Multi-Level Toolset for Steering Urban Green Infrastructure to Support the Development of Climate-Proofed Cities
<p>GOF and climate simulation instruments at various scale levels—downscaling from regional to site level (Reinwald et al., 2019).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>As a joint basis for the land use information used in the different simulation tools the urban standard typologies were assigned to the various urban structures of the City of Vienna (Green4Cities/GREENPASS, 2018).</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Processing of UST data for integration into COSMO-CLM (AIT).</p> "> Figure 4
<p>2-m daily temperature cycle for the idealised summer day (19 July 2014) in COSMO-CLM used as input parameter for the two other climate simulation tools (AIT).</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Screenshot of Favoriten case study area in GREENPASS Software (Green4Cities/GREENPASS, 2018).</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Example of greening scenarios of an urban standard typology (SQ = status quo of greening; WC = worst case (no greening); MOD = moderate case; Max = maximum case) (Green4Cities/GREENPASS, 2018).</p> "> Figure 7
<p>GREENPASS scenarios and simulation models ground plan: status quo (1), worst case (2), moderate case (3), and maximum case (4) (Green4Cities/GREENPASS, 2018).</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Overall sealing in MUKLIMO_3 based on UST status quo (SQ) (ZAMG, 2020).</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Sealing layer in the variants “status quo” (SQ), “moderate greening” (MOD), and “maximum greening“ (MAX) as input data for regional climate simulation. The grid cells in the Innerfavoriten case study are highlighted in red (AIT).</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Overview of the Aspern case study area (Wien 3420 Aspern Development AG, 2018).</p> "> Figure 11
<p>The process of competition preparation to urban planning guideline and the use of GREENPASS and GOF (Wien 3420 Aspern Development AG).</p> "> Figure 12
<p>Degree of sealing in the different simulation models by scenario (AIT/ZAMG/Green4Cities).</p> "> Figure 13
<p>Range (sealing/worst case [orange], moderate greening [light green] and maximum greening [dark green]) of temperature difference (in °C) relative to the status quo in the three simulation models for day time (AIT/ZAMG/Green4Cities).</p> "> Figure 14
<p>The multi-scale Green.Resilient.City toolset as steering, evaluation and optimisation investment at various climate and planning levels (ILAP/GRC project consortium).</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Loss of Urban Green Infrastructure and Its Effects on the Ecosystem
1.2. Benefits of Climate Modelling and Urban Green Infrastructure for Adaptation to Climate Change and Climate-Sensitive Urban Development
1.3. Adapation of Spatial Development to Climate Change and Steering of Urban Green Infrastructure
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Proof of Concept by Case Studies and Coordination with City Authorities
2.2. Climate Simulation Tools for the Toolset
2.2.1. Regional Climate Model COSMO CLM
2.2.2. MUKLIMO_3 Urban Climate Model
2.2.3. GREENPASS Model
2.3. Green and Open Space Factor as an Urban Planning Benchmark and Steering Instrument
3. Results
3.1. Instrument Standardisation
3.1.1. Standardisation of Land Use Parameterisation
3.1.2. Standardised Interfaces
3.1.3. Standardisation of the Study Period—Daily Cycle of the Idealised Day
3.1.4. Standardisation between GREENPASS and GOF
3.2. Joint Application of Simulation Models in the Favoriten Case Study
3.2.1. Input Data for GREENPASS analyses and ENVI-met Simulations
3.2.2. Input Data for MUKLIMO_3 Simulations
3.2.3. Input Data for COSMO-CLM Simulations
3.3. Joint Use of GREENPASS and GOF in the Aspern Case Study
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Comparison of Results of the Different Simulation Models Based on the Favoriten Case Study
4.2. Combined Use of GREENPASS and GOF in the Aspern Case Study and Comparison between the Results
4.3. Implementation of the Toolset in Urban Planning
5. Conclusions
5.1. Linking of Different Simulation Models across USTs
5.2. Models Tend to Deliver Similar Results and Tendencies
5.3. Mapping and Evaluating the Impact of Measures at Plot, District, City and Regional Level
5.4. Ensuring the Amount of UGI Necessary Using a GOF
5.5. Benefits of Use by Comparison with Other Steering Instruments
6. Outlook
- the comparatively high technical expense;
- the necessary resources in municipal administration;
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Competition Entry | Thermal Comfort | Rank—Thermal Comfort | GOF Achieved | Rank—GOF Achieved |
---|---|---|---|---|
A | 100 | 1 | 0.77 | 1 |
B | 62 | 2 | 0.70 | 2 |
C | 48 | 3 | 0.70 | 3 |
D | 44 | 4 | 0.69 | 4 |
E | 41 | 5 | 0.60 | 6 |
F | 0 | 6 | 0.68 | 5 |
Climate Simulation Tools and Green and Open Space Factor | Scale Levels and Spatial Resolution of Simulation Tools | Planning Levels and Planning Instruments |
---|---|---|
COSMO-CLM | Regional-/meso-climate (1–10 km) | Beyond the city borders/ metropolitan area/regional Regional development concepts and strategies |
(COSMO-CLM) MUKLIMO_3 (GREENPASS/ENVI-met) | Meso-/local-climate (100 m–1 km) | City Urban development concept |
MUKLIMO_3 GREENPASS/ENVI-met GOF | Local-/micro-climate (20–100 m) | District Zoning and development plan; urban development competitions; masterplans |
GREENPASS/ENVI-met GOF | Micro-climate (0.5–20 m) | Urban quarter/plot Architectural competition; Urban development contract; Building permission |
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Reinwald, F.; Brandenburg, C.; Gabor, A.; Hinterkörner, P.; Kainz, A.; Kraus, F.; Ring, Z.; Scharf, B.; Tötzer, T.; Damyanovic, D. Multi-Level Toolset for Steering Urban Green Infrastructure to Support the Development of Climate-Proofed Cities. Sustainability 2021, 13, 12111. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132112111
Reinwald F, Brandenburg C, Gabor A, Hinterkörner P, Kainz A, Kraus F, Ring Z, Scharf B, Tötzer T, Damyanovic D. Multi-Level Toolset for Steering Urban Green Infrastructure to Support the Development of Climate-Proofed Cities. Sustainability. 2021; 13(21):12111. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132112111
Chicago/Turabian StyleReinwald, Florian, Christiane Brandenburg, Anna Gabor, Peter Hinterkörner, Astrid Kainz, Florian Kraus, Zita Ring, Bernhard Scharf, Tanja Tötzer, and Doris Damyanovic. 2021. "Multi-Level Toolset for Steering Urban Green Infrastructure to Support the Development of Climate-Proofed Cities" Sustainability 13, no. 21: 12111. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132112111