Applied Sciences

19 pages, 649 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Efficacy of Nonpharmacological Treatment in Children and Adolescent with Tic Disorder: A Systematic Review

by Cecilia Amico, Chiara Crepaldi, Margherita Rinaldi, Elisa Buffone, Simona Scaini, Barbara Forresi and Mauro Leoni

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(20), 9466; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209466 (registering DOI) - 16 Oct 2024

Abstract

Tic disorders (TDs) are neurodevelopmental conditions which affect 0.3–0.9% of individuals aged < 18 years. Although tics often improve or resolve spontaneously over time, treatment is often recommended. Pharmacological approaches are widely used as primary interventions. However, their side effects encouraged the development [...] Read more.

Tic disorders (TDs) are neurodevelopmental conditions which affect 0.3–0.9% of individuals aged < 18 years. Although tics often improve or resolve spontaneously over time, treatment is often recommended. Pharmacological approaches are widely used as primary interventions. However, their side effects encouraged the development and the interest in nonpharmacological approaches, whose efficacy in pediatric populations remains poorly understood. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the efficacy of nonpharmacological treatments for children and adolescents with TDs. A literature review was performed using PubMed, EBSCOhost, and JABA databases up to 16 May 2024. Eligible articles were randomized controlled trials, written in English and published in peer-reviewed journals, investigating the efficacy of nonpharmacological treatments in pediatric populations diagnosed with TDs. Significant evidence supported the efficacy of behavioral interventions such as the Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics (CBIT), its reduced version the Habit Reversal Therapy (HRT), and the Exposure and Relapse Prevention (ERP) in reducing tics and tic-related impairment among young people, as assessed through the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale. Behavioral interventions were generally effective in reducing tics, although some studies reported higher effects on motor tics when compared to vocal tics. High level of efficacy was observed for both face-to-face and online treatments. While future studies are needed to improve treatment effects, especially on vocal tics, as well as to have a better understanding of treatment components and modalities, taken together, the present findings support the use of nonpharmacological intervention for TDs in youth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members' Collection Series: Applied Affective and Cognitive Neuroscience)

13 pages, 1671 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inhibition Performance and Mechanism of Poly(Citric Acid–Glutamic Acid) on Carbon Steel Corrosion in Simulated Seawater

by Nanxin Chang, Kuaiying Liu, Yuzeng Zhao, Yining Deng and Honghua Ge

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(20), 9465; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209465 (registering DOI) - 16 Oct 2024

Abstract

In this investigation, the efficacy of PCA-GLU, a polymer obtained by copolymerizing citric acid and glutamic acid, as a corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel was investigated in a 3.5wt% NaCl solution. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques and potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) measurements were used [...] Read more.

In this investigation, the efficacy of PCA-GLU, a polymer obtained by copolymerizing citric acid and glutamic acid, as a corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel was investigated in a 3.5wt% NaCl solution. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques and potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) measurements were used to evaluate the corrosion inhibition. The findings demonstrate that PCA-GLU has a 96.73% corrosion inhibition efficiency. Additionally, when the inhibitor concentration rises, the corrosion inhibition efficiency rises as well, reaching an ideal concentration of 400 mg/L. Furthermore, PCA-GLU can create an adsorption layer on the surface of Q235. This paper verifies the adsorption mechanism of PCA-GLU through molecular dynamics simulations of the system and quantum chemical calculations of corrosion inhibitors in solution. Ultimately, our research findings validate that PCA-GLU is an efficient corrosion inhibitor in safeguarding carbon steel against corrosion in marine environments. Full article

10 pages, 903 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Pine Wood Thickness on the Freezing and Heating Process in Warm-Air Drying

by Ivan Klement, Tatiana Vilkovská and Peter Vilkovský

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(20), 9464; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209464 (registering DOI) - 16 Oct 2024

Abstract

Wood is subject to various environmental conditions during its processing, with temperatures being one of the most relevant to the material’s behaviour. The heating process during drying is crucial for both the final quality of the dried wood and heat consumption. As the [...] Read more.

Wood is subject to various environmental conditions during its processing, with temperatures being one of the most relevant to the material’s behaviour. The heating process during drying is crucial for both the final quality of the dried wood and heat consumption. As the first stage of the drying process, it is essential to achieve adequate overheating in the middle of the thickness without causing damage. The present article focuses on the influence of pine wood thickness on the freezing process and heating during the warm-air drying process. Similarity theory was applied to the theoretical calculation of the time to heat the frozen wood, where Fourier and Biot’s criteria were used. The calculated times were confirmed by experimental measurements. Theoretical calculations of heating time for frozen wood align with measured values for larger thicknesses. For smaller thicknesses (<50 mm), the heating time was shown as unnecessarily long. The results showed that wood thickness significantly affected both freezing and heating processes. Specifically, the thickness of the samples had a notable impact on the heating of frozen samples, only after changing the water gradient in the wood from solid to liquid state. The optimal solution would be if the time and course of heating were regulated according to the actual measured temperature in the centre of the wood. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wood Processing Technology: 2nd Edition)

21 pages, 826 KiB

Open AccessReview

Citrus Seed Waste and Circular Bioeconomy: Insights on Nutritional Profile, Health Benefits, and Application as Food Ingredient

by S. Seyyedi-Mansour, M. Carpena, P. Donn, P. Barciela, A. Perez-Vazquez, J. Echave, A. G. Pereira and M. A. Prieto

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(20), 9463; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209463 (registering DOI) - 16 Oct 2024

Abstract

Citrus fruits are widely grown, processed, and distributed in more than 140 countries, with annual global production exceeding 124.3 million metric tons. This substantial consumption generates significant organic waste, accounting for approximately 50–60% of the total fruit mass, primarily in the form of [...] Read more.

Citrus fruits are widely grown, processed, and distributed in more than 140 countries, with annual global production exceeding 124.3 million metric tons. This substantial consumption generates significant organic waste, accounting for approximately 50–60% of the total fruit mass, primarily in the form of peel, pulp, and seeds. Often discarded or reused as animal feed, these wastes contribute to significant environmental pollution and economic losses. Therefore, the valorization of these by-products represents an important opportunity to mitigate these challenges and improve the sustainability of the Citrus-related industry. This review highlights Citrus seed waste concerning its invaluable bioactive compounds, including fatty acids, phenolic compounds, limonoids, dietary fibers, vitamins, and carotenoids. Chemical compositions of Citrus seed biowaste differ depending on a variety of factors, such as Citrus variety, fruit maturity, environmental conditions, waste storage conditions, and extraction methods. The extraction and purification of phytochemicals from Citrus seed biowaste are one of the major procedures for valorizing waste. The two types of effective extraction methods are traditional (conventional extraction) and innovative (green extraction). Furthermore, Citrus seeds have been demonstrated to exhibit several biological activities and health-promoting properties including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities. Therefore, these wastes are safe and beneficial compounds used in the production of functional foods, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. A conclusion can be reached by emphasizing the abundance of bioactive compounds in Citrus seed wastes, which makes them an excellent opportunity for increased environmental and economic utilization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Food Technologies and Applications)

25 pages, 3354 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Knowledge-Graph-Based Integrated Line Loss Evaluation Management System

by Bin Li and Weihuan Wang

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(20), 9462; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209462 (registering DOI) - 16 Oct 2024

Abstract

The loss of power grid efficiency is affected by a number of factors, including the physical characteristics of the equipment used, the operational characteristics of the power grid itself, the characteristics of the electricity being used, and the natural conditions present. The application [...] Read more.

The loss of power grid efficiency is affected by a number of factors, including the physical characteristics of the equipment used, the operational characteristics of the power grid itself, the characteristics of the electricity being used, and the natural conditions present. The application of a simple line loss rate value is inadequate for the objective evaluation of the implementation of line loss management in different provinces. Accordingly, this paper puts forth an innovative comprehensive evaluation method for municipal power grid line loss management, namely the construction of a comprehensive management evaluation knowledge graph for line loss. This method integrates the dimensionality reduction capability of nuclear principal component analysis with the combined decision support capability of DEMATEL-Entropy Weight-TOPSIS, thereby achieving a comprehensive evaluation of power grid line loss in the whole process and across multiple dimensions. The empirical analysis of cross-sectional data based on line loss management in Guangxi from 2014 to 2016 demonstrates that the line loss evaluation index system proposed in this paper effectively reduces the redundancy of line loss data. To illustrate, the municipal power grid in Guangxi (GL city) has demonstrated a gradual enhancement in the competitiveness of its management and planning loss reduction strategies. However, there has been a notable decline in the competitiveness of its operational and technical loss reduction approaches, with a reduction of approximately 23.7%. Therefore, the overall development of the city’s power grid line loss level can be considered stable. This method allows for an objective and reasonable reflection of the actual situation differences in line loss management work, thus providing a basis for future line loss management evaluation. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

30 pages, 3523 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spotting Leaders in Organizations with Graph Convolutional Networks, Explainable Artificial Intelligence, and Automated Machine Learning

by Yunbo Xie, Jose D. Meisel, Carlos A. Meisel, Juan Jose Betancourt, Jianqi Yan and Roberto Bugiolacchi

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(20), 9461; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209461 (registering DOI) - 16 Oct 2024

Abstract

Over the past few decades, the study of leadership theory has expanded across various disciplines, delving into the intricacies of human behavior and defining the roles of individuals within organizations. Its primary objective is to identify leaders who play significant roles in the [...] Read more.

Over the past few decades, the study of leadership theory has expanded across various disciplines, delving into the intricacies of human behavior and defining the roles of individuals within organizations. Its primary objective is to identify leaders who play significant roles in the communication flow. In addition, behavioral theory posits that leaders can be distinguished based on their daily conduct, while social network analysis provides valuable insights into behavioral patterns. Our study investigates five and six types of social networks frequently observed in different organizations. This study is conducted using datasets we collected from an IT company and public datasets collected from a manufacturing company for the thorough evaluation of prediction performance. We leverage PageRank and effective word embedding techniques to obtain novel features. State-of-the-art performance is obtained using various statistical machine learning methods, graph convolutional networks (GCN), automated machine learning (AutoML), and explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). More specifically, our approach can achieve state-of-the-art performance with an accuracy close to

90 %

for leaders identification with data from projects of different types. This investigation contributes to the establishment of sustainable leadership practices by aiding organizations in retaining their leadership talent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data Mining and Machine Learning in Social Network Analysis)

14 pages, 481 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis and Optimization of the Effectiveness of Production Safety Standardization Construction Based on Set-Pair Analysis

by Shaojie Zhang and Peng Zhu

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(20), 9460; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209460 (registering DOI) - 16 Oct 2024

Abstract

The industry and trade sector is a crucial part of China’s national economy, yet its development is frequently accompanied by numerous safety incidents, leading to significant casualties and property damage. To enhance safety practices, the Chinese government introduced standardized production safety assessment criteria. [...] Read more.

The industry and trade sector is a crucial part of China’s national economy, yet its development is frequently accompanied by numerous safety incidents, leading to significant casualties and property damage. To enhance safety practices, the Chinese government introduced standardized production safety assessment criteria. Despite improvements in overall safety management in recent years, the implementation process often emphasizes scoring over substance, causing enterprises to overlook key elements directly related to production safety. Additionally, the current assessment system, which ranks enterprises based solely on scores, fails to accurately reflect their true safety management levels. To overcome the limitations of the current evaluation results of standardized work safety construction and to establish a method for scientifically assessing the safety management level and predicting the future safety development trends of enterprises, this study employs the principles of similarity and contrast, utilizing Set-Pair Analysis (SPA) as a quantitative tool. By targeting thirteen critical elements of the safety standardization framework, a five-element linkage function model was constructed. This model calculates linkage degree, set-pair potential, pessimistic potential, optimistic potential, and difference degree to evaluate safety standardization efforts across enterprises within and between industries. The study’s findings indicate that the five-dimensional linkage model based on SPA is both reasonable and reliable. A positive correlation was observed between the weights of evaluation elements and the optimistic potential values of enterprises, particularly with key elements such as Elements Seven and Eight, which are critical in determining an enterprise’s actual safety capabilities. Enhancing these elements can significantly improve intrinsic safety levels. Additionally, the model’s calculated metrics allow for precise and quantitative ranking of enterprises’ true safety management levels. Moreover, the model provides an accurate quantitative assessment of the true safety management hierarchy, offering practical and adaptable applications in other sectors. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

33 pages, 387 KiB

Open AccessReview

Blockchain-Based Federated Learning: A Survey and New Perspectives

by Weiguang Ning, Yingjuan Zhu, Caixia Song, Hongxia Li, Lihui Zhu, Jinbao Xie, Tianyu Chen, Tong Xu, Xi Xu and Jiwei Gao

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(20), 9459; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209459 (registering DOI) - 16 Oct 2024

Abstract

Federated learning, as a novel distributed machine learning mode, enables the training of machine learning models on multiple devices while ensuring data privacy. However, the existence of single-point-of-failure bottlenecks, malicious threats, scalability of federated learning implementation, and lack of incentive mechanisms have seriously [...] Read more.

Federated learning, as a novel distributed machine learning mode, enables the training of machine learning models on multiple devices while ensuring data privacy. However, the existence of single-point-of-failure bottlenecks, malicious threats, scalability of federated learning implementation, and lack of incentive mechanisms have seriously hindered the development of federated learning technology. In recent years, as a distributed ledger, blockchain has the characteristics of decentralization, tamper-proof, transparency, security, etc., which can solve the issues encountered in the above-mentioned federated learning. Particularly, the integration of federated learning and blockchain leads to a new paradigm, called blockchain-based federated learning (BFL), which has been successfully applied in many application scenarios. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of recent efforts on blockchain-based federated learning. More concretely, we propose and design a taxonomy of blockchain-based federated learning models, along with providing a comprehensive summary of the state of the art. Various applications of federated learning based on blockchain are introduced. Finally, we expand on current trends and provide new perspectives pertaining to this new and exciting development in the field. Full article

21 pages, 896 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Emotion Recognition on Call Center Voice Data

by Yüksel Yurtay, Hüseyin Demirci, Hüseyin Tiryaki and Tekin Altun

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(20), 9458; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209458 (registering DOI) - 16 Oct 2024

Abstract

Emotion recognition is a crucial aspect of human–computer interaction, particularly in the field of marketing and advertising. Call centers play a vital role in generating positive client experiences and maintaining relationships. As individuals increasingly rely on computers for daily tasks, there is a [...] Read more.

Emotion recognition is a crucial aspect of human–computer interaction, particularly in the field of marketing and advertising. Call centers play a vital role in generating positive client experiences and maintaining relationships. As individuals increasingly rely on computers for daily tasks, there is a growing need to improve human–computer interactions. Research has been conducted on emotion recognition, in three main areas: facial expression-based, voice-based, and text-based. This study focuses on emotion recognition on incoming customer calls to call centers, which plays a vital role in customer experience and company satisfaction. The study uses real-life customer data provided by Turkish Mobile Operators to analyze the customer’s emotional state and inform call center employees about the emotional state. The model created in this research is a significant milestone for sentiment analysis in the Turkish language, demonstrating the ability to acquire fundamental patterns and categorize emotional expressions. The objective is to analyze the emotional condition of individuals using audio data received from phone calls, focusing on identifying good, negative, and neutral emotional states. Deep learning techniques are employed to analyze the results, with an accuracy value of 0.91, which is acceptable for our partner the “Turkcell Global Bilgi Pazarlama Danışmanlık ve Çağrı Servisi Hizmetleri” Incorporation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computing and Artificial Intelligence)

18 pages, 1290 KiB

Open AccessReview

Normalization of Electrocardiogram-Derived Cardiac Risk Indices: A Scoping Review of the Open-Access Literature

by Erica Iammarino, Ilaria Marcantoni, Agnese Sbrollini, Micaela Morettini and Laura Burattini

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(20), 9457; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209457 (registering DOI) - 16 Oct 2024

Abstract

Changes in cardiac function and morphology are reflected in variations in the electrocardiogram (ECG) and, in turn, in the cardiac risk indices derived from it. These variations have led to the introduction of normalization as a step to compensate for possible biasing factors [...] Read more.

Changes in cardiac function and morphology are reflected in variations in the electrocardiogram (ECG) and, in turn, in the cardiac risk indices derived from it. These variations have led to the introduction of normalization as a step to compensate for possible biasing factors responsible for inter- and intra-subject differences, which can affect the accuracy of ECG-derived risk indices in assessing cardiac risk. The aim of this work is to perform a scoping review to provide a comprehensive collection of open-access published research that examines normalized ECG-derived parameters used as markers of cardiac anomalies or instabilities. The literature search was conducted from February to July 2024 in the major global electronic bibliographic repositories. Overall, 39 studies were selected. Results suggest extensive use of normalization on heart rate variability-related indices (49% of included studies), QT-related indices (18% of included studies), and T-wave alternans (5% of included studies), underscoring their recognized importance and suggesting that normalization may enhance their role as clinically useful risk markers. However, the primary objective of the included studies was not to evaluate the effect of normalization itself; thus, further research is needed to definitively assess the impact and advantages of normalization across various ECG-derived parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Medicine and Health Care, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 4347 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Signal Extension Method for Improved Range Resolution of Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave Radar in Indoor Environments

by Seonyul Lee, Minsu Kim, Yunho Jung and Seongjoo Lee

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(20), 9456; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209456 (registering DOI) - 16 Oct 2024

Abstract

The range resolution of FMCW radar is critical for accurately distinguishing between multiple objects. Higher range resolution allows for better object separation and more precise location determination. While increasing the bandwidth can improve range resolution, it also raises costs and may be subject [...] Read more.

The range resolution of FMCW radar is critical for accurately distinguishing between multiple objects. Higher range resolution allows for better object separation and more precise location determination. While increasing the bandwidth can improve range resolution, it also raises costs and may be subject to regulatory constraints on the available frequency spectrum. This paper proposes an approach to enhance range resolution by increasing the effective bandwidth through signal processing, specifically by introducing the Estimated Signal Padding (ESP) method. ESP extends the bandwidth by lengthening the signal in the time domain, creating a synthesized signal for each target. The proposed algorithm can improve range resolution by a factor of at least 2.25. Unlike existing methods such as Zero Padding and Neural Network Padding, the proposed algorithm can distinguish targets of varying sizes rather than only targets of the same size. The performance of the algorithm has been validated through MATLAB simulations and FMCW radar experiments. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 2798 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advancements in UAV-Enabled Intelligent Transportation Systems: A Three-Layered Framework and Future Directions

by Tanzina Afrin, Nita Yodo, Arup Dey and Lucy G. Aragon

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(20), 9455; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209455 (registering DOI) - 16 Oct 2024

Abstract

Integrating unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) into intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) will be pivotal in shaping next-generation smart cities. This paper proposes a novel three-layered framework for integrating UAVs into intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) and reviews the current developments, challenges, and future directions in [...] Read more.

Integrating unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) into intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) will be pivotal in shaping next-generation smart cities. This paper proposes a novel three-layered framework for integrating UAVs into intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) and reviews the current developments, challenges, and future directions in this emerging field. This framework provides a comprehensive overview of the key components of UAV-integrated ITSs, encompassing UAV specifications and deployment strategies, communication networks, and data utilization for traffic management. The first layer explores UAVs’ technical specifications, deployment strategies, and trajectory optimization, essential for maximizing UAV performance in transportation contexts. The second layer addresses the communication networks between UAVs and vehicles, along with the use of UAVs for responsive traffic monitoring. This includes the development of robust communication protocols and real-time traffic analysis to enhance system efficiency. The third layer focuses on advanced data collection processing techniques and complexities, reviewing the methods for analyzing the traffic data collected by UAVs for decision-making in transportation management. Moreover, the paper presents the current UAV-enabled ITS implementation, highlighting key challenges and future research directions. By providing a comprehensive overview of UAV-enabled ITSs, this study presents a significant portrayal of the current landscape of UAV integration in ITSs and serves as a foundation for future advancements in smart city infrastructure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Electrical, Electronics and Communications Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 21419 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Coal Mine Excavation Tunnels Modeling Method Based on Point Clouds

by Haoyuan Zhang, Shanjun Mao and Mei Li

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(20), 9454; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209454 (registering DOI) - 16 Oct 2024

Abstract

The excavation tunnel model is an important reference for mine equipment control and tunnel deformation monitoring. Currently, tunnel models are mainly created manually, and point cloud reconstruction algorithms are difficult to directly apply to tunnel point clouds. To address these issues, this paper [...] Read more.

The excavation tunnel model is an important reference for mine equipment control and tunnel deformation monitoring. Currently, tunnel models are mainly created manually, and point cloud reconstruction algorithms are difficult to directly apply to tunnel point clouds. To address these issues, this paper proposes a point cloud-based excavation tunnel modeling method. First, preprocessing algorithms such as point cloud coordinate transformation, tunnel point cloud extraction, and tunnel point cloud completion are used to filter out equipment point clouds inside the tunnel and repair occluded holes. Then, the tunnel centerline is extracted, and consistency optimization is performed on the point cloud normal vectors. Finally, a tunnel model is established based on the Poisson modeling algorithm, enabling high-precision tunnel modeling. The proposed algorithm’s accuracy and effectiveness are demonstrated through experiments on four different coal mine tunnels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in the Mechanism and Prevention of Coal-Rock Dynamic Disaster and Rock Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1626 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Design of a New Three-Dimensional Seismic Isolation Bearing Based on an Improved Genetic Algorithm for Bridge Engineering

by Ying Sheng, Zhenchao Yang, Yu Meng and Bin Jia

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(20), 9453; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209453 (registering DOI) - 16 Oct 2024

Abstract

(1) Background: In most cases, passive isolation control methods are commonly used for the seismic isolation design in bridge engineering. However, passive seismic isolation devices, due to their non-adjustable performance parameters, struggle to achieve effective seismic isolation across a wide frequency range of [...] Read more.

(1) Background: In most cases, passive isolation control methods are commonly used for the seismic isolation design in bridge engineering. However, passive seismic isolation devices, due to their non-adjustable performance parameters, struggle to achieve effective seismic isolation across a wide frequency range of 0 Hz to 20 Hz in response to random and varying seismic loads. (2) Methods: The sensitivity of the design parameters of the seismic isolation bearing was analyzed using the optimization center gradient method, and an improved genetic algorithm was employed to quickly optimize and obtain the optimal design parameters. (3) Results: The effectiveness of the three-dimensional seismic isolation bearing was validated through experiments. (4) Conclusions: The multi-factor sensitivity analysis approach used in this study for designing novel isolation bearings is applicable not only to seismic design in bridges but also serves as a reference for parameter design in isolation bearings requiring medium to high precision in seismic performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bridge Structural Analysis)

16 pages, 1953 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Micropropagation Possibilities for Japanese Hascap (Lonicera caerulea var. emphyllocalyx L.)

by Oskar Basara, Wojciech Litwińczuk and Józef Gorzelany

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(20), 9452; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209452 (registering DOI) - 16 Oct 2024

Abstract

In recent years, interest in Lonicera caerulea production has grown significantly because of its nutritional and pharmaceutical benefits, leading to rapid expansion in its cultivation. L caerulea var. emphyllocalyx is a lesser-known botanical variety. Due to differences between plants of the Lonicera genus [...] Read more.

In recent years, interest in Lonicera caerulea production has grown significantly because of its nutritional and pharmaceutical benefits, leading to rapid expansion in its cultivation. L caerulea var. emphyllocalyx is a lesser-known botanical variety. Due to differences between plants of the Lonicera genus and the lack of scientific reports on micropropagation, it is necessary to determine the possibilities of in vitro propagation. The aim of this study was to elaborate a micropropagation protocol of two new breeding clones of Lonicera caerulea var. emphyllocalyx: ‘21–17’ and ‘139–24’. The experiments were carried out on in vitro cultures grown on MS medium supplemented with 1 mg·dm⁻³ BA or 1 mg·dm⁻³ mT. Two types of explants were used during the experiment: nodal fragments (NFs) and shoot-tips (STs). Before acclimatisation, some rooted microshoots were subjected to cooling at 4 °C for 4 weeks. Significantly more ST explants than NF explants started to grow at the proliferation stage. The application of BA resulted in much better proliferation and health of cultures. Cold storage of micropropagated ‘139–24’ plantlets significantly increased their survival in acclimatisation in contrast to ‘21–17’ plantlets but weakened further growth of the plants. In future in vitro studies on L. caerulea var. emphyllocalyx, BA can be used as the primary growth regulator due to its effectiveness and low cost. Nodal fragments should be considered as the main propagation material since they promote better growth rates. Additionally, further research is required to explore the effects of low-temperature storage on the growth and physiology of these plants. The results obtained in this research may contribute to the development of micropropagation technology in the future for L. caerulea var. emphyllocalyx. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 9133 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Piezoelectric Transducers for Low-Power Systems: A Focus on Vibration Energy Harvesting

by Iusley S. Lacerda, Antonio A. Silva, Eisenhawer M. Fernandes, Richard Senko, Andersson G. Oliveira, João M. P. Q. Delgado, Diego D. S. Diniz, Maria J. Figueiredo and Antonio G. B. Lima

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(20), 9451; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209451 (registering DOI) - 16 Oct 2024

Abstract

With advances in technology, the generation of electrical energy through the harvesting of energies dissipated in the form of mechanical vibration, known as power harvesting, has received increasing attention in recent decades. It is undoubtedly an interesting means to power systems with low [...] Read more.

With advances in technology, the generation of electrical energy through the harvesting of energies dissipated in the form of mechanical vibration, known as power harvesting, has received increasing attention in recent decades. It is undoubtedly an interesting means to power systems with low energy consumption. This research aims to evaluate an energy generation system based on the piezoelectric effect activated by mechanical excitation and develop a system capable of powering devices and sensors for temperature monitoring in a practical situation, such as in an engine room, aiming to ensure its safe operation. Two transducers subjected to vibrational excitation were evaluated, and then an energy generation system using a buck DC-DC converter circuit was assessed. The transducer was connected to the input of the board, the microcontroller to the output, and the LM35 temperature sensor along with the battery was used to ensure the circuit’s autonomy. Additionally, the Attiny85 microcontroller was programmed to perform temperature monitoring tasks in a continuous low-energy-consumption mode. The obtained spectral analysis results showed a maximum generation power of 8.88 mW for the PZT-5H transducer and 3.3 mW for the P5-13B transducer. The use of LTC3588-1 increased the autonomy of the monitoring system by 64.3% and reduced the system’s usage time in cases of temperature anomalies by 50%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Power System Protection)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 6981 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Occurrence Type Classification for Establishing Prevention Plans Based on Industrial Accident Cases Using the KoBERT Model

by Ju-Han Song, Seung-Hyeon Shin, Sung-Yong Kang, Jeong-Hun Won and Kwan-Hee Yoo

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(20), 9450; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209450 (registering DOI) - 16 Oct 2024

Abstract

With increasing industrial sophistication and complexity, workplaces are increasingly prone to occupational accidents, causing negative impacts on workers and employers, including economic losses and decreased productivity. South Korea occupational safety and health has implemented new policies addressing potential risks to overcome stagnation in [...] Read more.

With increasing industrial sophistication and complexity, workplaces are increasingly prone to occupational accidents, causing negative impacts on workers and employers, including economic losses and decreased productivity. South Korea occupational safety and health has implemented new policies addressing potential risks to overcome stagnation in industrial accident reduction and predict site accidents from past cases. Cases are human-classified according to rules, including occurrence type or original causal materials. However, human errors, subjective judgments, synonyms, and terms incorrectly used by classifiers reduce original data quality and impede developments or applications of policies, technologies, and methods preventing accidents based on past accidents. This study proposes three artificial intelligence models to objectively classify the occurrence type of accident cases. Models are developed based on a natural language processing model (KoBERT), which considers Korean language characteristics. Each model is tested by sequentially performing sentence preprocessing, keyword replacement, and morphological analysis. The proposed Model 3 exhibits 93.1% accuracy, which was the highest among tested models. Up to three classification categories for occurrence type are allowed to assist objective classification. The accident case-based occurrence type classification model is effective for industrial accident prevention, aiding in strategy development and reducing social costs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computing and Artificial Intelligence)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 5982 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Design and Study of an Integrated Cutter System Based on Machine Operation

by Sijin Liu, Kaixuan Han, Huawei Wang, Hao Chen, Yuyang Ma and Junzhou Huo

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(20), 9449; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209449 (registering DOI) - 16 Oct 2024

Abstract

In the process of shield tunneling, the cutter will inevitably be worn and damaged and will need to be replaced frequently. The low efficiency and high safety risk of traditional manual cutter change have prompted robotic cutter change to become the mainstream trend [...] Read more.

In the process of shield tunneling, the cutter will inevitably be worn and damaged and will need to be replaced frequently. The low efficiency and high safety risk of traditional manual cutter change have prompted robotic cutter change to become the mainstream trend of current research. However, it is difficult to realize mechanical automation disassembly due to the existence of many fragmented parts and complex disassembly steps in the traditional cutter system. Therefore, this paper proposes an eccentric integrated cutter system, which greatly simplifies the disassembly process while retaining the excellent fastening structure of the traditional cutter system. The evaluation system of the cutter system was established through the analytic hierarchy process, and it was verified that the eccentric integrated cutter system has obvious superiority in realizing automated disassembly and assembly and, at the same time, that it has good structural strength. Finally, vibration experiments were carried out based on shield construction conditions. The experimental results show that after 14 h of continuous vibration, the residual preload ratio of the integrated cutter sample stabilized at more than 90%, which indicates good anti-loosening performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mechanical Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 12167 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydraulic Performance Comparison of Centrifugal Closed Impellers Fabricated by Means of Additive Manufacturing and Classical Machining for Space Active Thermal Control Systems of Satellites

by Ionut-Florian Popa, Cristian Dobromirescu, Ionut Sebastian Vintila, Iulia Tinca, Dragos Mihai, Alexa Miruna Canache and Daniel Eugeniu Crunteanu

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(20), 9448; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209448 (registering DOI) - 16 Oct 2024

Abstract

The current paper addresses the challenges in manufacturing a critical component of a centrifugal pump for space active thermal control systems of satellites, namely, the closed centrifugal impeller. Compared to the classical technologies, there is an obvious advantage of additive manufacturing of closed [...] Read more.

The current paper addresses the challenges in manufacturing a critical component of a centrifugal pump for space active thermal control systems of satellites, namely, the closed centrifugal impeller. Compared to the classical technologies, there is an obvious advantage of additive manufacturing of closed impellers, due to the possibility of creating complex geometries, which boost the hydraulic performances of the part and, implicitly, of the pump. In this regard, the authors performed a comparative analysis between a closed impeller obtained by classical machining and three manufactured by additive technology (selective laser melting) by means of dimensional inspection, non-destructive testing, and experimental evaluation. The study performed here showed that the additively manufactured closed impellers exhibited similar hydraulic performances to the classical one, without the need for performing post-processing of internal surfaces. Also, in terms of dimensional and geometrical stability, the additively manufactured closed impellers were within the imposed tolerances, demonstrating the feasibility of obtaining such complex parts by using additive manufacturing. Subsequently, the allocated time for manufacturing decreased by 75% for the closed impellers manufactured by additive technologies, and the need for using four technological processes was decreased to only two, printing and post-processing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Additive Manufacturing for Novel and Advanced Materials: Characteristics, Challenges, and Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Description

Applied Sciences

Latest Articles

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

E-Mail Alert

News

Topics

Conferences

Special Issues

Topical Collections

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI