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Applied Sciences
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Novel Nanomaterials in Gas Sensors
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Novel Nanomaterials in Gas Sensors

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Nanotechnology and Applied Nanosciences".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 March 2025 | Viewed by 556

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Min Zeng

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Interests: gas sensors; novel mechanism; machine learning; print electronics; system integration
Dr. Nantao Hu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Interests: gas sensors; mechanism; electronic nose; MEMS sensors; micro/nanostructure
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Jianhua Yang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Interests: gas sensors; mechanism; integrated circuit; MEMS sensors; wireless sensors
Dr. Tao Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Interests: MEMS sensors; gas sensors; pattern recognition; machine learning; IoT
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Gas sensors are applied as an important cornerstone of the digital sensing layer for the Internet of Things, and the innovation of sensitive materials, sensing devices, and sensing mechanisms is of great scientific value in improving gas sensing performance. For the development of novel gas sensing materials, several key scientific issues should be addressed: the structure–activity relationship between gas adsorption/desorption at the gas–solid interface, charge separation and transportation, and gas sensing performance are unclear, and the active sites and gas sensing mechanisms should also be clarified. In recent years, there have been several new strategies to improve the gas sensing performance of nanomaterials, such as reversible tautomerism of the covalent organic framework, the confinement effect of the core-shell nanostructure, micro/nanostructure regulation, hetero-nanostructure construction, the quantum effect for quantum dots/single atom-based gas sensing, defect engineering of the nanostructure, and so on. In addition, in situ characterization techniques and theoretical modeling also provide new insights into gas sensing mechanisms, which have clarified the basic principles of intrinsic gas sensing processes. This research topic collection solicits the latest advances in gas sensing, from fundamentals to application. All studies should put forward new insights into the dynamic process of gas sensing.

Dr. Min Zeng
Dr. Nantao Hu
Dr. Jianhua Yang
Dr. Tao Wang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • gas sensors
  • novel nanomaterial
  • micro/nanostructure
  • mechanism
  • active sites
  • structure–activity relationship

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Review

27 pages, 10742 KiB  
Review
Advancements in Nanostructured Functional Constituent Materials for Gas Sensing Applications: A Comprehensive Review
by Ivana Panžić, Arijeta Bafti, Floren Radovanović-Perić, Davor Gašparić, Zhen Shi, Arie Borenstein and Vilko Mandić
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 2522; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15052522 - 26 Feb 2025
Viewed by 196
Abstract
The unique properties of nanostructures, such as their high surface-to-volume ratio, tunable physical and chemical characteristics, and enhanced sensitivity, are critical for advancing gas detection technologies. Therefore, this comprehensive review explores the recent advancements in nanostructured materials, emphasizing their pivotal role in enhancing [...] Read more.
The unique properties of nanostructures, such as their high surface-to-volume ratio, tunable physical and chemical characteristics, and enhanced sensitivity, are critical for advancing gas detection technologies. Therefore, this comprehensive review explores the recent advancements in nanostructured materials, emphasizing their pivotal role in enhancing gas sensing performance. A key focus of this review is metal oxide-based gas sensors, and the impact of synthesis methods and (micro)structural properties on sensor performance is thoroughly examined. By segmenting the discussion into 1D nanostructured materials, including different metal oxides, the review provides a broad yet detailed perspective on how different functional materials contribute to gas sensing efficiency. From a performance standpoint, this review highlights critical sensing parameters, including gas detection mechanisms, response times, selectivity, stability, and operating conditions. High-end detection values may reach around a few ppb for most gases. Beyond evaluating current advancements, this review also addresses existing challenges and future research directions, particularly in scalability, long-term sensor stability, low-temperature operation, and integration into real-world applications. By providing a comprehensive and up-to-date analysis, this review serves as a valuable resource for researchers and engineers, offering insights that can drive the next generation of high-performance, reliable, and selective gas sensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Nanomaterials in Gas Sensors)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Schematic diagram of the sensing mechanism of n-type semiconducting metal oxide nanostructures for reducing gas (reproduced from [<a href="#B36-applsci-15-02522" class="html-bibr">36</a>], MDPI, 2020).</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>The mechanism of free charge flow and changes in the resistance of MOS gas sensors depending on the type of sensor material and analyte (reproduced from [<a href="#B38-applsci-15-02522" class="html-bibr">38</a>] MDPI, 2023).</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Schematic representation of the surface of n-type MOS with ionosorbed oxygen species (<b>b</b>) and after its interaction with reducing gas CO (<b>c</b>) and oxidizing gas NO<sub>2</sub> (<b>a</b>) within the chemisorption model of sensor response (<b>top</b>). The corresponding modulation of band energy levels (<b>bottom</b>) (reproduced from [<a href="#B40-applsci-15-02522" class="html-bibr">40</a>] MDPI, 2021).</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>The effect of different (nano) structuring approaches on the active surface of a thin film solid-state gas sensor layer.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Synthesis of hierarchical nanostructured ZnO nanorods decorated with Pd, and the proposed ethanol sensing mechanism (reproduced from [<a href="#B50-applsci-15-02522" class="html-bibr">50</a>], MDPI, 2023).</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>(<b>A</b>) FE-SEM images of the gas sensors are shown. (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) are the results of the hydrothermal synthesis. (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) are TiO<sub>2</sub> NRs and Pt NPs of Sensor A. (<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>) are TiO<sub>2</sub> NRs and Pt NPs of Sensor B. (<b>g</b>,<b>h</b>) are TiO<sub>2</sub> NRs and Pt NPs of Sensor C. The inset in (<b>f</b>) shows an enlarged image to clearly display the Pt NPs on the TiO<sub>2</sub> NRs. The red arrows indicate Pt NPs. The green arrows in (<b>c</b>) indicate chunks of Pt agglomerated together on the top surface of TiO<sub>2</sub> NRs. (<b>B</b>) Proposed sensing mechanisms are depicted. Photoelectrochemical activities for sensing NO<sub>2</sub> with respect to time of annealing TiO<sub>2</sub> are shown. (<b>a</b>) is the schematic of Sensor A, which did not have an annealing process to TiO<sub>2</sub>. (<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>) suggest the working mechanisms of Sensor B and Sensor C, of which TiO<sub>2</sub> NRs were annealed for 1 h and 2 h, respectively. e<sup>−</sup> and h<sup>+</sup> indicate electron and hole, respectively (reproduced from [<a href="#B57-applsci-15-02522" class="html-bibr">57</a>], MDPI, 2021).</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>(<b>a</b>) SEM and (<b>b</b>) HR-SEM images of the as-obtained samples. HR-SEM images of the samples annealed at (<b>c</b>) 205 °C and (<b>d</b>) 450 °C (reproduced from [<a href="#B66-applsci-15-02522" class="html-bibr">66</a>], MDPI, 2022).</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Visual representation of charge transfers in carrageenan film generated by applied force. (<b>a</b>) Visual representation of carrageenan film with iron (III) oxide particles; (<b>b</b>) charge generation in prepared film and the release of charge-carrying particles due to force; (<b>c</b>) visual representation of experiment scheme of film under short-term mechanical load (reproduced from [<a href="#B73-applsci-15-02522" class="html-bibr">73</a>], MDPI, 2024).</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>(<b>top</b>): SEM images of tin oxide nanofibers and nanoribbons doped with PG after calcination at 450 °C. (<b>a</b>) Low and (<b>b</b>) high magnifications. (<b>bottom</b>): Sensor responses to 2 ppm ethanol, 4 ppm acetone, 5 ppm CO, and 100 ppb NO at different operating temperatures (25, 100, 200, and 300 °C) (reproduced from [<a href="#B82-applsci-15-02522" class="html-bibr">82</a>], MDPI, 2020).</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>(<b>top</b>): (<b>a</b>) TEM images of the In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> thin film deposited at 500 °C. (<b>b</b>) SAED of the In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> thin film deposited at 500 °C. (<b>bottom</b>): Repeatability of indium oxide thin films sprayed at 500 °C toward 50 ppm toluene (reproduced from [<a href="#B92-applsci-15-02522" class="html-bibr">92</a>], ACS, 2021).</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>SEM images of (<b>a</b>) as-grown α-MoO<sub>3</sub> nanoribbon network on SiO<sub>2</sub>/Si interdigitated substrate and (<b>b</b>) sulfurized α-MoO<sub>3</sub> nanoribbons. Insets in (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) show corresponding optical micrographs. High-resolution SEM images of (<b>c</b>) as-grown α-MoO<sub>3</sub> and (<b>d</b>) sulfurized α-MoO<sub>3</sub>. The inset in (<b>d</b>) is a magnified view of an individual sulfurized MoO<sub>3</sub> nanoribbon (reproduced from [<a href="#B102-applsci-15-02522" class="html-bibr">102</a>], MDPI, 2022).</p> Full article ">
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