 Ss s Tm
. u
s Y) a
. i T t ! i
lj j Uu u
(r !
L y Vv v

Xx X
( Xx 7
9
c

~
J !) v v c
Zz z Ilru s
bb
y H
a

blw y
w ia

1+ ia

*leters indicating two sounds

*letters indicating only Russian sounds

table 1.
0.5 Sociolinguistic data
Kta sw many waves of Russian and non-Russian immigration, mostly to towns. a
result almost half of the population was Russian or Russian speaking. The Kyrgyz themselves
had V le Russian and the new 'Soviet' inteligentsia became quite russifed in the citie,
8
where the majority was Russian. Basically the young generation m the big cities became
Russian speaking; some of them could not even communicate in Kyrgz at a basic level.
Aer the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 Ktan gained independence from Russia,
and introduce its own currency in 1994 (Kyrgz Som). The ofcial language of the republic
is K, but Russian is also used widely, it is the ofcial language for U non-K
population and for the Kyrgyz who cannot speak the language. The Kyrgyz are making eff orts
to refrm ther language, to make it suitable for M the spheres of mode life, so the language
is changing. In colloquial speeh the Kyrgz use numeous Russian borrowings, which not
part of the literary language.

I. Phonolog
1.1 Vowes
1.1.1. Vowel phonee
Back
Front
table 2.
Dlabial
low
a
1.1.3. Long Vowels
mid
e
high
y
Labial
mid
c
high
a
i
Kyrgz have all kinds of secondary long vowels, which a usaly the result of disappearing
glb (through diphthongs) at the end of the syllable or betwen vowels, e.g tag>tau>to
,mountain".
1.3. Consonants
1.3.1. Consonan phoneme
Stops
Aficative
Frictives
Nasls
Lateral
Trill
Labial
pb
(e_
m
Glides N
Dental
td
(.I
7

allophones, not indicate in writing
Table4.
1.3.2. Not genuine Kyrgz sounds
Alveolar Palatal
kg
cm
!
n
r
i
7 only occurs in Arabic, Persian and Russian borrowings, e.g.
Back
Illabial
low
Q
mid
Front ee
high
XJ
ii(j:Q
Labia.
mid
O
0
high
uu
ii
t (A ta'ri)
history
Ixar (Pg pearl
.,;, e,]occr only in Russian borowings.
Table 3. written form 1.3.3. Long consonants
Velar
k{~
xg(y)
f
Double consonants a the result of asation of Wvowels of the sfes, e.g.
1.2. Diphthongs
Glide idos not have any efon most of the vowels: aj , ei,oi,i, ai, uiae not pronounc
a diphthongs in K
Di phthongsyjy/iji a ofen pronounce like long vowels, e.g.
d d
twenty
at-l>at-t horse
I. 4 Phonologcal rules
1. 4 .I. Posi tons of vowels in the word of Turkic/ongolia origin
bjjik bk
%
Becus of the strong labial harmony in Kyrgyz all the vowels can occur d all syllable of the
u the Talas dialet long vowels -00 and -U at the and of a word can also become
dipthongs, e.g.
tuu-
dialect
kijow-i
tuw-t
literary form
ki
tuu-jt
his husband
it gives birth ( tanimal)
Note: these forms are written with b instead ofw, e.g. k)cbu,tuba
10
word, e.g.
ala
ak
olok
4
ula
father ba
al
canal wwf hardly
oven e.ik door
Russian teke male goat
kid (of a goat) fk mattress
\1
utun long
1.4.2. Vowel harmony
ok
butun
apricot
all
Pmost of the Turkic language Kyrgyz i s als sbje to vowel harmony, which mens that a
word eith cn of back or font vowels. Arabic, Persan mRussia loa words violate
this rule, e.g.
Arabic Pesian
mmIkr state m
P
Russian
bcIim boots
k potato
1.4.3. Labial harmony
In literary Kyrgyz the writing indicates labial harmony.
Tc],iMoB c be subject to labial harmon aer labial sounds A the frst syllable, e.g.
) u
0
c c
e o
Turki Kyrgyz
omsn)q otsIun
0 iq 0Un
borc m
m!k l0
Only oaer uis not subject to labial hamony, e.g.
o o buI buIck
Russian's
of the apricot
cael's foul
mattress
branch
usme of the dialets a word c loos its labial harmony aer the send syllable, e.g.
Written for DialeCollouial
kilso1 =0r if you (plural) laugh
Sometimes labial hon can bobsered mthe following word too, e.g.
I0nicim I0n0m at night
Other words c bsubject to regressive assimilation in colloquial, e.g.
m O W(piees)
Ia mu ave
12
1.4.4. Dropping of vowels
Words with (C)VCV structure M close vowels (-) in the scond syllable c los thee
sunds if the vowes Wj/, mr9(m,r, e.g.
w
mtn
m
w
mqn-u
mumu
1.4.5. Leing of vowes
Wseparate/y separetAg
ne nek
nose/his ns
I)disappers bfore -(lp conveb while the preing vowel is lengthene, e.g.
t ta
to fnd/found
I-i I- to kck/kicke
2) mc also cause the legthening of the preceding vowel in the stem before -(p conveb,
e.g.
dum
k0m-
duuo
m m
to close (eyes)
to burylburried
1.4.6. In words ofTurkic/Mongolian origin consonants can occur in certain positions:
Beginning
%

di
dI

m
n
s
1
table6.
Middlellntervocal End
bN/
c c
di*
d
kg
(
r
m
n
I
s
z
*In Mongolian elements!
k
}
I
r
m
n
I
s
t
3
1.4.7. Loan-words
Words starting with 7are Persian or Arabic, e.g.
m(A zi
zor( zor)
time
song
The only word that startis with g (palatal) is Pean:
g
l
( gt
fowe
Nasl n c ocur in borrowings from Mongolian, Arabic ad Pesia. Exception is the Turkic
word ne? 'what?' and some words that are deive from it, e.g.
neme, nre (< OT ne w) somg
1.4.8. Words originally starting with I ad r are usually pronounce with very sr close
vowels before them, which indicated in writing. ae not genuine Turkic words
(Arabic, Persian), and the Kyrgyz cannot pronounce initial le.g.
ramatt t thanks
^ sufcient
renii->irenii- to be disappointe
1.4.9. The velar and palatal pairs of g ad k
In Turkic languages the pronunciation of g and k are quite diffnt in words with back and
fnt vowels:
I) Words with back vowels have velar g and k ('t and q)
2) Words with front vowels have palatal g and k ( k)
palatal ad velar pairs not dif t phonee but allophone of g m k that change
according to ther position. Kyrgyz wg do mie the, e.g.
kr- (gir-) k is palatal to enter
Note: palatal kin initial position is ofen pronounce palatal g, se1.4.12.2.
kr- (qr-) k is velar to destroy
In Persian and Arabic borrowings of Kyrgz the palatal k, g are always followed by font
vowels, while velar klg (qy from Rq, ), x) always followe by back vowels, regardless
of vowel harmony, e.g.
arakt A hrakt
klem Aqalam
4
action
pen
1.4.10. Voice and voiceless pairs of consonants hlp, dlt, g (ylq
These pairs ca replace one another Uvoiced/voiceless consonants or vowels surround them:
1) Final p beomes big fllowe by a sufx starting with a vowel, e.g.
tep-
&-
Exception ae r/:
lrk
P
klk (A x/q)
teb-e-t
/g--t
k
k-y

Mkck/he kcks
M shake/he shake
forty
lie
peple
erk erk-i N right
2) In sfe s wdg orb, these sunds beome or ]respetively if the stem ends
with a voiceles consonant, e.g.
kza+g
at+dn
S+ba
kzak-k
at-tan
l
to a Kazak
fom a horse
don't hurry
3) Final p becomes m in verbs if the refexive sufx -In- is added to the stem, e.g. d- cover
dyn- cver oneself
I. 4.11. Disaton/ Assimilation of consonants
I) At Ubgn g of sfes:
l>dlt
t aer voicees
daer voice
ecpt ae}, e.g.
taj-/ syj-lu
cpae r ifPLU -Lr is adde, e.g.
ttar/r, but kd
n>dlt
tae voiceles
dae voice
no exaptions
2) Dissimilation of f>d n>d m>b inside words can also be obsre sometime, e.g.
ala/ (Z t
some
mildet<mint <minnet (A minat) duty
lmbat<lmmat (A qimat)
mold <mollo (A mul
^
expensive
Mullah, Muslim priest
belly/his belly
15
.
1.4.12. There are some phonologcal changes that c be obs only in colloquial spech.
1.4.12.1. Sound b becomes w aer Vr or i betwe vowels, e.g.
Written
albajm
m
Pronounce

U
I will not take d
uncle
1.4.12.2. Palatal kin font position usally pronounc gin clloquial speh, e.g.
MS1 gisi pson
1.4.12.3. Final z is ofen pronounce s, e.g.
r grl
1.4.12.4. Interocal s is sometimes pronounced 7 in some dialets, e.g
ysk yyk hot
1.4.12.5. Sound t becomes J before voiceles cnsonants, e .. g.
uttu ustu it few
1.4.12.6. If two vowels meet betwen two words the first vowel is not pronounced, e.g.
k/e albajl kel-lbajt he cannot come
1.4.12.7. Consonant assimilation not indicated in writing are the following: 7-, t+dJt,
n+m > N, n+b > mb, n+g>lg, e.g.
Written Sounds
m
^
b_
W
yn-ba ymba
it U WC
let Mdig
one who ae
don't bm
300
1.4.12.8. Consonant k sounds g at W endben g of a word, in V it is srrounde by
vowes, nasals and Vr sounds of athe word, e.g.
writen pronounce
r
krek emes kreg emes
1.4.12.9. Colloquial allomorphs
good grl
not neede
There several allomorphs use in colloquial speech, which are the result of some phonetic
changes (constrction, dropping of sounds, etc.), e.g.
^
kle dtat
16
br
k/-tat
I go
she is coming
2. Morphology
2.1. Nominal morpholog
Kyrgz, as M Turkic laguages. is agglutinative, morphlog is mostly gover by sfes,
which are all sbjet to vowel harmony mothe phonologcal rule (allophone).
1) The vowels of sf e change according to vowel harmony. U w of borrowings the D
syllable is take into cnsideon.
2) Te Cnants of the suf W M subjet to asationdissimilation M
ung rule (sephonologcal rules 1.4.10. M1.4.11.)
3) The se do not changes except sme phonetical rules (voicing of last llp, dropping
vowels, disaion of ,etc.)
-mmu
k>kb-y
dk>dig-i
his nose
his sack
his baggage
There are only two prefes in Kyrgz, but they originate from Persian: bej- "without, -less"
and 7"not, unl' m-", e.g.
b]-my! unknown
n-tuura not right, incorret
Order of extesion: STEM-PL-PPS-CASE, e.g.
ij-lr-ObOz- in our houses
Note: Categorize -/ c b adde to LOC GEN sfxes (sethere)
2.1.1. Nouns
2.1.1.1. Number
Kyrg only htwo numbers, singular ad plural (SINIPL).
The sfx of the plural is -LAr , it mallophone ae consonants:
Voiced Glide Trill Unvoice
z. m, n, , I
-r
2.1.1.2. Gender
}
-JAr
r p, t, I, k s, p,
-/r -tAr
There is no grammatical Gender in Turkic languages. In some Russian borowings there is
diff erece betwen male or fmale for morphologiclly, e.g.
1T
seketar
seketarsa
seretary (man)
seretary (woman)
2. I. 1.3. Cases
There are 8cases in Kyrgyz, as Amost of other Turkic languages:
Case Sufx
NOM
ACC -NI
GEN -Nin
OAT/ALL -GA
LOC -DA
ABL -DAn
2.1. I .3.1. Case sufxes have allomorphs aer the following vowels:
Voiced and m Unvoiced
Aer j , r , I, 7| m, n, p,c, t , k,s,s,x
ACC -d -t l
GEN -n -tin
OAT/ALL -gA -
LOC -d
ABL -dAn -tn
2.1.1.3.2. Uses of the Cases
2. I. 1.3.2. I. The subject of the sentece or the indenite objet is in NOM, e.g.
suuagat
su icem
water flows
I 0water
2.1.1.3.2.2. The ACC mkthe defnite object of a verb, e.g.
bul ijdi k U I have not seen this house
But with reporting spech (d-) the object of the subordinate part is also in ACC, e.g.
Meni !let d ojlojt
He thinks that I will come
2.1. 1.3.2.3. The OAT/ALL answers the questions ,to whom, to what" and ,to where" (kimge,
emneg e, kjd), e.g.
i baam
bulk ber
8
I go home
Give it to this person
t ask okS
o
j
t lt resembles to a stone
\0 passive sentenc it marks the person or thing by which the action is taken. The passive
voice is expressed by causative verb frm not by passive in that c. I we omit the person or
!mby which the action is taken, then passive verb frms c be use. e.g.
atymd uurulaga uurdt km My horses were stolen by the thieves
I let the thieves steel mhorse
ii saln
ujdidmusculga sttm
The house was build (NOM)
The house was build by the workers
I made the workers buil the house
2.1. 1.7.2.4. The LOC answers to questions )n/on/at what/whom", ,where and ,when"
(emm, e.g.
mende aa diok
men ijdo oturam
sat beste
dajyn
I don't have money on me
I sit at home
at fve o'clock
in summer
2.1.1.3.2.5. The ABL answers to questions of ,fom where, fom whom/what"
(k mdnlemnedn), e.g.
kimdn a/l
kjdn lldil
Also epr LOC in motion, e.g.
kpirbdn ottim
Whom did you take it from
Whee did you come from
I crossed the bridge
or simply locative of an action that can be dynamic, e.g.
seni bul derden kitom I will wait fr you hee
Comparison of nouns
bul at seninat d this horse is better than your horse
2. I. 1.4. Possion
2.1.1.4. I. Possessive Personal Sufx (PPS) adde to the thing, which is possesse
(possession). They indicate the person of the possessor:
SIN
-(m
2
*P/9
POL
|9
3 -[//
1
PL
-()
2 -}Ar
POL -11/z-r-
3 -[s]l
table 7.
Note: Sounds in [] brackets W use afer vowels, sunds in Qbrackes used a.e consnts.
2.1.1.4.2. Voicing of the last cnsnat of the stem: b, g, e.g.
k/b-y
orl-a
sack
duck
2.1.1.4.3. Ca endings aer SIN PPS
.mand -) 3: -[sjl-
ACC
GEN
OAT
LOC
ABL

-n
-n-ln
-n-A
-n-d
-n-An
Obsevations: -GA beomes -A aer SIN PPS, while a additional -n- appeas befre the ^
endings in 3nl SI. ACC ma shortene form in K (-n not -nl) aer 3nl SI.
2.1.1.4.2. The Izafet form
Izafet form is use to join two nouns together. It is use with place names, time peiods,
nationalities etc., e.g.
btmkmy
]Rubhm
0m
kg k
the city ofBishkek
Kyrgz Republic
Friday
Kyrgyz grl
2.1.1.4.3. The third person sufx has substantivizing and deg force e.g.

something that belongs :oh

mukgq
kijinkisi
20
the better/best of it/the
the latter one
2.1.1.4.4. Sufx -Nll (Old Turkic -nb-I)
It mens that something (possesion) belongs to a word (possessor). It is use whe the
possessor is not the posssive attribute of the possession. that can be eve omite, e.g.
NOM at-<k my fthe's
Lendings aer -8 like ae 3nl SIN PPS -[s]l, e.g.
ACC at- my fthe's
GE -jn of my father's
OAT/ALL m_n tofor my fther's
LOC m_ Mmy father's
ABL m( fom mfather's
2.1.1.4.5. b/diokare W nouns/adjectives that mean existing and non-eisting e.g.
aa b my money is existingll have money
ubmok
boqnbilbejm
my money is not existingll do not have money
I do not know its existence or non-existence
2.1.1.5. Nouns use a postpositions (Auiliar Nouns)
Thes psedo-pstpositions ae create from nouns sufxe by possessive pronal sufxes
(PPS) and w sufxes, which change according to the usage of the postposition. word
that pree the pstposition is in GEN cas, e.g.
oo middle
ano
a O
mjnortm
unyortm
Other auxliary nouns:
uM (Old Turkic alyn)
uQ
ul@qugo
mt

the middle of that

to the middle of that
in the middle of U
from the middle of that
font
in front
forward
bottom, lower part or front
beneath, below or in front of
Note: Kyrgz sometimes use this word instead of a/d- in colloquial speach.
M
omrqn
interal
betwee them
21
orm
a 9
w
at
orgnon
baf
b
ic
ic!m
omicnJ
cki k0niim
m
+
orlo
qrl

q!
back
behind him/with the help of him
rear
behind, at the rear of
fom behind, or later
head, top,begng
at the top, at the ben ng
inner part, stomach
inside, within
among them
in two days
side
beside, next to
middle
exter side
outside
exteal side
Note: It is usually replace by [rlmKyz
lorQ(A. (ojJ side
loro$ on his side
front
mw in front of
lv! backgound, period
tvwn by, next to, during
t|st top, upper part
w1vn ove, at the top
mDn diretion, orientation
u about
boj
stature, side
bojanJ by the side
bojvn by the side of the river
bqtnm acording to
2z
2.1.2 Pronouns
2.1.2.1. Personal pronouns
SING
_s
2nd/POL 3
'
d
Nom mcn M ol
ACC mcni scm y
GEN mcnin scninn yn
OAT/ALL mgo* mgoizgc oo
LOC mcm im a
AL mcnJcn nJcnsimn omn/on
PL
NOM biz sih r m
ACC bizm siIcm olorq
GEN bizJig siIcrJinsimmn

OAT/ALL bizc silctgcsimrgc

+
LOC b silcm olor
ABL bizJcn siIcmm o
irregular forms (in the sother dialect they ae pronounced mgmqJ
table.8.
2.1.2.1.1. Use of the personal pronouns
Personal pronouns can be omited in a setece in NOM/GEN case if the person of the
possessr/preicate is expressed by pesonal sufxes/sufxe pronouns, e.g.
mcnboror b I go
mcninyor jm my house
I" PL AGEN case there are thre possibilities, e.g.
bimn|j/bmn]t|bjvb0z our house
2.1.2.1.2. Sufxe personal (Pesonal Sufxes of the Predicate)
SING PL
-mln(<mcn) -Bi (<biz)
-s/9(<rcn) -r(<siIcrJ
-s/z{<siz) _r(<sizJr)
tabel9.
Allomorphs of -Biz aer vowels:
z1
Voice
t.m.n, #,/,I, r
-bl:
Unvoice
k,,t,&,I,c,r

Sufxe personal pronouns ae use ae nouns/adjectives, numerals, pronouns,

participlesvebal nouns ad convebs. They indicate the peson of the sbje, replacing the
verb "to b", e.g.
Mcn-m,n
2.1.2.2. Donstratives
bvl,bu
v!v, vI
0l
0
m
I a Kyz
this
this right here
that over there
that (also used a "he/she/it")
lgi that one far away
2.1.2.2.1. Personal pronouns used mostly in colloquial language
m)na this
a that
tigin that one away
2.1.2.2.2. Personal sufxes epressing place
mm here
wm right here
a
o
bulwgcrm
mdy
al
dj
tgi d
y
ma
a
th
over thee
at this place
at this place
at 0place
at 0place Mlaway
here
there
2.1.2.2.3. Compound "verbal" pronouns with verb cl- "to do":
mn-l- 0et-}
do this w
u!n-l- (uAnJlcl-} do this way
-l- (Jjcl-} do that way
o!en-- ( el-) do that way
2+
2.1.2.2.4. Personal Pronouns with diferent nominal sufxes (-CA, -DAj)
*
this much mml mthis, this way
mm this much
u
like this, this way
a that much
a
like that, that way
o that much
o
l i ke that, that way
2.1.2.3. Rexive
2.1.2.3.1. Reve or ephatic pronoun is i, a an adjetive it m 'own', e.g.
Du/um my own hous
lt c be use by PPS in GEN c, e.g.
o nym my own house
2.1.2.3.2. With possessive penal sfe (PPS)
0:-um myslf
i
-
fI
yourself
0:-v himselflerseltitself
m-vbv: ourselves
o:-Q yourselves
tJcrv themselves
2.1.2.3.3. Emphng form: c:(t}:,e.g.
mc|lvr he killed himslf
2.1.2.3.4. Collective form: br-br"one anothe'', e.g.
br-brn&vj0t the love e other
2.1.2.4. Ir gative pronouns
Nm who?
rmlnc(OTmmcm] what?
ne what?
Note: neis the only genuine Kyrgyz word that starts with O
mj.p{OT yq] which?
2.1.2.4.1. Ledings a the same as fr nouns and adjectives
cmncn what?
cmnenn
cmmge
cmm
of what?
to what, for what or why?
in what?
25
emnen from what or sometimes why?
2.1.2.4.2. Other forms deriving from kland W
kccc
km
^
nece
how much?
when?
what knd of, how?
how much/many?

why?
2.1.2.4.3. Pronouns expressing space
kjJ where in/to ALULOC
kjJn
kjda4jakla
kj
where from AL
at what place
where is it?
2.1.2.4.4. Compound "verbal" pronoun
kn-l- (je-} what to do, how to do?
2.1.2.5. Indefnite pronouns
brnece
some/few
birJme(<birncme)
bir-bin
brcc
brM81
0, czgc
mre(DT<necrx]
necen,ecen
ecaknec
ec (Fhec}
ec km
eck
eckjJ
eclekc(<hccneme]
Deg/p
keeJ
Debr
a|J(ndalu)
2
something
mother, one anothe
somene
somene
other
something
some, a few
sometime ago
no
no one
never
nowhere
nothing
some
sometimes
some/few
some
m~ sometimes, long ago
Indenite pronouns Cbe formed by sufx -Dlrtoo, e.g.

emnegedr
sometimes
for some reason
2.1.2.6. Quantitative pronouns
m(P h)
all, every
everybody
eveything
m
mJme
ar vj
5aat)(<bar-y3. FF5)
bikl
5q)DlJ
in every house, in all the houses
eveything, everyone
he knows everything
everyone ce
Note: baary can be replace bybm
bm all
b larq
bmqk
bmqkem
bvl,bvlHl
qbvltn,bvH|v
k
M
2.1.3. Numerals
2.1.3.1. Cardinals
ones
1 br
2 eU
3 vc
4 or
3 be
6 a|
7 mei
8
8
9 logu:
tens
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
all sides
every, all
everywhere
aU
all, complete
much, many
few, little
O

ouz
[rk
em
a|gy!
deim
eksen
ckm
higher numbers
100 d z
1000 miy
27
2.1.3. 2. Ordinals.
The sufx -{I)nc is added to cardinals to express ordinals
Note: ,ft" birinci c be replace by a/ The word eam "seond" c also men
"oe" or "again".
2.1.3.3. Colletives.
c b u until ten. lfthe Om ends with -/, that lvowel disappers, e.g.
bir one pie a/t-o six pie
e two pie det sven pie
-OO+PPS epresses colletives out of a goup, e.g.
biro (<birtb-i 3. PPS) one of them
Note: an additional-n appears between the stem and the case-endings (see 2.1.1.4.3.), e.g.
birO-no (<birtb-i-ni) to one of them
ekobi two of us
It c be used as a conjunction, e.g.
Axmel ekobi Ae and I (we together)
2.1.3.4. Distributives -Ar
hir-er by one, sme
This sufx is rarely used in Kyrgyz and usually replac by AL -DAn, e.g.
bir-<n
ek-<n
2.1.4. Adjetives
by one
by two
Adjeve morphologically do not dif from nouns, excpt that if they m qualifing
psition (atribute) they pree the qualife noun without the l form (sethere), e.g.
OO
Kyrgz girl (noun)
lm1 beautiful girl (adjetive)
2. I. 4 . I Compaison
The comparative degree is epressed by putting the scond member of the comparison in
AL case, e.g.
a/ myndn daky that is better than this
Supelative is expressed by the intensifing word e1 "most" , e.g.
e1
d
the best
28
Or simply by AL c of words like bay N, e.g.
d
the Dof m
2.1.4.2. Adjetival crizers
2.1. 4 .2.1 lsfderive adjetives fm nouns of time and space.
vowels ad 7
_l
q
q-@
%
d/
Fvoiceles consnants, nasals,}, r
-
spring (noun)
spring (adjetive)
sme (noun)
summer (adjective)
t low, down
titn-ki
lower
It also be use aer LO -DA-gl, e.g.
J-g the one in the city
2.1.4.2.2. There is a speial sufx in Kyrgyz -IAnIAdn (--I-DAn), this is the AL of the
GI sfx, it is used ar adjevctives of time, e.g.
^wP9
ancient
+
-g
l-g
from ancient time
erly, old
-g sinc erly time
2.1.4.2.3. Categor -ij (A -i -mAn ( -n, e.g.
mr(A 'a) troops
arij (A 'ai)
&

2.1.5. Advebs
military
moving of nomad households
nomad, nomadic
adjetives b used a adverbs without any morphological changes depeding on its
role in the setenc, e.g.
Wd
mdaks 0hI
he is a good man
he knows it well
There are some adverbs that c be used only as such, but most of them W derived from
vebs or nounsadjectives, e.g.
2
o peesn foot
Some sufxes usfor adverbs:
-(/nand -/(Old Turkic INS) used only in a fwe.g.
Iegin
birktnu
udIy
for
one day
this year
-!nwith LOCis used with seson names to epress time, e.g.
ki fn. autumn/in autum
@nm winter/in winter
-Gr/ (Old Turkic LAT)survives Mm&madverbs, e.g.

longago
+
Ieskeri
2.1.5.1. Spatial

]km0n
atkjin
beH

kf
2.1. 5.2. Temporal
bugun<bukun
kee, kec
erIeg
birHq
H
D
mmHm
bw <biHsi kunu
erIesi mnu
b]

b] )~buI
emH]y
J0
upwards
the other way
besides, apart fom, outside
upwards
dw
bk( ward)
towads, since
away
against
today
yesterday
tomorrow
one day
eveday
daybeforeyesterday
day aer tomorrow
next day
last year
this year
net yer
rtemenn
@ mmmenen

cim
piim
M
M|<cmnklinJ
erIe
M
mm
emi
in the morg(tgmens daw)
at night
daytime
in the eveing
at night
Mnoon
then
early
late
freuently
bore
now
Note: The word mi 'now' in K is usualy replaced by mir(A ir), while Kyrgyz use
dmcHWin epressions, usually in a meaning,well", e.g.
emiemne@Icb]z?
mi (A fl i
Well, what shall we do now?
"yet", it is used with negative e.g.
oIi kgenm he mnot arriveyet
Note: this formis ul y replace by the vebal mde ecx, se2.2. 1.3.2.
a (A r _ now

again
P
Qrepetely
Iso}]n
every year
u/ continuously, always
tak}, d (Adiman) always
2.1.5.3. Causal
N, oguu, k together
Note: it is u togethewith postposition menen,sethere.
2.1..4,Deadvebs
vey
00b vey
a (from o}u-) vey
%
(not) at all

espeially
=Io totally, for good
Jl

[beIer0bhIcr)

2.1.6. Nominal categor

2.1.6.1. Nomr s
2.1.6.1.1. Denominal
-Csfxhas several usages:
hardly
KKmore
onpurpose
hadly
I) It expWthat someody speks i na laguage, e.g.
O in Kygz (language), in the K w
2) It alsmens 'in a way' or 'acordingto', e.g.
WJ^' according to what he sys
mntme in my opinion
boju-n-cc according to
0 in a difway
-DA)(<O' Jg)means"like", "as", e.g.
IoojboI be like a. mountain
-C and -DAj act like V sufxe, which meas that an additional pbetwen 3r
peson PPF and-C-DA), e.g.
mqbold It happeneas he said it would
^
accordingtoWhe
-l mWprofes ion, e.g.
+
horse
+
horsman
-LUU expreses that a word g&a thingor a quaty, e.g.
m salte, smethingthathas salt in it
mId witted, somene who has wits (clever)
-(or -LUjoins two things that belongtoeachother, e.g.
m-u(L} sisters, older and younger
-slz mens that something/somebodylacks a thing or a quality (-les), e.g.
m is u meaningless, has no meaning
-!kcreatesgeneral nounsfromnouns ad adjetives(-ness), e.g..
mm young
J2
mmk
d)a
djardk
youth
ready
redines
It me that somesomne comes from a place, e.g.
biWH`k fromBishkek
- mthat a wordbelongtoa group, e.g.
d cmpanion(on a trip), fe husband
mens smene likesomething, e.g.

one wle Utrth, trthful

-kmfor places, e.g.
IafIck a place w ofstones
2.1.6.1.2. Der le Nomrs
-mA, e.g. IcrI-mc
"(A)f"mM. e.g. oku-r-mm
-(k, e.g. b I-k
-I, e.g. tof-u
-Gl, e.g. il-g
-(n)-(c, e.g.
kby
kun-uc
9
-Ak e.g. dl-e
-Ak, e.g. unut-Ca
-in, e.g. sur-g n
-}m, e.g. sjl-m
e.g. eg-in
-QIc, e.g. O
-QIr, e.g. bIgtr
-UU/00-, e.g. cI-ooc(fromcI-)
-Cl, e.g. v!v~l
-Cn, e.g. kIpk
drawer
reader
par
w
schyte
happines
fe
pl
accommodation
absnt-minde
exile
setence
cs
brace
knowlegeable
nouns andadjectives
one who isalwayscold
one whowearsa hat
JJ
2.1.6.2. Augentative
-()rAk use to intensif the meaning of an adjetive, but sometimes can be translate as
comperative, e.g.
erte-reek
quite early, erlier
Intensive adjetives produced by duplicating the frst syllable adding a -J, e.g.
k-ka
very black, pitch dark
2.1.6.3. Diminutive
Diminutives of personal names deived from the frst two sounds of the plus adding -
(e)k reess of vowel harmony, e.g.
p

-kO) c bu afer Wnames of the relatives

q
fther
~
uncle by the materal side
mD
sister-in-law (elder brother's we)
-kj
tnaj (<m ,tat-) swet
dn nice
-taj (not subjet tovowel harmony!!)
erk-tj
spoiled (child)
kulunt
little colt
-Cktk
kt epee
kl
sl b kbooklet
little colt
2.1.7. Other word categories
2.1. 7 . I. Postpositions
2.1. 7 .1.1. Postpositions with NOM V
2.1.7.1.1.1. menen (< OT birilen) 'with'
Formerly it used with GEN. especially aer pronouns, but in Kyrgyz only singular
pronouns men, sen, a/ but, osot, u!ul preerved a contracted form of GEN (-Nin>-n, in
some dialets they cn also be used in NOM, e.g.
mmenn ( < menen) or mmen with M
J4
meni menen(<meninmenn) with me
Qmmenn with this
It Lalso express the meaning 'through/across', e.g.
klk we came through Umountains
10
menn
Between two words it is useas a conjunction, e.g.
k mn ) Kyrgzand b
Uis ofen uwith adverbs eguu, birge 'together'' e.g.
dosummenencuu together with my fend
2.1.7.1.1.2. acun'for'
Forerly it wa also used with GEN, espeially afer pronouns, but in Kyrgyz only SIN
pronouns mu.l, cbut prea cne formofGEN (-Nln>-n), althoughthey 1
mbusemNOM, e.g
o utunor o.tiJcun
ktgenif uCinramat
2.1.7.1.3. Other postpositions
tuuraluu
butSm
for this, forthat reson
thankyou for coming
about, concg, e.g.
about this word
Note: Usually replaced by the seondary postpositiondmn
sjaktuu like, similar
Sometimes replacby <i, q sat
o.olsjak
uu
d(ATdside)
Ujba
arkluu
Biarklu ktdim
c
cm
+
kelerc
s
dtsajyn
a s (<asjynGEN)
(b
oj
+ M\
like that
toward
I gohome (towards mhous)
via, through, e.g.
1came via Bishkek
about, around. e.g.
about fve people
before, e.g.
before you come
evey, evey time, by, e.g.
every year, yearby year
even more
in a way
J5
eski bojnl
2.1.7.1.3.1. ACC case
^
it remained in the old way
towards
lraj towards, around
In Kyrgyz ofenreplace by k plus ACC, se 1m.
tonu kraj
2. 1.7.1 .3.2. OAT/ALL c
kr g
4
towards the mountain
against
against the enemy
cin, djin, de
until
Some postpositions by the ve lra- to look:
labaj regardless of
labasta
ma/
%^
2. 1.7. 1.3.3. AL c
murun, murda
mynekdilmurun
kijin
uc Mkjin
beri
Io1qberi
ary,

mya
ry
0

@0dok
ko (r-)
a ko k ajt
aSuUI, aJyk(aJ-)
ekidi n
ula
w
36
in spite of
during, around
around sunrise
ago
two yers ago
afer
thre days later
since
since four months
further (rarely use)
furthe this
except
except, apart from
there is nothing ecept horss
compared to, rather
rather |nKyrgz
more
more than 20
due to
due to this
2.1.7.1.4.Postposition use aer Participles ad Vmmnouns
-An e.g.
kelgen sjaktuu
kelgenS
Note: &Q 'aer' is usually replaced by kjin
it that he arrived
aer he m
tiji!(tiii) must(use mthird persn)
lcluugo tiJi
S bojdn
he must come
U&hurry
kln
s
aj
y
every time he came
Pospositons (modal words) kereki kn are use wvmmnoun -()s plus PPS
kerek must mamkfn (A mumkn) may
keM-imkerek
I bcome
kelimmumkn
I may come
kl!-gkrek you must come
kM-if mimkfin
you mcome
kls-i kerek he ms come kels-i mimkfn
he may come
2.1.7.2. Conjunctions
u
atam, bajkemZmen
menn
atammenen g
4
ajttd kett
ne .. W..
neat ne dek
bol
die (Pjd
(de)
bir-k
sbebi (A sbab)
atkeni
nedseng
dmekdgi
ajtmay
ba
a (use feely with nouns), e.g.
my father, my br and I
(use btwen two nouns). e.g.
my ftheand my brother
and (use bNeHs, sente, e . g.
he said it and lef
neither ... WT... 0m....)m`mou
neithe horse nor donkey
no m
or
or
but
bause
because
beaus
well, it meas
well, W&matter offact
wel
JT
ne bolso d
lctkenmenen
~menen
bld
2.1.7.3. Panicle
whatever
whateve
eventhough
evethough
2.1.7.3.1. Excluding pacle@and"only, just", e.g.
men @bilem
I know it only
2.1.7.3.2. Emphasizing/ecludingpanicle ele (on. H
ole/ekn the sameday
This particle be usea gaa .,only" as well, e.g.
Birele kn just one day
2.17.3.3. IncludingpanicletUgtI, turgaj"not only, but"
ol klgen t iigI, he not only camebut
/ nera/di brought a lot ofthings
2.1.7.3.4. Emphasizinguncertainity particlego(raj. k} e.g.
m^6
like that in dee, probably l ike that
2.1. 7.3.5. Interogative panicle -BI
Allomorphs Mvowels:
Voic Voiceless
7, m, g, I, r, w, j
Jt k s, s, c, 7
-bl

It M0always at the end of the sntence, and it is u i f there is Ointerrogative pronoun i n

the sntence, e.g.
mk-by?
is he Kyr?
But: Kb?
How manyKyrarethee
2.1.7.3.4. rpanicle means uncty, it is ofe use by words bm (P hal/), mtmkin
(A mumki), e.g.
(mlmiimkin)
a/lW barga-dyr he might have gonethere
albar-r he might have some money
2. 1.7.3.5. dldgparticle expresses "too, as well, also", e.g.
al d biet He knowit as well
J8
)it is u with NGit means,either/neither, nor"
AId klgenm He did not come either
2.1. 7.3 .6. tel"equal" c be useaspanicle meanuingM, e.g.
uCtel al thre
ba y tengbiet alofUknow
note: m*this fonn is exprsby particle DA (i. t, bi t)
2.1.7.3.7. mens "ad Wabout?", o..
sni? what aboutyou?
2.1.7.3.8. Particle usewith verbs (cnverbs andparticiples)
/le-t
comes
klr hascome (apparently)
R1also disappearbeforethe interogativeparticle-Bl, e.g.
kele-bi? is he coming?
Butklip-tir-bi? has he come, I wonder?
a/kle-bi? is he coming?
But mm/le-t? when is he coming?
Consed forms with the the verb to be(e-): bele<bi ele, beken<bi ekn
/elet bekn
+P
kelci
w
2.2. Verbal morphology
2.2.1. Verb
is he coming, I wonder?
wouldyou sayit, please
please come
ple, let me syit
The stemitselfmens impeative 2
o
peson SI, e.g.
I/ come(ou SI)
The stemofthe Kyrgverbsusually reain the sme, it raely changes. Exceptions:
1) Voicing ofthe W Jand k:
p>b beforeconsonantsJdisappears before converb-(p while lengtheningthevowel.
k>gbefreconsonans, e.g.
l->
k
to shake
ta->tab-ua - to fnd
2) thedropping of-/- i nthe wsyllable ofthe ste, e.g.
J9
ajyr-> ajr-yp to te
3) In sme diales one-sllable verbs with a 5m have irforms with converb -p,
e.g.
I->k-ui -p to bury
dum->dmuum-p to close (eyes)
2.2. 1. 1 , Order ofetension
STEM-CAT: CAUSIP ASSIRECIREF-NEG-MOD: P ARICONff AM-PS
lr-gz-be--tir he did not let Menter
[ ete-CAUS-NEG-CONIEV.P AST-P ART]
2.2.1. 1. Persnal sufxes
2.2. 1. 1. 1. Class I
The -DI recent past tense and conditional fnite forms m Class I personal sufxes,
which almost like PPS. They only difer in 1" PL: k* (unknown origin).
SING PL
-m
polite form
2.2.1.2. Class
Imperative Mood sufixes take Class II personal sufxes, which are quite simila to Class 1
pesnal sufxes:
Mood sufx
Personal sufxe
SI PL
I" SIN -{A)j- PLUA-1- -Jn(<-Jm) -ik -I
2o

(<
{
l
)
T
_
_
-Gil
-Gin
POL -0-
-1/Z -()Tiz-dr
3'd -sin
-0 -0
In singular the mood sufx is -{-, while in plural it changes to -A/j-1- (-A afer consnats,
-jaer vowels). Furthermore the Kyrgyz usualy omit the b-k personal ending, e.g.
This ofrm is usd inthe Souther Dialet.
40
baaj y-n
(or m
w
10,
le mgo
le us go
2.2.1.3. Comparison of persnal sufxes:
SIN PPS
finite forms
-Dl and
1" -(I)m -m
2
n
-07
-

POL -()TIZ -IZ

J
-(I -0
PL
1" -(!biz -k
2" -()1-Ar -
-Ar
POL -()viz-dr -v-
dr
3" -(s)l
table. II.
2.2.1.1.4. Class
Dmood:
-(A)j-, Alj-1-. -0, -sin
-In (<lm)

_
_

-(l)TIZ
-0
-Jkl-1
-()1-Ar, -Gil
-{)1lz
-r
-0
Tre are other sf e that buse to produce non-finite forms as well: verbal nouns,
participle N converbs. They take sfxe personal pronouns, just like other nouns and
adetives:
SIN
PL
-**
-Biz
2 -slfslz*
-rlslzr*
3
(
-Dlr/1)
(-Dlrlt)
polite form
-mihas a shorteneforaer conver -Ai
Note: sf e particle -Dlrt (se there) is not PPS and it U only use aer converbs in
standard laguage, e.g.
2.2.1.2. M ctesaspet-mood (TAM) categories can be expressed by the following verbal
forms:
1) Finite verbal sufxes: PAST-Dl, COND -&and D-(Aj-A-1-. -sin
41
2) Verbal nounand Participles
3) Converbs
4) AUX verbal forms (consisting of a main verb and one or more auxiliary verbs) TAM
categories eprsby AUXverbs1be found underpaph 2.3.
2.2.1.2. 1 . Tese categories
2.2.1 .2. 1. 1. Pret-Future ( is formed by cnveb-AI. It expn action that takes
place usually orwil l take placin the future e.g.
kl-e-1 'he comes (usually)' or 'he will come'
2.1.2.1.2. PAST
2.2. 1. 1. 2. 1. -DI recent pat expresses an action that took place not long ago and W0 has
relaton with the prent, e.g.
kl he arrived, he marrived
It 1alsoexpresspreent that will take place soon, e.g.
kttim I a leving (right now), I a off
2.2.1.2.2.2. General past with participle-GAnepn an action that took place long ago and
haben fnisheaready, e.g.
klgen
he arrived (ut hemight be gone now)
2.2. 1.2.2. Aspetual sufxes
2.2. 1.2.2. 1.Continuous
The following vebs mO simple prent M present continuous with the sme frm,
e.g.
it
~
u
dr...t
he is lying/he lies
he is standing/he stands
he is sittinghe sits
he is walking/hewalks
Other verbs stand with AUX (se there) Rexpres preent cntnuous and other cntinuous
forms.
Pret Continuous c be epressed by -l//-1 in the Talas dialet. This form only used with
- and it beome-/- aetr-, ot-, dr-:
daty he is lying
4
turu (<tur-ur)
he is stading
ot(<otur he issittng
m(<dr-ur) heis walking
Anothe continuous form is -UU(verbal noun -UU+LC)tese, which expresses an
action that is underway. It isuseinwrittenlanguage, e.g.
bul ujslyuud this houseis under constrction
Form-ylu (<-uu-luu) alsepressesconinuity, e.g.
gn Uis writte(all the time)
2.2.1.2.2.2. Habital past (HA.PAST) is epresse particple -U<-UU-cU. Probably
orignally this frm was use by ele (d) (PAS of the verb 'to be'). ln some diales still
the old form-UU-cUis used, e.g.
li-Ci(ele
kele-iu-i
he use tocome
he useto come (msme dialets)
2.2.1.2.3. Mo sf es
2.2.1.2.3.1. Conditonal (CON)
In the f part (protasis) of the conditional sentence, which cntains the condition (if) the
vebtke-cnditonal e.g.
kU ifhe comes/when he come
There ae otheAUX forms as wel (sethee).
2.2.1.2.3.2. Optative -GAjexpresses an action that is wisheby the speaker, e.g.
at kl (ele) I wishthat my fthecame
This frmis usally replacby forkleln
@d bolgoj May your trip be good
2.2. 1.2.3. 3. Evidential (EVI)
2.2.1.2.3.3.1. EVI.FUT is expresse by FUT Participle -(A)r or -(AA)r. 1t expreses an
acion that wprobably takeplace uthefuture, e.g.
ke/er, kleer he might come
This form is ofeuseinproverbs asgeneralpresent, e.g.
si jl oj-sjlljceen bl by s he wbeome &rhetoric
4
2.2.1.2.3.3.2. -( EVID.PAST expresses a past tese that is not cn. The speaker did not
see the action itself, e.g.
ul-ip-tir
apparently hehas anive
Orit mthe meaningthat somehing se ms tobtheto thesp~. e.g.
o k1
I suppsthat you ud
2.2.1.3.3.4. Imperative Mo mdift Wford ~epns
I" 2
01
3
"
-[- -0f~ -
- -il -
TheytakeClasspersonal sufxes (sethere).
2.2. I .3.3.6. Desirative expressed by-kk-C/, where -Mk is a shortened formof
-Mke/, e.g.
a/ u/mekci
he wantsto come
2.2.1.3. Negation (G)
2.2.1.3.1. U Turkic languages the verb is usually negate by adding -BA sf to th HO.
Allomorphs aer vowels:
voiced
7, mqI, w,j, ]r
-
voiceless
p, t,k, s,s, c
Y
-(A)r participlehas the only irregulaNG form: -BA-s
ulbes heis not coming
Note: ulbeer is used in qoUoquial speh only.
The NG of conveb -()p, the -BA-formis only u in EVI.PAST, in othe forms the
NG ofconverb -Aij, the-BA-j formis usem, e.g.
kl-b]-t
he is not coming
ul-be-p-tir he might have not come
kt-pe-jkld he did not leave
The NG of-GAn is -BA-gAn but other frm with dokemes (see below) also can be used,
e.g.
kl-be-gen he did not arrived at that time
The NG of-D!is -BA-d but itis ofe replaced with otheforms (wbelow), e.g.
4
ulbed
m6not come
OtherNG froms-BA-s., -BA_, etc.
ulbes
P
he doenot come
I wishhe did not cme
2.2.1.3.2. Some fr b negate by noun/adjetive dok 'non-existet' or the
nveofWverb to b'emes(sethee). Thefors have slightly df ent mee.g.
ul-gendo he did/hasnot anive
ul-geneme he didnot anive at M
Other forms alsom3with AUXemes, se 2.3.4.
Modal word e/ek1bfound only in Siberian languages (ltai, Tuv, Yakut), it is used with
conveb -Amens that thaction mnot happed y, e.g.
uleelek m not anived yet
2.2.2. Verbal categorizers
2.2.2.1. Transitivizers (Voice)
2.2.2. I. I. Refexiveveb(RF: -()n-
du
duu-n-
to wash
to washhimself
2.2. I. I .2. Thepas ive veb (PAS): -(1}I-
b
b-/
Ections:
Ae -/-itbome-H-
a
al-yn-
to =
bm
to take
to betaken
Aer verba-L-it beomes -n-
bj-/
ba-lan-
Otherexceptions:
lr-in-
to bind
to Dbound
to be seen
2.2. 1. 1 .3. The reciprocal or co-operative verb (REC): -()s
This sufx has df nt functions:
I) It c epressthat Uaction is mutual or reciprocal betwetwo sides, e.g.
40
usf (amenen)
he soke RM
2) Co-opve, which means that one did smethingtogetheWUothers:
al sabktst he atendethe class (togetherwith others)
3) It can epress W action that was taken by a group of peple together, thus meaning
plurality, e.g.
al lr they went (togeher)
2.2.2.2. Veba
2.2.2.2.1. Denominal
-L-
b, bta
-A-
bo.f,
AJ-
a-j
IJb..j-
lci-r-j-(fom kci irreglar)
-(r-
esl-r-
0=
*
-
IIiimJrO-
detim-re- (Ayti)
-&-
WM~
to U
to epty
Mbeome less
to become more
to beome smaller
Rgowold
tobeome young
to become blue
to smile
Rlonely
to be thirsty
-sl- sufx is usally used with participle -GAn, meaning"it ses like'', e.g.
X
it semelikeshe crie
Upretedeto O
-M-n
di rn
-GAr
a
b

to bafaid
to fulfll
to lead
esr- to reind
2.2.2.3. Causativizers
InKyrgyzthe causative hastwo meanings:
1) to make smebody do something
2) to wsomene do smething
Aecnsonts11tae-t- sf e.g.
ok+ WumVmake s. study
Aer consonants itcan take -Dir-, -DAr-, -lr, -Ar-, -Glz-. -GAz-, -Iz-. -GAr-sufixes, e.g.
knr-
kz-dr
M
kl-tir
(/-tfr-
catr
kes-tir-
lr-giz
lj-giz-
ac
-tr

cy--
%
(t-I-/(t-/z
O-
Exceptons:
IJr1-
kork-u-t-
to convince, to make himaccept
to mmdig
to makemstay
to make mcome
Vmakehim die, tokill
to makeit gallop, to gallop
to makewcut
to make mete
to 0him/her up
to make mopen
to make him go out, to take out, lead out
to make it fow
to makeit pass
to make MWaound
to makeWse, to show
make himafaid, fghten
For the use ofthe causative seOAT case.
2.2.2.4.Tb rtiveveb: -(s-tir-
W- to ask
sura.t- to maround
2.2.2.5. Iterative verb: -GI-l-, -(A)-/A-
teplle
tebele-
to kep onkicking
to kick/step a cuple oftime
4T
2.2.3. Verbal mw
2.2.3.1. Verbal nounsParticiples
2.2.3 . 1. 1. Pariciple
2.2.3. 1. 1. 1. Future form -A6Ak* is not productive, it is only used with the following words
mefuture:
klk
bolook
future
future
keletekmuun thefture generation
2.2.3 . 1. 1.2. EV.P/ participle -(A)ris used generally, e.g.
kler the one who mcomethe one who usally comes
-(A)r-Uk depite the -Lk nominal sfx deive adjetive, e.g.
ajtl wordthat is worth Wy
2.2.3. 1.1.3. PAST participle -GAn
klgenkisi the person who came
2.2.3.1.1 .4. PAST participle -()mJ is only used with AUX bol- to express preentative
(RD) mood, there.
2.2.3.1.1.5. Othe partciple with -k* ad -UU-U/U. e.g.
kelmeki one who wants to come
klff6i , k/6i the one whousually came
Sufx Ucan be used with -DAjtoexpress possibility, e.g.
kjyboltudM a daythat beome hard
2.2.3.1.2. Vebal nouns
The main diffence
.
betwen verbal nouns and participles is that ve.ral nouns COt be usd
as adjectives.
2.2.3.1.2.1. -UU/(-OO/ is the main verbal noun sufx in Kyrg. It is sometimes considered
infinitive, whchdos not exist UTurkic language, e.g.
ke/U(f-) coming, tocome
Uthe verb eds with -/-, the last vowel is absorbe, e.g.
a- to get sour atuu getting sour
ac- toopen acuu opening
48
Uthe verb ends with -A-, the last vowel is absor to sufx -U which aer that beome-
U(<-AU, e.g.

tie-
to live
towish
daJo living
til1 (tu/0) wishing
2.2.3.1.2.2. -]3 mis conuon in !urHrm lang and Ky it creplace -Um
mHme.g.
klisi mU his coming is possible
One syllableverbs ending with vowels ctake onlythe -(}sform, e.g
d- to say J3 saying
m- Weat
m
eting
2.2.3.1.2.3. -GAn4k
By adding the nominal sufx -Lik W.An makes it clear that it is a noun not an adjective, but
sometimes it can be replaced by simply -GAn. It is ofen use with AL to express reason,
e.g.
a klgenlen
bMhe came
2.2.3.1.2.4. Other vebal nouns
-mAj is use mainly forlisting, e.g.
okmaj, readingand rigg
P
chasing the g (a nmadic horde game)
-mAk* is raely use in K as wm. It is usally use as verb of intetion (se
thee), e.g.
klmegin bilgen dok he did not know that she would come
These two sufixe with bol- can produce AUX verbal forms (se there).
./* form is taken from the Turkistai languages ( UzbekUigur) -GU probably has the same
origin as Kyrg -U. e.g. Uigj, Kyr duutu writer. It is use only with PPS and the
AUX verb ke/- (sethere) or with , e.g.
m--@m heWUto go
Together with sufx -DAjit canbe usedas a participle, e.g.
dbolgudjis a thing that mbecome m
4
2.2.3.2. Converbs
Converbs are very common in Turkc languages and the easiest way tojoin verbstogether is
W us convers. They have very important role with AUX verbal forms where the seond
AUXverb ofn losits me.
2.2.3.2. 1. Impconverb -Ai(-A aer consonants, -j aer vowels) usethe two action
Qat the seU{),e.g.

@
he out rn
2.2.3.2.2. Perfet converb -(p is usd dthe ft acon preethe seond, whi l e the fr
verb takes sufe.g.
ugkcu sd and le
The NEGformofthe two converbs is the same, ifthey usea convers (seNEG).
2.2.3.2.2. Otherconverbs
'Since' can be expresseby converb-GA-n/butit israrelyused, e.g.
uIkeIgcni ic H nboId 3 dayspassesince he came
Note: this converb is also use in AUX verbal forms diur-, LI- etc. (see there). 'Since' is
usually expresseby -n PPS plusOAT, e.g.
kQmW nboMu 3 dayspassesince he came
'Until' is epresseby -G!cA (-cA<ccinuntil), or-GAnc4e.g.
uIkgenIgtrc until he comes
NEGformis diferent, it is -, e.g.
mkImqmcnkegm I wnt leveuntil become
Comparisn alsobesby-An, e.g.
MMqun)m
take that ratherthanthis
It shouldnot be confusewith OAn-!nA (participle -An with PPS ~-c4),e.g.
u1 accordingto what he said
Note: Bis usually replacebyforms of@or @
"Without" is expresseby -bAs-tAn(NEGparticiple -(A]r plus ABL), e.g.
muqIunburbu
do not go without teUingme
-(A]r plusPPS with postpositionmcncnepresses ,,soon as", e.g.
kIcrimcnen as soon a he W
"Although/but" is expressed by -OAnwith PPS plus mcncnbobod, e.g.
keIgcnimcncn
although he came
so
kIgcnboLJ although he cae
Emphg-GAnbqn, e.g.
gbodnkIIi
Doublefors:
he indeedlef rn g
-Ai-Aidoubleconverepresereeteor continuous action, e.g.
bmu-mu
by goingcontnuously gradually
"Jua" bepresby partciple -(4]r-bA&-tA, e.g.
P
Just as the sn was r
2.3. Auxliaryverb (AUX) forations
2.3. I. Uninfetestems ofnounsadjetiveplus AUXformations with cI-, @I-, boI-, e.g.
umkIcI-
yboI-
ok\I-
togive permission, to pemit
toapper
todestroy
2.3.2. Inected Lexical StemofVebs plus AUXformations
2.3.2.1. The forms of the verb "to b" (c-< OT cr-] m only some few forms preerved in
modemKyrg, which c bused for TAMformations: cIc/cknand NEGcmcs(see there).
2.3.2. 1 . l.Teseformations
Plupefet (LU is expressby addingc!cVsme ofthe Tense sfx, e.g.
PAST.PLU-OAnc!e,e.g.
Amck
he mgone (before)
HAB.PAST.PLU~U(ce.g.
&O(c he useto go
Uthe SouthedialesUis repaled by bmutckfrom.
2.3.2.1.2. Modal frmations
2.3.2. 1.2.1. Subjunctive (SUBI) mod: -A-1 pluscIe?oIcu or-mk (cIc)
UConditional sentences the second part (apodosis) takes the SUBJ formaccordingto the type
mthe condition:
I) Remote condition: the verb of the protasis is in conditional mood; the verb ofthe apodosis
takefniteform-A/-1 plus cIc, or future participle -(rcIcin Talas dialect e.g.
KcIdboIot cIc Uwouldbe good ifyou came
51
2) Unfulflled condition: the verb of the protasis is in conditional mod, the ver of the
apodosis is expressby participle -mAkplus ele, which is ulommited, e.g.
KcIveJ(cIc} It would hvbegood Uhehad come
forsometimeMb usforreoteconditons, e.g.
XIdboImo lt would b you cme
Unflfl e cndition cbepresby fe form-Ai-tplus boIc, e.g.
Mwobol
I would have taken it
2.3.2.1.2.2. Evidential (EV) mood is expresbye-kn(<OT cr-kn),:
with participle-Anfor PAST, e.g.
\uguncbn he apparently got married
or with converb-A-((. for PRE, e.g.
buruIcHn
heis l i kely togo
or with conditional -, e.g.
bercHn if he would come
Probabative (POB) -GAnM-A.g-Imi1 (<OTcrm)I, e.g.
mi3
buI mi3
he might have arrive
he maygo
2.3.2.2. The word "to b"(c-) is ofen replaceby bol-"to beome". Its PAST frmcIc
eprsSUBJ, whileits P/fordoesnot mMe.g.
J(-]
mbolcr
it is good
d c!c
it would belit u tobgod
cbnmlimiteusage, e.g.
Jckcn
iRsemsgood
d cHninbIcm
I know that it is good
it wbgood
dakSy bolon
it good
d~ckcn
it sesemegood
d bolnunbilcm
tknowthat 1 was good
^
whenit is/wagood
The vebbol-toobe replaced with the verbsexpressing L1. dt-, 0r-, Ir-.e.g.
f dt it was inthe house
32
cnIomJdturd
buImcrdIurnI
it was in my pocket
itiWhere
2.3.2.2.2. Ayformatons bybo/-
2.3.2.2.2. 1. Mo frmations
Intetiva ve(IT/DES) -mX, -mAk(cplus bol-, e.g.
AbboM he intendsto@ to Almaty
molok bol he dedeWkh
Preedeive (PRET)An-d{ or -()m/J plus bo/-, e.g.
bol
y}laysbol
he semelike sleping
he pretendecrying
Negativefrmis epresseby -mAks4nplus D, e.g.
Dbo/ he pretended that he did not see
2.3.2.2.2.2. Aspetual formations:
Capability (CAP)-UU-GAor -&plus bol-
H @1csc bclc-bu? is it possibleVdrink
Conditional (COND)-Ait -(A}r, -GAnplus b
KckrW
KclcIu@bcIso
Xcgenbo/so
ifhewill come
ifhe come, ifhewants tocome
if he
2.3.2.3. Auxiliary functionof theVof quotingd-
2.3.2.3.1. Not reAUXformations
Turkic lado not us reporting spe h they simple quote the sentence Usomeody
said, e.g.
mcnHlemdm He sidthat hewouldcome
Uthe sbjects of the two sentence Wnot the same, the subjet ofthe quoted setence is i n
ACCfe.g.
mcn kcIcIdJ He sid that I wouldcome
2.3.2.3.2. Other AUXformations withJ-
Deirativemood is expressedby D(]-)n plusd-,e.g.
b dpumI Hewants tocome/wouldlike tocome
Ou)Iu)ndpkcIdm
I came tosay that
5J
2.3.3. AUX formations with other verbs
2.3.3.1 Aspetual AUX foration
2.3.3.1.1. Capability (CA): -Aplus a/-
J/a) -by? you come
With impve exprsgoo advic: bil-
mUbill b Lwrite propely
2.3.3.1.2. Continuous/urative (CONT/URPIS)
@c be exprsby converb -(p plus m, m-, dt-,
oltur-. e.g.
ktd turat
atminipdrOt
he is writing a letter
usually writes
he is riding a hors
usualy rides
The following two forms 1only express present cntinuos:
op otrat he is leng now
uka dtat h is sleping now
Vebs epressing diretion kef- mbar- take -A Imp Conveb plus dt-at , e.g.
Jele d he is approaching
baa dat h is going away
Colloquial forms bar-tat, /l-tat
Converb (p is raely use mepresnot prent contnuous but simply repeteaction,
one come or gaethe other, e.g.
/l dtt they come one afe anothe
bap they go repeately
Verbs mmdir-expresHabituaVpisoical mood, e.g.
y d he sag ofe
UHabitual/pisodical mood the verbs I/-, ba- also takes converb -(p, e.g.
bie/lipturf come to us ofen
mbdmr I use to go to the movie ofen
Uthe action takes place gradualy and continually -(lp baa or Jle datat is sue, e.g.
daksbolupbaradatat gradually it beomes better
tspJ/e dtat it is falling towards us (slowly)
54
2.3. 1.2.3. Contuous -AIplus ber-, e.g.
siberd he kept on talking
d~ mwent on
Sometmes expresthat the acion is developing, e.g.
dd j bk we mgot close
2.3.1.2.4. Compleerve have df et fors with slighly df nt meng.
Converb -)pplus AUX k- tl br-i t-
%~
mdied
opkl he got sick
Jelip
~
he w W(and stayed)
ajtpkajd he told about it
bilpka
Obolup/tti
ujkum/lipJti
ajtpsl
o
kpcyk
m
@di
ibe
r
XM
ur
~~
itip m
he found out about it
he became drnk (but now he is sober)
I felt slepy (but I am still awake)
say it quickly
I have Hit
suddely he hit him
suddenly starte to cry
I criticize m(mlef)
mklle h(and went away)
I hvdrnk it, I fise
2.3.1.2.4. UW(ICH) -()pplus Ie/-, bar-, e.g.
si jloJlet
a baa
the chil d starte to spek
he is gettingwell
-( plus /e l- c als express an action that starte long time ago and mnot bfnishe
yet, e.g.
/ beri op J/et
Jlgenslt
He has ben studying for a longtime
presered tradition
2.3.1.2.5. Accidental -()pJtk o dta.fta- , e.g.
6/fpk d Almost die
Note: -A diaz- (<dz-) formation is only usd with other AUX in Kyrgz.
55
2.3.1.2.5. UnexpecteQuick action: -Aplusket-, m-. k- e.g.
oturaklli
tbylkl
%
kle L
he suddenly >down
sddenly it was found
it immeiately pleaseh
he sddenly arrive
2.3. 1.2.6. Attemptive mood: -M~. m, e.g.
icpIrCi
atmnpU
mpmmm
Uand drinksme
I trieto ridea horse
I nit al little
2.3.2.7. Polite mood with imperative-A /Wr-, k-, ber-, sl-, tur-
Kudj, sakaj /W My God, sve me!
kirber! cme in, plese
ajtber!
cmeon, sayit
ajtakj come on, say it
ajtasal say it, don't worry
mtur! wait a little
mpa fr
write it down and wait
a/ kelgeneektipkal fur goaway and wait until he comes
2.3.2.8. Deideative mood
-GA-nl m- tob about to do, e.g.
b dtt he wabout togo
l/genidta he is abut to come
Intetion: !withPPS and kel-, e.g.
b kelet I want togo
2.3.2.9. Evidential! Probabative
. -GAn or -A-1 plus ot means "it seems", e.g.
kelnolojt It sems that he arrived
a/t olojt it sems that he will take it
Note: this AUX verb also takes the personal sufxes, e.g.
56
kletomun I suppose that I will come
2.3.3.l.Voic function of auxiliary verbs
2.3.3.1.1. Self-BenefctveqmmBenective-( ber-, e.g.

I bought it (forq
+
I washemyslf
olberm
ajtpb
I red it (tosmeody)
tell it (to me)
2.3.3.2. Cisloctive and Transloctive: -()pbar-lt-, kel-, e.g.
Diretion of an action: bar- ,leve for sme place'', ket- ,to leve from some place", kel-
,come/arrive", e.g.
cakel
klli
cabar
he galoped here
he gallopeaway fromhere
he gallopedtothat place
It alsexpresses direction aer the action wastaken:
barpkl
surkl
l ltti
he went thee, but cme back
mwad comeback
he ce but lef
yrd lt
ma songthenyoumgo
Ves of don: -Aiplus bar-, kel-, ket-. e.g.
ajt b go ad tell it
al I/ come bring it with you
mket go and take it away
Intetion with direion-GAnl plusIe/-, bar-, e.g.
kdtikl He cme to get marrie
Constructe forms with alp
bar->a
a
- to take somewhere
alykel->akel- to bring here
Other verbs that epress diretion: cyk-, kjt-, m~, e.g.
.
p@
toogoo ek
barpkjtt
he ran out
he cmup the hill
went there and retured back
57
duba/sekirip1u m
I l ti
2.3.4. Negation (EG)
jumped down frm the wall
arrive and sat down
The negation of AUXformation is quite complicate, because either the main verb or the
AUX vercanbe negated, sometimes both
2.3.4. 1. NEG Participle ofthe verbto bemes usually simple means "not", e.g.
daemes it is not good
But in AUX formations with participles -GAn, U -(A)r, -mk expresses an action that will
never happen, e.g.
bemes
boloremes
bolmok emes
boleemes
It never had bee
It will neverbe
Uwould not be
It did not happen
2.3.4.2. AUXformation where the mveb is neg:
CON/U: -BA-j ditat, e.g.
I dat
PERF: -BA-j kj-/l-, e.g.
kbnbjkjdu
bakld
POL-BA-j ele koj!, e.g.
Baba)elekj!
he is not coming
he did not agre
he ha notgone
You shouldn't go
2.3.4.3. NEG AUX formation when the AUXverb is negated:
CAP: -AI alba-, e.g.
dazaalbjt he canot write
M. -( diiirbO-, -UU(OO)CUbolbo-, e.g.
ajtG he should not say that
ajtuuebolbo do not sy that
Probabative: -AIberbe-1jbo-, e.g.
boloberbejt
berile kojbos
CAP: -{p bol-bo-, e.g.
it will not happen always, it mightnot happen
this might not Dgiven again
3~bolbodu It was impossible to understand his word
2.3.4.4. Double NEGexpresses certainty: -BA}kjbo-, e.g.
58
ajtjkojbojt he will defnitely say it
2.3.4.5. There is an AUX with U - (on dga-) used with NEG, it is the only form m
Kgyz where the AUX precedes the mverb, e.g.
qtiinboi m I could not undestand it
3. Sampletexts
Er-TostOk is a popular flk tale among Inner Asian people, it was first mentione by W.
RadlofThe author collecte this 1w1in South Kan, 1999.
Transcript
1. TtcofoJ-du.
[Toshtok][to growbig-PAST]
7 aga-s-nydol-gon-u-nbil-be--1.
[nine][olde brother-PPS 3-GEN][to disappear-PAST.PART-PPS 3-ACC][to know-NEG
CV.I-PRT]
3. Tti k sz t-nmat-ypdiat-kn-y-nkbr-0-t.
[Toshtok][eight][bald-GEN][game with sheep's kne-bone][to shoot-CV.PER][AUX: to lie
PAST.PART-PPS 3-ACC][to seCV.IM-PRT]
4. a-n kr-up: mend mat-ypojnoj-md-uj-u-n6kl-i.
[he-ACC][to se-CV.PER][I][too][to shoot-CV.PER][to play-CV.I-PS l][AUX: to say
CV.PER][house-PPS 3-DAT][to comePAST]
7. -Al 0ber, ojno-j-m. - J.
[fthe][sheep's knee-bone][to give][to play-CV.IM-PS l][to say-PAST]
0. Ata-bir k m kber-.
[father-PPS 3][one][sack][sheep's knee-bone]gve-PAST]
. ojunbaSta-1-ypo kr-di.
[game][ start-PAS-CV .PER][playground-GEN][ enter-PAST]
. at-knCi lor-ii djna-pkl-d.
[shoot-PAST.PAR][knee-bone-PLU-PPS 3][to scater-CV.PER][AUX:to leave-PAST]
9. s ta-dnsegi z kpm kM bi t ut-upal-d.
[eight]bald-GEN][eight][sck][kne-bone-PPS 3-ACC][all][win-CV.PER][AUX:to take
PAST)
5
10.segiz taseiz Ci lor-t-nt-tele.
[eight]bald][ eight][knee-bone-PLU-PPS 3-ACC][ argue-REC-PAST][ AUX:to be]
1. Ttk sgizt segizdk togolo-t-ok.
[T6shtilk][ eigh ]bald-ACC][ eight][ side-ACC][ roii-CAUS-CV .1][ AUX:to put-PAST]
11. D!ek-Taz: Snbolbaj-bala-)
[JekeTaz][you][AUX:to becomeCON][rich-GEN][child-PPS 3-PP.PS 2]
1J. kj-U1 kp, Ckntn emne kreg-i bar?
[sheep-PPS 2][many][kne-bone][what][nee-PPS 3)[eist]
1J. an-ktoguzaga-1)taa-pal-Sbol-o!
[that-ABL][rathe][nine][brothe-PPS 3-ACC](to fnd-CV.PER](AUX:to take-CON.PS
2][AUX:to beome-CV.I]
14. bizkdj-by, ak cbyz-ber-gin!- d-.
[we][poor-PP.PS.PL l](white][big bone-PPS.PL 1-ACC][to give-IM.SIN 2][to say-PAST]
1J. Tt: btt ajt-kanSOZ-U1cybol,
[T<shtik][all][say-PAST.PART][word-PPS 2][true][to beome-CON]
1. men-inbirk Ci m-did al! d-p
[I-GEN][one][sack][knee-bonePPS 1-ACC][too][to take-I.PL 2][to say-CV.PER]
. but toguk mkjrata-d-gaber-.
[aU][nine][sack][knee-bone-ACC](back][bald-PLU-DAT][to gve-PAST]
1. Men-intoguaa-m-n kj-ltando u-najt! - d-di.
[I-GEN][nine][brother-PPS 1-GEN][what kind-ABL][disappear-PAST.PAR-PPS 3-ACC][to
say][AUX: tosay]
V. Ela bj-dnmal-dl kpbol-gon.
[Eiaman][rich-GEN][stock][horse-PPS 3)[many][become-PAST.PAR]
J. dajytdet-is-pe-genndln ajd-t-yp,
[pasture][be eough-REC-NEG-PAST.PAR-ABL)[horse-PPS 3-ACC][to drive-ACC
CV.PER]
21. toguz ba/a-s-ntodiiber-gen.
[nine][chi l d-PPS 3-ACC][mountain-DAT][send-PAST.PAR]
22. alaofol dk-tadr-tpdymenendogol-upkt-is-kn
[they)[that)[side-LOC][to walk-CV.PER][horse-PPS 3)[POST: with][to disppear-
CV.PER][to go-REC-PAST.PAR]
J3. a/ soz-iuk-kn-dkijintj-t-nokel-e-t.
6
[Th6sht0k][that][word-ACC][to hear-PAST.PAR-ABL][POST: aer](house-PPS 3-DAT](to
come-CV.I-PAR]
24. Ata-snynkusta-gada-t-ypkj-gonmyltg-y-n al-yp,
[fthe-PPS 3-GEN][balck][master-GEN][to make-CAUS-CV.PER](AUX: to put-
PAST.PAR][rife-PPS 3-ACC][to take-CV.PER]
75.altku/cAk-Baj-min-ipaga-lr-y-nizd-pck-t.
[six][yard][Ak-Bakaj-ACC][to mount-CV.PER][brother-PLU-PPS 3-ACC][to search-
CV.PER][AUX:to exit-PAST]
20. Kto-gokr-yp, bel-nbel aS-ypdr-tpbirdl ot-tti.
[mountain-ABL][mountain-DAT][to wander-CV.PER][hi i i-ABL][hill][to pass][AUX:to
walk-CV.PER][one)[year][to pass-PAST]
2. ofen-t-ipdir-tTtbir ond/kkr-0-t.
[to do so-CV.PER][AUX:to walk-CV.PER)[T6sht0k][one][valley-ABL][horse]fto see
CV.IM-PAR]
Translation
ToshtOk gewup. He does not knowthat his brothers have disappered. He swthat the eight
balds played a game with knebones ( ordo). Having seen it he comes home saying: l play
that game (ordo) as well.
- Father, give me knebones - he says. His fther gave a sack ofkne-bones. Having started
the game he entere to the gae (ordo). The knee-bones that he shoots stter around. He
wins Mthe eight sack of knee-bones ofthe eight balds. The eight balds tried toargue for ther
eight (sack ofkne-bones. Jeke Taz sys:
- You are the sn of a rich (man). You have a lot ofsheep, what do you need the knebones
for? You would bettefnd your nine brothers. We are poor; give us our white main bone. -
He says. Toshtik:
- Uit is true what you say, I will give m own knebones as wel. Tell me, why have my
brothers disappeare? - He says.
- Ela Bai (rich) had many livestock and horses. The pastures were not enough, b he
drove his horses away sending his nine sons to the mountains. Wandering thee they
disappeared.
T6sht0k having herd this word comes home. He took the rife made by his fther's master
Kara (Black). He mounte his nine-yard long horse Ak-Bakai and lef to search fr his

brothers. He wet fom one mountain to the other, passeone hill afer the other. One ym
mpasse. Wanderingle this TOshtOksw horssin a valley.
62
Abbreviation
ABL
ACC
ADJ
ADV
ALL
AUX
BEN
CAP
CAT
CAUS
CLOS
COLL
CON
LN
CV.I
CV.PR
DAT
DES
DI
EMH
EVI

GE
U
ICH
IS

t
)
NG
P/F
PART
Ablative
Accusative
Adjetival
Converbal
Allative
Aary
Beefctive
Capabilitive
Categorizer
Causative
Cisloctive
Colletive
Conditional
Converb
Imperet Conveb
Perct Converb
Dative
Deiderative
Diminutive
Emphc
Evidetial
Future
Gitive
Imperative
lnchoative
Instrumetal
Intentional
Iterative
Locative
Negative
Presnt-Future
Participle
J
PASS
PERF
PL
PLU
POSS
PROB
PRT

RL
SBEN
SBJ
TLOC
A
F
R
M
L
UG
OT
L
N
PPS
PS
TAM
2
3
64
Passive
Perfect
Plural
Pluperfect
Possessive
Probabative
Panicle
Refeive
Resultative
Self-Benetctive
Subjunctive
Translocative
Arabic
Persian
Russian
Mongolian
Uzbek
Uigur
Old Turkic
Consonant
Vowel
Possessive Personal Sufx
Personal Sufx
TeseAspect-Mood
First Person
Seond Person
Third Person
Selete Biography
I) HeR. J. and Poppe, N.(i963) Kirghiz Manual (Uralic and Altaic Series 33.) Indiana
Univesity Publications, Bloomington and Mouton Co., The Hague
2) Judachin, K. K. (1965) Kirgizsko-russkij slovar' I-II., Moskva, Sovetskaa Enciklopedija
3) Wurm, S. (1949) The ( Kirghiz language, BSOAS 13: I pp 97-120
4) Radlof, W. (1885) der Dialecht de Kara-Kirgisen (Proben der Volksliteratur der
Nordlichen TOrkischen Stamme V.) Sankt-Peterburg
5) Kirsher, M. (1998) Kiriz pp 344-357 (ch. 21) in Johanson, L. and Csat6, E (e.)
The Turkic Languages, London/New York
6) Zacharova, L. V. (ed.)(l987) Graia kirgizsogo jazyka I. Fonetika i morfologija,
Frunnze, Ilim
7) Judachin, K.K. (1955) Klassifkacija kirgizskich dialektov (Serija PKirgizskoj SSR),
Frunze
8) Tynystanov, K. (1934) Kygz tilinin morfologjasy, Frun
9) Kudajbergenov, S. (1980) Kyrz tilinin gammatikasy I, Morfologija jana Fonetika,
Frunze
5