A Simple Neural-Network-Based Decoder for Short Binary Linear Block Codes
<p>Signal Constellation of Binary Phase-shift Keying (BPSK).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Chase-II Algorithm.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>The OSD(<span class="html-italic">w</span>) Decoding Algorithm.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Decoding Architecture based on DNN-based Binary Classification.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>DNN Architecture in [<a href="#B13-applsci-13-04371" class="html-bibr">13</a>].</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Decoding Architecture based on DNN-based Denoiser.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>DNN Architecture for Noise Removal.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Multi-class NN-based Decoder.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Proposed NN.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Simulation Procedure.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>(<b>a</b>) BER for BCH (15, 7), (<b>b</b>) CER for BCH (15, 7) Code.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>(<b>a</b>) BER for BCH (15, 5) Code, (<b>b</b>) CER for BCH (15, 5) Code.</p> "> Figure 13
<p>(<b>a</b>) BER for QR (23, 12) Code, (<b>b</b>) CER for QR (23, 12) Code.</p> "> Figure 14
<p>(<b>a</b>) BER for BCH (31, 11) Code, (<b>b</b>) CER for BCH (31, 11) Code.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- Multi-class NN-based decoding framework is presented, where only the received signal sequence acts as the input and one fully connected layer is required.
- (2)
- (3)
- The decoding performance of the proposed decoder is close to the well-known SOD algorithm [12], which requires plenty of candidate codewords for evaluation and is involved in complicated Gaussian elimination.
- (4)
- The presented multi-class NN-based decoder is general and applicable to different short linear block codes with no additional HDD required as compared to the Chase-type algorithm [11].
2. Preliminaries of Conventional Soft Decision Decoder
2.1. Message Encoding Process
2.2. Data Transmission over Channels
2.3. Chase-II Decoding Algorithm
- Step 1: Obtain the received signal sequence y and demodulate it as the received word r.
- Step 2: Find the t least reliable bits and generate 2t test error patterns.
- Step 3: Decode 2t words and check their syndromes. The decoded word with zero syndrome will be viewed as the candidate codeword dr.
- Step 4: Evaluate and compute the maximum likelihood metric of the codeword dr.
- Step 5: Output the best codeword as dc with the minimum value of .
2.4. Ordered Statistics Decoding (OSD)
- Step 1: Obtain the signal sequence y and obtain the ordered index set of reliability idx. where , for .
- Step 2: Permute G according to idx and perform Gaussian elimination as a systematic form . If the form is unavailable, reorder idx based on the reliability.
- Step 3: Permute y and r as y’ and r’ according idx. Let m’ be the first k bits of r’.
- Step 4: Generate the test error patterns for m’, where the Hamming weight of ep is less than or equal to w. As a result, there are possible candidate messages. The candidate codewords dr will be obtained by G’.
- Step 5: Evaluate and compute the maximum likelihood metric of the codeword dr
- Step 6: Output the best codeword as dc with the minimum value of .
3. Deep Learning-Based Decoder
3.1. Soft Decision Decoding Based on DNN-Based Binary Classification
3.2. DNN-Based Denoiser for Soft Decision Decoding
4. Proposed Multi-Class Neural Network-Based Decoder
5. Dataset Generation and Neural Network Training
- Randomly generate a message m.
- Encode m to produce the codeword c.
- Use BPSK modulation and AWGN to generate the received signal sequence y.
- Repeat steps 1–4 one million times to produce the dataset.
- Divide the dataset into the training and validation sets with a ratio of 9:1.
5.1. Generation of Received Signal by BPSK over AWGN Channel
Algorithm 1 Generative Algorithm of Additive White Gaussian Noise |
Input: codeword c, SNR γ |
Output: received signal sequence y |
1: Compute N0 by (14) |
2: for i = 0, 1, …, n−1 do |
3: Generate Gaussian noise ei N(0, N0/2) |
4: if ci = 1 then |
5: yi= −1 + ei |
6: else |
7: yi= 1 + ei |
8: end if |
9: end for |
10: return y |
5.2. Training of Neural Network
6. Experimental Results of Decoding by Proposed Multi-class NN-Based Decoder
6.1. Simulation Environment and Procedure
6.2. Experimental Results
6.2.1. Results for BCH (15, 7) Code
6.2.2. Results for BCH (15, 5)
6.2.3. Results for QR (23, 12) Code
6.2.4. Results for BCH (31, 11) Code
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Numbers of Nodes | Activation Function | |
---|---|---|
Input layer | n | |
Fully connected layer | 2k | ReLU |
Output layer | 2k | Softmax |
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Hsieh, K.; Lin, Y.-W.; Chu, S.-I.; Chang, H.-C.; Cho, M.-Y. A Simple Neural-Network-Based Decoder for Short Binary Linear Block Codes. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 4371. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13074371
Hsieh K, Lin Y-W, Chu S-I, Chang H-C, Cho M-Y. A Simple Neural-Network-Based Decoder for Short Binary Linear Block Codes. Applied Sciences. 2023; 13(7):4371. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13074371
Chicago/Turabian StyleHsieh, Kunta, Yan-Wei Lin, Shao-I Chu, Hsin-Chiu Chang, and Ming-Yuan Cho. 2023. "A Simple Neural-Network-Based Decoder for Short Binary Linear Block Codes" Applied Sciences 13, no. 7: 4371. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13074371