The Role of Green Infrastructures in Urban Planning for Climate Change Adaptation
<p>The different forms of Green Infrastructures (adapted from EU 2016) [<a href="#B5-climate-07-00119" class="html-bibr">5</a>].</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Green waterstorm infrastructure in Philadelphia (USA).</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Vertical forest in Milan (Italy).</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Germany’s green roofs.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Trend of main climate indicators of the city of Catania (monthly averages).</p> "> Figure 6
<p>The hottest days in a year in Catania from 1900 to today.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>The types of green infrastructures foreseen in the municipality of Catania (2017).</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Piazza Galatea - Catania (before).</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Piazza Galatea—Catania (today).</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Tondo Gioeni—Catania (before).</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Tondo Gioeni (today, after the realization of the vertical wall).</p> "> Figure 12
<p>Corso Martiri della libertà—Catania (before).</p> "> Figure 13
<p>Corso Martiri della Libertà (project in progress).</p> "> Figure 14
<p>Structure of the model Multi-Critical Social Assessment (SMCE) [<a href="#B4-climate-07-00119" class="html-bibr">4</a>].</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
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- To enhance, conserve, and restore biodiversity by inter alia increasing of spatial and functional connectivity between natural and semi-natural areas and improving landscape permeability and mitigating fragmentation.
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- To maintain, strengthen, and, where adequate, to restore the good functioning of ecosystems in order to ensure the delivery of multiple ecosystem and cultural services.
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- To acknowledge the economic value of ecosystem services and to ncreasethe value itself, by strengthening their functionality.
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- To enhance the social and cultural link with nature and biodiversity, to acknowledge and increase the economic value of ecosystem services and to create incentives for local stakeholders and communities to deliver them.
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- To minimize urban sprawl and its negative effects on biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human living conditions.
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- To mitigate and adapt to climate change, to increase resilience, and reduce vulnerability to natural disaster risks such as floods, water scarcity and droughts, coastal erosion, forest fires, mudslides, and avalanches as well as urban heat islands.
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- To make the best use of limited land resources in Europe.
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- To contribute to a healthy living, better places to live, provisioning open spaces and recreation opportunities, increasing urban-rural connections, contributing to sustainable transport systems, and strengthening the sense of community [10].
2. The Green Infrastructures as Tools for Climate Adaptation of Cities: Experiences and Evaluations
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- Health and well-being: Increasing life expectancy and reducing health inequality; improving levels of physical activity and health; improving psychological health and mental well-being.
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- Climate change: Heat amelioration; reducing flood risk; improving water quality; sustainable urban drainage; sustainable transport; improving air quality.
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- Land regeneration: Regeneration of previously developed land; improving quality of the place; increasing environmental quality and aesthetics.
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- Wildlife and habitats: Increasing habitat area; increasing populations of some protected species; increasing species movement.
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- Economic growth and investments: Inward investments and job creation, land and property values; local economic regeneration.
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- Stronger communities: Social interaction, inclusion, and cohesion; community engagement; education and participation; a sense of place; experiencing nature [4].
3. The Perception of the GIs in Urban Green Planning: The Case Study of Catania
- The average temperature in the area between 2000 and 2017 was 0.6679 °C above the 20th-century average;
- The number of hot days (above 29 °C during 24 h on average) increased from 2.35 days per year in the 20th-century to 5.222 per year from 2000 onwards (Figure 6); the number of frost days (below −1 °C for 24 h on average 24) remained unchanged at zero days per year.
- Improving and preserving the local landscape and environmental restoration;
- Favor urban climate control and reduction of albedo and heat islands;
- Increase the naturalness and biodiversity of the urban territory;
- To stimulate the aggregative, social and therapeutic functions of green areas (e.g., urban gardens, neighborhood parks, healing gardens, spaces for cultural events and shows) (Regulation of the public and private Green of the city of Catania, 2017).
4. Methodology
- The individualization of the citizens and the stakeholders involved (100 questionnaires);
- The definition of the alternative scenarios (definition of the 3hypotheses of the scenario: Inclusive, resilient, and city);
- The definition of the context of evaluation, namely the decisional criteria (urban green spaces of Catania for the shared project);
- The evaluation of the impact of alternative scenarios relative to the criteria in question);
- The final creation of the impact matrix;
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- The number of sessions and the time dedicated to each of them (8, as an expression of the individual categories considered: Association of citizens, groups of pensioners, cultural associations, playrooms, trade unions, public institutions, scientific groups, tertiary sector’s companies, with time varying from 4 to 8 h);
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- The creation of an interview guide to conduct the discussion (scientific and dissemination materials, research papers, photos, maps, relative the problems of urban green areas and on the social, climatic effects deriving from them);
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- Selection of participants (stratified selection for homogeneous groups: Age, gender, income).
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- A multi-criteria analysis based on the impact matrix, which leads to the definition of the priorities of alternative scenarios regarding certain decision-making criteria;
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- An analysis of equity based on the equity matrix, which analyzes possible "alliances" or "conflicts" among different interests in relation to the scenarios in question.
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- Comparison of everysingle pair of alternatives for all the evaluation criteria considered;
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- Calculation of a credibility index for each of the aforementioned comparisons, that measured the credibility of one preference relation "... alternative scenario" a "is better/worse, etc., alternative scenario «b» ... "(preference relationships were used);
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- Aggregation of the credibility indices produced during the previous stage leading to a preference intensity index μ * (a, b) of an alternative «a» with respect to another «b» for all the evaluation criteria, associated with the concept of entropy H * (a, b), as an indication of the variation in the credibility indices;
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- Classification of alternative scenarios based on previous information.
5. Results and Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Green Typology | Square Metres | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urban Parks (> 8,000 square metres) | 513,577 | ||||
Green equipment (< 8.000 square metres) | 431,270 | ||||
Urban Design Areas | 715,500 | ||||
Urban Forestation | - | ||||
School Gardens | 350,000 | ||||
Botanical Gardens and Vivai | 20,000 | ||||
Zoological Gardens | - | ||||
Cemetery | 50,000 | ||||
Urban Gardens (mainly managed by families) | 2,500 | ||||
Sports areas/Outdoor play | 100,000 | ||||
Bosch areas (> 500 square metres) | 972,769 | ||||
Uncultivated Green | 1,668,044 | ||||
Total Urban Green | 4,843,660 |
Goals | Evaluation Criteria |
---|---|
Environmental | air quality; human settlement |
Social | usability, multi-functionality, agricultural production, employment commitment |
Climate | reduction of temperatures, creation of accessible shade areas, thermal excursion |
Economic | cost of realization, the value of the properties; productive exploitation |
Landscape | quality of the landscape, the exaltation of the seasons, biodiversity |
Health safety | pollution, pathogenic presence, use of pesticides and fertilizers |
Criteria of Evaluation | Scenario Inclusive | Scenario Resilient | Scenario City |
---|---|---|---|
Environmental | |||
Air quality | Good | Very good | Poor |
Smell emanation | Good | Excellent | Good |
Anthropization | Poor | Very good | Very good |
Waste of water | Poor | Good | Excellent |
Social | |||
Usability | Excellent | Medium | Poor |
Multifunctional | Excellent | Very good | Good |
Agricultural production | Very good | Poor | Poor |
Occupational commitment | Very good | Good | Poor |
Climate | |||
Temperature reduction | Good | Excellent | Very good |
Creation of shaded areas | Good | Very good | Good |
Temperature range | Good | Very good | Poor |
Humidity | Very good | Good | Poor |
Economic | |||
Cost of realization | Good | Poor | Very good |
Value of real estate | Very good | Excellent | Good |
Productive exploitation | Very good | Good | Poor |
Landscape | |||
Landscape quality | Good | Excellent | Good |
Exaltation of the seasons | Excellent | Very good | Poor |
Biodiversity | Excellent | Very good | Poor |
Health Safety | |||
Pollution | Good | Very good | Good |
Presence of pathogens | Poor | Good | Very good |
Use of pesticides and fertilizers | Poor | Good | Very good |
Typologies of Stakeholders | Scenario Inclusive | Scenario Resilient | Scenario City |
---|---|---|---|
A1. Associations of citizens | Very good | Excellent | Poor |
A2. Groups of pensioners | Excellent | Poor | Poor |
A3. Cultural associations | Very good | Good | Good |
A4. Playroom | Excellent | Very good | Good |
A5. Trade unions | Very good | Excellent | Good |
A6. Public Institutions | Good | Very good | Poor |
A7. Scientific groups | Very good | Excellent | Poor |
A8. Tertiary sector’s companies | Excellent | Excellent | Good |
Typologies of Stakeholders | Scenario Inclusive | Scenario Resilient | Scenario City | |
---|---|---|---|---|
A1 | Associations of citizens | 0.89 | 0.83 | 0.21 |
A2 | Groups of pensioners | 0.83 | 0.59 | 0.12 |
A3 | Cultural associations | 0.85 | 0.65 | 0.38 |
A4 | Playrooms | 0.74 | 0.38 | 0.11 |
A5 | Trade unions | 0.64 | 0.82 | 0.23 |
A6 | Public Institutions | 0.36 | 0.29 | 0.28 |
A7 | Scientific groups | 0.57 | 0.92 | 0.12 |
A8 | Tertiary sector’s companies | 0.86 | 0.85 | 0.54 |
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Sturiale, L.; Scuderi, A. The Role of Green Infrastructures in Urban Planning for Climate Change Adaptation. Climate 2019, 7, 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli7100119
Sturiale L, Scuderi A. The Role of Green Infrastructures in Urban Planning for Climate Change Adaptation. Climate. 2019; 7(10):119. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli7100119
Chicago/Turabian StyleSturiale, Luisa, and Alessandro Scuderi. 2019. "The Role of Green Infrastructures in Urban Planning for Climate Change Adaptation" Climate 7, no. 10: 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli7100119