Femtosecond Laser Texturing of Surfaces for Tribological Applications
<p>Research activities in the field of Laser Surface Texturing (LST), exemplified by the number of papers published per year—matching to the search term “Laser Surface Texturing” or to the two logically connected terms “Laser Surface Texturing” and “Friction” in the ISI Web of Knowledge database on 9 April 2018.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Top-view scanning electron micrographs of characteristic surface morphologies formed on 100Cr6 steel surfaces upon fs-laser area scanning (λ = 790 nm, τ = 30 fs, <span class="html-italic">f</span> = 1 kHz, line separation Δ<span class="html-italic">y</span> = 50 μm). Processing conditions: (<b>a</b>) HSFL: <span class="html-italic">φ</span><sub>0</sub> = 0.25 J/cm<sup>2</sup>, <span class="html-italic">N</span><sub>eff_1D</sub> = 20; (<b>b</b>) LSFL: <span class="html-italic">φ</span><sub>0</sub> = 0.5 J/cm<sup>2</sup>, <span class="html-italic">N</span><sub>eff_1D</sub> = 40; (<b>c</b>) Grooves: <span class="html-italic">φ</span><sub>0</sub> = 2.5 J/cm<sup>2</sup>, <span class="html-italic">N</span><sub>eff_1D</sub> = 100; and (<b>d</b>) Spikes: <span class="html-italic">φ</span><sub>0</sub> = 3 J/cm<sup>2</sup>, <span class="html-italic">N</span><sub>eff_1D</sub> = 400. The polarization direction is horizontal, which coincides with the scan direction. Note the different magnifications.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Morphological map of characteristic surface morphologies (ripples (HSFL and LSFL), grooves, and spikes) formed on 100Cr6 steel surfaces upon fs-laser area scanning at different irradiation parameters (processing conditions: λ = 790 nm, τ = 30 fs, and <span class="html-italic">f</span> = 1 kHz). Note the double logarithmical data representation.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Coefficient of friction as a function of the number of cycles as obtained during reciprocating sliding tests (RSTT: normal force 1.0 N, stroke 1 mm, frequency 1 Hz, cycles 1000) of the polished (black) and of the fs-laser structured (LSFL-covered) 100Cr6 surface (blue) against a 100Cr6 10-mm steel ball: (<b>a</b>) dry; and (<b>b</b>) in engine oil (Castrol VP-1). The numbers at the end of the curves represent the mean values averaged over 1000 sliding cycles.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Coefficient of friction as a function of number of cycles as obtained during reciprocating sliding tests (RSTT: normal force 1.0 N, stroke 1 mm, frequency 1 Hz, cycles 20,000) of the polished (black) and of the fs-laser structured (LSFL-covered) 100Cr6 surface (blue) against a 100Cr6 10-mm steel ball in engine oil (Castrol VP-1). The numbers at the end of the curves represent the mean values averaged over 20,000 sliding cycles.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>White light interference microscopic topographies of the wear tracks shown in <a href="#materials-11-00801-f005" class="html-fig">Figure 5</a> along with cross-sectional line profiles parallel to the RSTT sliding direction: (<b>a</b>) wear track after 20,000 sliding cycles on the polished reference surface; and (<b>b</b>) wear track on the fs-laser structured (LSFL-covered) surface after 20,000 sliding cycles.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>SEM micrographs and corresponding EDX maps of the spatial distributions of the elements O, Fe, C, Zn, and S in the wear tracks associated with the COF measurements shown in <a href="#materials-11-00801-f005" class="html-fig">Figure 5</a> (20,000 sliding cycles): (<b>a</b>) overview of the wear track on the polished surface; (<b>b</b>) overview of the wear track on the LSFL-covered laser processed surface; and (<b>c</b>) magnified detail within the wear track shown in (<b>b</b>) (EDX: (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) 5 kV; and (<b>c</b>) 3 kV)).</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Indentation hardness <span class="html-italic">H</span><sub>IT</sub> across the 100Cr6 steel surface, tested in three different regions: polished (black triangles), fs-laser processed (LSFL-covered, blue squares), and across the center of an RSTT wear track (RSTT: normal force 1.0 N, stroke 1 mm, frequency 1 Hz, cycles 100,000, Castrol VP-1) in the fs-laser-processed (LSFL-covered, red circles) area.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Top-view: (<b>a</b>) optical micrograph; (<b>b</b>) SEM micrograph; and (<b>c</b>) WLIM topography of hybrid micro-nanostructures processed on Ti6Al4V-alloy (<span class="html-italic">φ</span><sub>0</sub> = 0.25 J/cm<sup>2</sup>; <span class="html-italic">N</span><sub>eff_1D</sub> = 600, λ = 790 nm, τ = 30 fs, <span class="html-italic">f</span> = 1 kHz, <span class="html-italic">w</span><sub>0</sub> ≈ 73 µm, line separation Δ<span class="html-italic">y</span> = 90 μm, area 7 × 7 mm<sup>2</sup>). The red circle in (<b>b</b>) indicates the Gaussian beam diameter <span class="html-italic">D</span> for comparison. The red arrow marks the direction of line scanning which is parallel to the laser beam polarization. The lower row (<b>d</b>–<b>f</b>) displays detailed magnifications taken under 60° by SEM.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Coefficient of friction as a function of the number of cycles as obtained during reciprocating sliding tests (RSTT: normal force 1.0 N, stroke 1 mm, frequency 1 Hz, 1000 cycles) of the polished (black) and of the fs-laser structured (hybrid structures covered: green, LSFL-covered: blue) Ti6Al4V surface against a 10-mm 100Cr6 steel ball in: (<b>a</b>) paraffin oil; and (<b>b</b>) an engine oil (Castrol VP-1). The data for the LSFL-covered surfaces are taken from Ref. [<a href="#B53-materials-11-00801" class="html-bibr">53</a>] and were acquired with 10-times less data points. The numbers at the end of the wear tracks represent the mean values averaged over all acquired data points.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Optical micrographs (differential interference contrast) of the wear tracks on differently conditioned Ti6Al4V surfaces associated with the COF measurements shown in <a href="#materials-11-00801-f010" class="html-fig">Figure 10</a>: (<b>a</b>,<b>c</b>) RSTT with 1000 sliding cycles in paraffin oil; and (<b>b</b>,<b>d</b>) RSTT with 1000 sliding cycles in engine oil (Castrol VP-1). A common scale bar is provided in (<b>a</b>).</p> "> Figure 12
<p>(<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) Top-view SEM micrographs of the wear track shown in <a href="#materials-11-00801-f011" class="html-fig">Figure 11</a>c after sliding in paraffin oil; and (<b>d</b>–<b>f</b>) top-view SEM micrographs of the wear track shown in <a href="#materials-11-00801-f011" class="html-fig">Figure 11</a>d after sliding in engine oil (Castrol VP-1).</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Definitions, Methods, and Current State
2.1. Definitions
2.2. Test Methods
- Ball-on-disk (BoD): A fixed ball with a specified diameter is pressed against a flat sample surface; the relative motion can be realized by linearly reversing (reciprocating sliding), or by continuous or reversing rotation of the sample at a fixed distance between the tribological contact area and the rotation axis; test parameters are the load, the stroke (twice the amplitude), the reversing or rotational frequency, the number of test cycles or sliding distance, etc. [6].
- Pin-on-disk (PoD): The flat or curved surface of a fixed cylindrical pin with a specified diameter is pressed against a flat sample surface; relative motions and test parameters are the same as for the BoD contact geometry [5].
- Ring-on-disk (RoD): The flat surface of a ring is pressed and rotated against a flat sample surface; test parameters are the same as for the BoD contact geometry [6].
- Block-on-ring (BoR): A block sample is pressed against the curved outer surface of a rotating ring-shaped counterbody; test parameters are the same as for the BoD contact geometry [5].
- Scanning force microscope (SFM): Based on the mechanical contact between a nanometric sharp tip and a surface, the method allows to record a topography of the tested surface; in particular modes, it allows to image tribological properties, e.g., via lateral force measurements [9].
2.3. Basic Ideas behind the Laser Texturing for Tribological Applications
- Laser processing can be used to control the surface roughness via ablation.
- Laser-induced phase transitions, such as melting followed by rapid solidification, can modify the intrinsic material structure. This can increase the hardness of a near surface layer and improve wear resistance.
- Regular dimple, line, or grid patterns generated upon laser-processing at the surface may act as reservoirs for lubricants underneath the tribological contact area.
- Laser-ablated microstructures may act as pockets for storing wear debris particles [16].
- Laser-processing with pulse durations in the µs- to ms-range can generate protruding microstructures, such as annular rims around the dimples or micro-welding dots for increasing the static COF (µs) of metals [17].
- Laser-induced chemical reactions (such as oxidation in ambient air) may additionally affect the surface wetting behavior. Chemically altered surface layers may exhibit different mechanical properties or act as anchors for additive molecules contained in some lubricants.
2.4. Femtosecond Laser Processing of Surfaces
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Self-Ordered Nano- and Microstructures
3.1.1. Surface Morphologies
3.1.2. Tribological Performance
3.2. Hybrid Micro-Nanostructures
3.2.1. Surface Morphologies
3.2.2. Tribological Performance
4. Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Surface | COF µk (Dry) | COF µk (Engine Oil) |
---|---|---|
Non-irradiated | 0.71 | 0.15 |
LSFL 1 | 0.79 | 0.11 |
Grooves 1 | 0.73 | 0.13 |
Spikes 1 | 0.70 | 0.15 |
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Bonse, J.; Kirner, S.V.; Griepentrog, M.; Spaltmann, D.; Krüger, J. Femtosecond Laser Texturing of Surfaces for Tribological Applications. Materials 2018, 11, 801. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11050801
Bonse J, Kirner SV, Griepentrog M, Spaltmann D, Krüger J. Femtosecond Laser Texturing of Surfaces for Tribological Applications. Materials. 2018; 11(5):801. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11050801
Chicago/Turabian StyleBonse, Jörn, Sabrina V. Kirner, Michael Griepentrog, Dirk Spaltmann, and Jörg Krüger. 2018. "Femtosecond Laser Texturing of Surfaces for Tribological Applications" Materials 11, no. 5: 801. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11050801