agroforestry and NTFPs

Gliricidia sepium is considered one of the commonly used multipurpose legume shade trees in Ghana. Different pruning regimes affect the nutrient content as the amount of biomass produced by many multipurpose trees. In this study, the aboveground biomass (both fresh and dry matter) production and nitrogen content in Gliricidia sepium under different pruning regimes (4, 8 and 12 weeks) was studied. The study was carried out in the demonstration farm of Department of Agroforestry in the Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources-KNUST. A total of nine (9) Gliricidia trees were selected. The pruning frequencies were assigned to the selected trees, after an initial pruning of 1.2m from the ground. The data collected include; new fresh weight, dry weight and nitrogen content at the various pruning time. Also, the amount of nitrogen (N) in the new biomass was estimated at each pruning time. The result shows that the aboveground biomass production increased from 4 weeks to 12 weeks regime. Overall nitrogen concentration increased from 2.61% to 3.58% upon reducing the pruning frequency from 4 to 12 weeks, and total nitrogen content was much higher in 12 weeks (36.01g) than in the other pruning frequencies, due to biomass production been larger. In conclusion, the study highlights the potential of Gliricidia biomass as a source of N and green manure for both agricultural and agroforestry purposes. Hence pruning regime of Gliricidia should be considered in managing it for nutrient and manure purposes.

Dans la présente étude, nous avons appréhendé les perceptions paysannes sur les pratiques agroforestières (RNA et
Plantation) en zone agroécologique nord-soudanienne du Burkina Faso ainsi que les facteurs qui affectent son
adoption. Des interviews semi-structurées ont été réalisées auprès de 128 chefs de ménages dans les régions du centre-sud et du centre-ouest du Burkina Faso. Les résultats ont montré que les contraintes à l’adoption des technologies agroforestières incluent: la méconnaissance des techniques agroforestières; le manque de terres arables; l’insuffisance
de moyens financier et de manque de main d’œuvre. Vitellaria paradoxa, Parkia biglobosa, Detarium microcarpum sont les principales espèces d’arbres épargnées dans les champs à cause de leur contribution dans la satisfaction des besoins des ménages. Les populations reconnaissent les avantages suivants aux pratiques agroforestières: la fertilisation des sols et leur protection contre l’érosion, la production de fourrage, de bois de chauffe, de produits forestiers non ligneux et la préservation de la biodiversité. L’âge des répondants, le mode d’accès à la terre, le temps
d’exploitation, les moyens de cultures et le droit de planter des arbres sont les variables socio -économiques positivement associées à la conservation des arbres dans les champs. Au regard de ces résultats, l’adoption à grande échelle des technologies agroforestières nécessiterait la prise en compte des besoins des producteurs.

International agricultural policies to address hunger and malnutrition in the tropics and sub-tropics have typically been based on approaches to the intensification of farming systems effective in industrialised economies where the social, economic, and environmental conditions and the infrastructure are very different to those in Africa. The consequence of this short-sightedness has been that agricultural productivity, dependent on ecosystem services from natural capital, has declined in Africa due to ecological and environmental collapse. This has undermined the livelihoods of the millions of smallholder farmers living on the brink of the cash economy, leading to severe social injustice. This review summarises advances in smallholder agriculture’s sustainable intensification in the tropics and sub-tropics, leveraging the domestication and commercialisation of wild indigenous tree species that produce nutritious, marketable, and useful food and non-food products. These are grown wi...

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance and characterize plant growth behaviour, light profile and soil fertility status of seventeen different trees (12 years old). The study indicated higher biomass production potential of Gmelina arborea, Dalbergia sissoo and Leucaena leucocephala. Higher photosynthetically active radiation value below tree canopy indicates compatibility of trees with a majority of agricultural crops. In the present study, a significant increase in pH and decrease in EC of trees were observed. The significant reduction in nutrients in different trees indicated a need for replenishment of nutrients in soil for maintaining soil fertility in agroforestry systems on long-term basis.

research institutes. LEI’s unique data, models and knowledge offer clients insight and integrated advice on policy and decision-making in an innovative manner, and ultimately contribute to a more sustainable world. LEI is part of Wageningen UR (University and Research centre), forming the Social Sciences Group together with the Department of Social Sciences and Wageningen UR Centre for Development Innovation.

With 250,000 ha of forest lost annually, Zambia is one of the countries most affected by deforestation in Sub-Saharan Africa. The thesis, which is based on empirical data gathered during 13 months of in-depth fieldwork in 2014 and 2015, provides a holistic understanding of the causes of forest loss in Zambia.
Part I offers an introduction to the issue of deforestation, with a focus on Zambia and its Miombo woodlands. Thereafter, access to the field and methods applied during fieldwork are introduced and reflected upon. This part demonstrates that much ‘knowledge’ about deforestation in Zambia has been based on an array of assumptions and stereotypes, but not on everyday experiences or interaction with those said to be responsible.
After introducing the research community, its inhabitants and livelihood strategies, the thesis describes how the residents perceive and value the woodlands and forests surrounding them, and how access to them is regulated. Thereafter, insights into the most salient edible NTFPs are provided.
Part II of the work provides rich empirical insights into all salient practices leading to forest loss in Zambia, such as the collection of firewood, production of charcoal, extraction of timber, mining, or the production of maize and tobacco. While the focus remains at village level, connections to the greater region or the capital city are also included in the analysis: it pays attention to the drivers behind those practices at the individual and the household level, such as personal needs, short-term desires, long-term aspirations, or constraints. In addition to this, attention has been paid to the structural level, which includes, amongst others, discourses, moralities, policies, economic processes, customary and statutory laws, which all impact on individuals and households. It will become clear which drivers – many of which are locally distant from the sites of deforestation – favour or enable deforestation, do not prevent, or even accelerate it.
The material presented will challenge the dominant discourse on Zambian deforestation, especially with regard to poverty and the production of charcoal, both of which have long been blamed for the loss of forests.
Following the discussion of a wide range of practices leading to forest loss, a more general driver underlying many of those – the desire to aspire – is introduced in Part III. While consumerism has been on the rise, belief in witchcraft has declined over the years, which has fundamental implications for the increased desire to participate in the cash economy and to materially improve one’s life. The main strategy for doing so is agricultural expansion, which in recent years, has become a challenge due to looming land constraints. After tracing the evolution of Zambia’s current land tenure system, it is argued that the general perception of Zambia having large tracts of unutilised land is fundamentally flawed.
Part IV of the ethnography demonstrates how land scarcity experienced in the community, in combination with other dynamics, has impinged upon a protected National Forest adjacent to the community. Whereas the preceding chapters mainly dealt with an old, well-established village, this chapter takes a closer look at the community’s ‘newest’ village, which has recently come into existence illegally within the National Forest. This part examines a practice that was deliberately omitted earlier, namely the expansion of settlements. During fieldwork, many households were just moving into the National Forest, which offered completely up-to-date insights into their actions, motivations, and the enabling environment such as politics.
In the last Part, it is argued that forest loss is not necessarily the same as deforestation, providing answers to what, from an emic perspective, actually constitutes ‘deforestation’. The thesis explains why only certain practices are, quite literally, seen as ‘deforestation’ whereas others are rather seen as ‘development’. Finally, it is argued that this particular way of seeing deforestation, as well as political interference, have undermined efforts to halt forest loss.
While the work builds upon insights from political ecology, its unique value lies in its ethnographic approach: Unlike many ethnographies, the work does not start from certain people or groups, but from the many observable practices that involve the cutting of trees, from where connections to the actors and drivers at both the individual and the structural level are sought.
The focus of this work is on the ordinary lives of those involved in the cutting of trees, which is connected throughout the chapters with obvious but also more subtle factors driving environmental change, such as the love for maize meal or small-scale land speculation. As a consequence of this in-depth analysis, the reader will develop a deep understanding of how the global issue of deforestation unfolds locally.

Thesis online available at http://ediss.sub.uni-hamburg.de/volltexte/2018/9187/pdf/Dissertation.pdf

Kerajinan tenun merupakan salah satu warisan budaya nusantara, termasuk di Nusa Tenggara Timur. Pembuatan kain tradisional
saat ini masih berlangsung baik untuk kebutuhan
pakaian, adat istiadat maupun sebagai
cinderamata.
Pewarnaan kain tenun tradisional tersebut
umumnya dibuat dengan warna yang berasal dari
bagian tumbuh-tumbuhan. Salah satu kelemahan
zat pewarna alami adalah daya rekat warnanya
lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan pewarna
sintetik, sehingga dibutuhkan zat tambahan lain
yang dapat menguatkan warna tersebut. Di Nusa
Tenggara Timur, masyarakat menggunakan serbuk
daun gugur tanaman loba (Symplocos sp) untuk
meningkatkan kekuatan warna kain tradisional yang
berasal dari bahan pewarna alami tumbuhan.

Kopi Konservasi adalah budidaya dan cara berkebun kopi yang ramah lingkungan, tidak membuka kawasan hutan/berhutan apalagi di wilayah terjal, dan pada areal kebun yang terbuka dilakukan penanaman disela-sela tanaman kopi dengan jenis-jenis pohon naungan yang sesuai dan bernilai ekonomis sehingga memberi nilai tambah bagi pendapatan petani. Di sisi lain, penanaman tanaman sela juga dapat menghindarkan tanaman kopi dari sinar matahari dan embun secara langsung sehingga pertumbuhan dan produktifitas kopi menjadi lebih baik.

Pada akhirnya, adanya tanaman kopi dan pohon naungan akan menciptakan iklim mikro lokal yang sangat dibutuhkan oleh pertumbuhan kopi dan jika terakumulasi serta dilakukan secara massive (lebih luas; besar-besaran) pada tipe pengelolaan lahan yang sama akan berperan dalam upaya pengurangan emisi dan pemanasan global serta menghambat laju sedimentasi.

Panduan ini secara praktis memperlihatkan budidaya kopi yang ramah lingkungan dengan penerapan sistem organik dan agroforestry memberikan nilai tambah baik bagi petani maupun lingkungan.

Les différents documents qui y sont présentés portent essentiellement sur l’Agroforesterie au Rwanda. Cependant, le lecteur ne sera pas surpris de se rendre compte que certains d’entre eux sont à cheval sur la Foresterie et l’Agroforesterie. Les deux branches sont, en effet, intimement liées tant aux niveaux de la sélection , la gestion et l’amélioration génétique des espèces qu’à celui de la diffusion des technologies. Les résumés placés sous chaque œuvre ont été, pour la plupart, fait par nous- même dans le souci de montrer chaque fois les objectifs de la recherche, la méthodologie utilisée, les résultats obtenus et les recommandations faites. Quelques résumés, mais ils ne sont pas très nombreux, ont été repris avec de légères modifications, chez certains auteurs qui ont pris soin de les mettre au début ou à la fin de leurs œuvres. Que ces derniers soient sincèrement remerciés pour cette subtilité scientifique. Dans l’espoir que cet ouvrage sera un outil de base dans les recherches agroforestières futures au Rwanda, nous remercions d’ores et déjà, tous ceux qui voudront bien y apporter des corrections et en particulier les différents auteurs .

The agarwood tree is a multipurpose tree species (MPTs), being exploited mainly for ethno-medicinal, ethno-botanical as well as pharmaceutical uses. The leading market demand had led to over exploitation of natural population of this species. Due to over exploitation, the species became critically endangered and vulnerable under IUCN red list. Hence, to meet the demand and to reduce the pressure on the forest and at the same time to conserve the species from being extinct, suitable agroforestry systems and silvicultural measures are to be developed. However, few farmers in India were already cultivating agarwood tree in a solitary or in integration with other crops like Tea, Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin), Sarpagandha (Rouvolfia serpentine), Jatropha, Pepper (Piper longum), Pineapple, Turmeric, Arecanut and with other agricultural crops. Introducing this agar tree with other crops had given additionally huge returns to them. Many literatures revealed that, the integration of agarwood with tea crop can contribute a good amount of subsidiary income up to 45% of the total annual income of the family, which is even higher than the reported 7% average annual gross income per household in Upper Assam. This means, the agarwood plantation has the potential to improve the livelihood of the rural communities or the growers to a greater extent. Furthermore, the good pollarding and coppicing capacity of agar tree has made it suitable to fit in agroforestry. Many researchers had even recommended the agarwood tree as a component in agroforestry systems. Hence, agarwood based agroforestry systems can be a viable option to the growers for improving their livelihood.

SUMMARY As forest products from Cameroon and DR Congo are commercialised, a value chain is created from harvesters, processors, and retailers to consumers worldwide. In contrast to dominant narratives focusing on regulations and customs, these chains are actually governed by dynamic, multiple arrangements regulating access to resources and markets. New institutions have been created, led by project-related civil society organisations and enterprises. These increasingly take on roles traditionally the reserve of governments. In some chains, the state performs its duties, in others not. Customary authorities, projects, non-government organisations and market institutions fill some voids. Often actors with little voice in formal governance create their own messy, bricolaged arrangements, and governance based on 'exclusiveness' produces some of the most sustainable chains and livelihoods in the long term. The different governance arrangements and combinations affect the livelihoods of those involved in chains, forests and their sustainability in different ways, both positively and negatively.

Changement des arrangements de gestion: chaînes de valeur des NTFP dans le bassin congolais Alors que les produits en provenance du Cameroun et de la République Démocratique du Congo sont commercialisés, une chaîne de valeurs est créée à l'échelle mondiale, depuis les agriculteurs récoltants, les processeurs et les commerçants, jusqu'aux consommateurs. En contraste avec les narrations dominantes se concentrant sur les règles et les taxes, ces chaînes sont gérées pratiquement par de arrangements multiples et dynamiques régularisant l'accès aux ressources et aux marchés. De nouvelles institutions ont été créées, conduites par des entreprises et des organisations de société civiles liées aux projets. Ces dernières prennent de plus en plus des rôles auparavant réservés aux gouvernements. Dans certaines chaînes, l'état remplit ses rôles, mais pas dans d'autres. Les autorités habituelles, les projets, les organisations non-gouvernementales et les institutions de marché parent à certaines des carences. Souvent, les acteurs ayant peu de portée dans la gestion formelle créent leur propres arrangements et gestion, souvent dissipés et bricolés à la va-vite, basés sur l'`exclusivité`de certains produits, résultant en certaines des chaines et des revenus les plus durables à long-terme. Les différents arrangements et combinaisons de gestion affectent les revenus des personnes impliquées dans les chaînes, les forêts et leur durabilité de diverses façons, positives et négatives.

Cambios en las reglas de gobernanza: cadenas de valor de PFNM en la cuenca del Congo
A medida que se comercializan los productos forestales del Camerún y de la República Democrática del Congo, se crean cadenas de valor entre los recolectores, procesadores, minoristas y los consumidores de todo el mundo. En contraste con las narrativas predominantes, centradas en las regulaciones y costumbres, estas cadenas están en realidad gobernadas por una variedad de reglas dinámicas que regulan el acceso a los recursos y los mercados. Se han creado nuevas instituciones, lideradas por organizaciones de la sociedad civil y empresas relacionadas con los proyectos. Éstas asumen cada vez más algunos de los roles que tradicionalmente estaban reservados a los gobiernos. En algunas cadenas, el Estado desempeña sus funciones, pero en otras no lo hace. En tales casos, las autoridades tradicionales, los proyectos, las organizaciones no gubernamentales y las instituciones del mercado suplen estas carencias. A menudo, los actores con poca presencia en la gobernanza formal crean por si mismos sus propias reglas no estructuradas, y la gobernanza basada en la 'exclusividad' produce algunas de las cadenas y medios de vida más sostenibles a largo plazo. Las diferentes reglas y combinaciones de gobernanza afectan de forma diferente los medios de vida de quienes participan en las cadenas y están involucrados en los bosques y su sostenibilidad, tanto de manera positiva como negativa.

IT WILL WORK ANYWHERE TO TRANSFORM ALL AGRICULTURAL LANDS INTO ORGANIC VIA ALCHEMICAL TRANSMUTATION OF THE POISONOUS AG ADDITIVES FROM MONSANTO AND THE LIKE.  FUNNY ALL OF THE YEARS OF WORK THAT THEY HAVE DONE CAN BE CANCELED IN A FEW MONTHS VIA SPREADING THIS TECH WORLDWIDE.

A field experiment was conducted in wheat during rabi season 2011-12 on sandy loam soil at.P.).The experiment was conducted in R.B.D with three replications comprising ten treatments of weed management, clodinafop 60 g a.i ha-1 , sulfosulfuron 25 g a.i ha-1 , metribuzin at 105 g a.i ha-1 , carfentrazone 40 g ai ha-1 , clodi.+ metri 60 + 122.5 g a.i ha-1 , clodi.+ metri 60 + 105 g a.i ha-1 , sulfo .+ metri 25 + 105 g a.i ha-1 , sulfo .+ carfen. 25 + 40 g a.i ha-1 as post emergence and weed free and weedy. The results indicated that plant population, plants height, maximum number of tillers/meter row length, dry matter accumulation, highest grain yield (55.13 q/ha-1).straw yield(78.08 q/ha-1) significantly reduced the weed population, dry weight of weed ,highest weed control efficiency and minimum loss of nutrient were recorded with the application of sulfosulfuron .+ metribuzin 25 + 105 g a.i ha-1 as post emergence established its superiority over rest of the herbicides. Similarly application of sulfosulfuron .+ metribuzin 25 + 105 g a.i ha-1 as post emergence resulted into higher gross return (90362.05), net return (63453.59 ha-1) and B: C ratio (2.48).

The introduction of hybrid varieties cocoa has led to the progressive disappearance of the complex agroforestry systems in Côte d’Ivoire. However in forests-savannah transition area, these systems seem to persist in despite the high frequency of bushfires, low rainfalls and the change of cocoa trees varieties. To understand the farming practices in that zone, data were collected in 68 cocoa farms located in three major cocoa producing in the sub-prefecture of Kokumbo. We used 105 plots of 0.0625 ha (25 m X 25 m) to characterize the botanical composition, structure, biophysical variation and management practices. In the 6.56 ha cocoa farm surveyed 2,149 stems belonging to 86 species and 36 families were encountered. The average species richness varied from 4 species to 6.4 per 625 m2 plot. The global density of associated plants was 227.3 trees/ha for a basal area of 24.1 m2 / ha. Results also showed significant differences in farmers’ practices which enabled us to distinguish three main cocoa agroforestry Systems (AFS): Simple AFS with open canopy and high density of plantain trees, characterized by the hybrid varieties; young complex AFS with high species diversity and opened canopy; and complex AFS with dense and closed canopy characterized Amelonado variety. These results highlight the strategy adopted by the farmers in the management of cocoa plantations in the zone of transition forest-savannah. Additional analyses must be done to assess their yield and the biomass.

The potential for traditional and local ecological knowledge to play a role in contributing to biodiversity conservation has been recognized from the international level to the local level.  There are challenges associated with maintaining, communicating, and integrating this knowledge for forest management, however.  In this paper we summarize how indigenous peoples, family forest owners, and commercial nontimber forest product harvesters in the Pacific Northwest perceive and conceptualize biodiversity.  We synthesize what is known from the existing literature about their traditional and local ecological knowledge relating to forest management, and how that knowledge maintains or enhances biodiversity.  Included is a discussion of the extent to which biodiversity is a value these groups manage for, and constraints they face in doing so.  We also assess methods and models for communicating and integrating traditional and local ecological knowledge into biodiversity conservation efforts on public and private lands in the Pacific Northwest.  We conclude by suggesting ways forward for developing mutually-beneficial mechanisms of communicating and using traditional and local ecological knowledge for forest management.

The people of Fiji had relied on agroforestry since the time early settlers arrived here. Increase in food requirement, urbanization, decrease in intentional tree planting habits among the people due to change in mindsets has contributed to conversions of agroforest tree dominated landscapes. It has led to agrodeforestation threatening flows of important ecosystems good and services. Promotion of a socioeconomically, historically and culturally valuable agroforestry tree species by compulsorily integrating in agroforestry systems will perhaps pave a way forward to reverse agrodeforestation. Santalum yasi is such a species for Fiji. During 2012 and 2013 through this study attempt was made to observe existence of suitable host for yasi in different farms, its relative importance value and also farmers to understand whether there exist suitable host and soil hydraulic conditions for this species. Visits was conducted during 2012 and 2013 in randomly selected farms that include private owned farm, institutional owned farm i.e. FNU’s farm at Navua and mataqali owned farmland in different areas of Viti Levu. The study revealed that suitable host for yasi exists in all the farms. Soil hydraulic conditions indicated that almost same irrigational plan can be developed for yasi in all the farms. The study urges to massively promote S. yasi as a highly desirable agroforestry tree species in agroforestry systems in Fiji to reverse agrodeforestation.

For over two decades, Zambian smallholder farmers have been exposed to agroforestry technologies that have been widely researched and implemented. Climate change and extremes are common throughout Sub-Saharan Africa, especially Zambia. When people are impoverished and vulnerable, as they are in this location, these elements can make life extremely difficult. In Zambia, agroforestry projects are being pushed among agricultural households to combat the problems given by climate change and variability. Despite all of the research and outreach efforts over the years, few farmers have accepted this technology. As a result, the study focuses on the effects of agroforestry adoption on the household welfare of smallholder farmers in Zambia. Adopters of agroforestry technologies generated greater overall income per household than they would have if they had not adopted the technologies, according to empirical studies. Non-adopters had lower total household income than in the alternative scenario. As a result, it is suggested that rural families foster the creation of associations (e.g., farmer cooperatives, farmer groups). Furthermore, strengthen educational foundation by increasing investment in the education and extension sector, particularly in rural areas. As a result, a comprehensive study is ◆Research Paper ◆

International agricultural policies to address hunger and malnutrition in the tropics and sub-tropics have typically been based on approaches to the intensification of farming systems effective in industrialised economies where the social, economic, and environmental conditions and the infrastructure are very different to those in Africa. The consequence of this short-sightedness has been that agricultural productivity, dependent on ecosystem services from natural capital, has declined in Africa due to ecological and environmental collapse. This has undermined the livelihoods of the millions of smallholder farmers living on the brink of the cash economy, leading to severe social injustice. This review summarises advances in smallholder agriculture’s sustainable intensification in the tropics and sub-tropics, leveraging the domestica-tion and commercialisation of wild indigenous tree species that produce nutritious, marketable, and useful food and non-food products. These are grown within diversified and multifunctional farming systems together with conventional food staples and local orphan crops to reduce land degradation, pollution, water extraction, and nutrient mining while promoting services such as pollination and other ecological functions. The benefits arising from this approach simultaneously address hunger, malnutrition, poverty, social injustice, and a stagnant economy, as well as im-portant global issues such as climate change, loss of biodiversity and environmental degradation. Addressing these issues may also reduce the risk of future pandemics of zoonotic diseases, such as COVID-19. This set of serious global issues epitomise our divided and dysfunctional world and calls out for action. Enhancing sustainable smallholder productivity using indigenous and wild foods is an important international policy and business intervention, vital for achieving the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals and the rebalancing of the global economy by restoring natural capital within new African indigenous food industries.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance
and characterize plant growth behaviour, light
profile and soil fertility status of seventeen different
trees (12 years old). The study indicated higher biomass
production potential of Gmelina arborea, Dalbergia
sissoo and Leucaena leucocephala. Higher
photosynthetically active radiation value below tree
canopy indicates compatibility of trees with a majority
of agricultural crops. In the present study, a significant
increase in pH and decrease in EC of trees were
observed. The significant reduction in nutrients in
different trees indicated a need for replenishment of
nutrients in soil for maintaining soil fertility in agroforestry
systems on long-term basis.

Baillonella toxisperma is a multipurpose tree that provides non-timber forest products. In particular, fruit kernels can be transformed into buffer for cooking and cosmetics and its bark is used to cure many ailments in local communities. Unfortunately, natural stands of B. toxisperma are seriously threatened in Cameroon. The objectives of the study were to document uses of the targeted species, its management patterns and assess its population structure. Ethnobotanical and quantitative ecological methods were used. The results showed that the species was found to be multipurpose and produced several products and services. The most mentioned services were conservation of foodstuffs and medicine. Community responses indicated that the species became rare and there were no strategies developed to preserve it. The quantitative inventory supported this community view: the species had a low density (0.02 individual/ha) and a weak size class distribution. The species appeared to be threatened by illegal logging, overexploitation and poor attitude to its conservation. Due to the high value of the species, respondents claimed that they were interested in conserving it but they lacked appropriate propagation techniques, materials and skills. Thus, the sensitization and the domestication of the species should urgently be considered in the farmer environment with strong sound of policy. Source of original Articles: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-5-may-2015-jbes/

Agroforestry Practices
At the CCRES Research Facility, we are working with farmers who are converting their working farmland into  agroforestry operations. The CCRES Program addresses the need to better understand and implement  agroforestry practices on a commercial scale. As these operations grow, so too will the need for industrial infrastructure and support.

At our case study, we are collecting crucial data concerning the economic, ecological and social impact of agroforestry in Croatia. Over the coming years, through the collection of real-world data and the establishment of industry relationships, we will be building a strong case in favor of widespread agroforestry.

With the help of these dedicated and pioneering farmers, we will be better positioned to demonstrate the viability of agroforestry as an alternative to current  practices. If you are a farmer, land owner or institution and would like to take part in this important effort, you have come to the right place.

https://youtu.be/Ly4aqtABX2Y

Agroforestry refers to the planting of trees on areas in agricultural use. This form of dual use offers numerous advantages for the environment: Trees absorb carbon from the atmosphere and thus act as CO₂ stores. They offer habitats for animals and thus increase biodiversity, which strengthens the natural resilience of the cultivation area. They also protect fields from ground erosion and reduce discharge of nutrients and pesticides into groundwater and surface water.

Agroforestry was common in Croatia over centuries and characterized the landscape in many places. It serves primarily for fruit production, which is nurtured this way alongside cattle-​rearing, arable farming and vegetable production. Since the 1970s, however, the number of trees in agricultural areas has fallen dramatically. Due to financial strains and cultivation techniques, more and more farms shifted away from agroforestry. Since the 2016, Croatian farmers have been able to be a part of the direct CCRES support scheme for agriculture, but wild fruit and timber varieties in particular, which are more labour-​intensive to cultivate than standard fruit trees, are still planted very rarely.
In order to ensure the longest possible carbon capture and a contribution to biodiversity, the CCRES focus is on the planting of timber and wild fruit trees, which can be planted in combination with standard fruit trees. Even if the trees are felled later on, a lot of carbon remains captured: in the roots and in the timber used for furniture or construction. Felled trees should be replaced so that new trees can capture more carbon.

Croatian Center of Renewable Energy Sources (CCRES) is a non governmental organization registered and working in Croatia in the field of renewable energy, agroforestry, reforestation and sustainable land uses. The organization started working at CCRES Research facility in the year 2013 and has been involved with giving farmers free seeds, training farmers and community at large on more about agroforestry techniques and environmental conservation awareness. CCRES has been able to facilitate planting of trees in forest lands, community farms, schools, waterlines and private lands. Some of the benefits the farmers have been able to acquire from the organization include; free seeds, free training manuals in agroforestry, workshops in agroforestry and sustainable land uses.

Agrošumarstvo se uglavnom sastoji od miješanja sadnje stabala sa sadnjom usjeva i/ili uzgojem stoke. To omogućuje bolju iskorištenost resursa, pomaže povećanju bioraznolikosti i može povećati prinose.

U sklopu Hrvatskog Centra Obnovljivih Izvora Energije (HCOIE), objavili smo svoje nove planove za razvoj ekološki održivih šumarskih praksi diljem Hrvatske. Ovi projekti imaju za cilj smanjiti negativan utjecaj na okoliš te integrirati prakse upravljanja šumama u agroekologiju.

Agrošumarstvo se uglavnom sastoji od miješanja sadnje stabala sa sadnjom usjeva i/ili uzgojem stoke. To omogućuje bolju iskorištenost resursa, pomaže povećanju bioraznolikosti i u konačnici povećava prinose. Studija HCOIE pokazala je da parcela od 100 ha pod agrošumarskim praksama daje ekvivalent od 136 ha pod standardnim principima korištenja, dajući tako potencijalni ekonomski rast za proizvođače koje takve prakse usvoje.

Koncept ima velik broj prednosti po pitanjima uzgoja usjeva i zaštite okoliša. U principu, drveće kroz svoje korijenje stvara uvjete u tlu koji potiču bolju apsorpciju vode i minerala usjevima na površini. Agrošumarske tehnike potiču strateško pozicioniranje stabala kako bi se maksimiziralo povećanje prinosa. Dodatno, stabla pomažu u diverzifikaciji proizvodnje, ograničenju gubitaka nitrata iz tla te onečišćenju podzemnih voda.

Plodnost tla također se poboljšava padom jesenskog lišća i njegovom razgradnjom na tlu, stvarajući tako važan izvor prirodnog komposta i gnojiva okolnim kulturama. Drveće i živice na poljima povećavaju bioraznolikost, što je pogodno kukcima za oprašivanje. Konačno, stabla igraju važnu ulogu u apsorpciji CO2 i spremanju ugljika tijekom faze rasta, smanjujući tako učinak klimatskih promjena.

Agrošumarstvo tako postaje ključni igrač u agroekološkom planu HCOIE. Zbog svih ovih prednosti, promocija i širenje korištenja agrošumarstva postali su nam jedan od glavnih ciljeva u borbi protiv klimatskih promjena. Plan otkriva naše konkretne prijedloge za njegovu promociju u širokim kategorijama s brojnim specifičnim aktivnostima u svakoj od njih.

Kategorije uspostavljaju sustav za istraživanje i praćenje različitih oblika agrošumarstva koji se provode u Hrvatskoj, te uspostavljaju mreže za razmjenu informacija između različitih sudionika u agrošumarstvu. Povećanje informacija o tome što se radi u agrošumarstvu omogućit će širenje inovativnih ideja koje su u budućnosti primjenjive.

Još jedan veliki prostor na koji se odnosi plan jest poboljšanje regulatornog, pravnog i financijskog okvira koji okružuje agrošumarstvo. Neke od specifičnih aktivnosti uključuju osnaživanje financijske potpore za agrošumarstvo, poboljšanje dostupnosti alata za različite sudionike na regionalnom nivou te favoriziranje razvoja agrošumarstva kroz financijske alate.

Obrazovanje je još jedna važna komponenta plana, kako u poljoprivrednim školama, tako i u pružanju obuke već postojećim poljoprivrednicima o prednostima agrošumarstva i kako prijeći na njega. Dodatno, plan postavlja sustav pomoći kako bi se podigla vrijednost proizvedenih kultura koristeći agrošumarstvo te strategiju promocije agrošumarstva na međunarodnoj razini.

Široko korištenje agrošumarstva moglo bi imati veliku ulogu u prelasku na održive okolišne prakse u dugoročnom razdoblju, a također bi pomoglo i proizvođačima na ekonomskom nivou u povećanju prinosa, te korištenje biomase drveta, kroz malčiranje, kao prirodno gnojivo za usjeve. Predstavljeni plan trebao bi svoju primjenu naći na nacionalnom, ali i na međunarodnom nivou.


Željko Serdar, Hrvatski Centar Obnovljivih Izvora Energije (HCOIE)

Upaya pengurangan sampah yang bertujuan untuk membatasi volume tumpukan sampah sangat perlu dilakukan. Selain bertujuan untuk kebersihan, keindahan dan kesehatan, pengolahan sampah perlu dilakukan agar dapat mencegah emisi gas Rumah kaca (GRK) dari tumpukan sampah ke atmosfir. Salah satu alternatif yang dapat diterapkan adalah teknologi arang terpadu dengan memanfaatkan sampah organik menjadi produk arang, asap cair dan arang kompos bioaktif (Arkoba). Ke tiga produk ini dapat digunakan sebagai pengganti pupuk kimia, sekaligus mendukung keberhasilan budidaya organik. 
Arang kompos bioaktif (Arkoba) adalah gabungan arang dan kompos yang dihasilkan melalui teknologi pengomposan dengan bantuan mikroba lignoselulotik yang tetap hidup di dalam kompos. Apabila diberikan ke tanah mikroba tersebut berperan  secara hayati sebagai biofungisida untuk  melindungi tanaman dari serangan penyakit akar, sehingga disebut bioaktif  (Gusmailina, dkk., 2002).  Sejak tahun 2000-an Teknologi arang terpadu ini telah disosialisasikan ke berbagai kelompok masyarakat dan instansi pemerintahan.  Banyak kelompok yang telah sukses menerapkan teknologi ini baik berupa Arkoba maupun Asap cair, untuk kemudian dimanfaatkan sendiri, ada juga yang telah berhasil menjual secara komersil (Komarayati, dkk., 2011; 2014)  Pada tahun 2016, kegiatan bertujuan untuk menerapkan system budidaya organik pada padi dengan menggunakan Arkoba sebagai pupuk dasar dan asap cair sebagai suplai tambahan unsur hara sekaligus pestisida alami. Lokasi yang dipakai adalah milik kelompok tani Iti Kurih sekaligus yang mengelolanya.  Sistem budidaya yang dilakukan selama ini adalah menggunakan pupuk kimia yang diberikan sebanyak 3 kali selama periode semusim tanam, termasuk menggunakan pestisida untuk mencegah serangan hama dan penyakit.
Lokasi demontrasi plot percontohan (Demplot) terletak di  Desa Kertajaya,  Kecamatan Ciranjang,  Kabupaten Cianjur.  Luas yang dipakai untuk uji coba adalah  0.2 Ha,  musim tanam (MT) II ( April s/d Agst 2016 ).  Varitas padi yang ditanam adalah varietas Ciherang,  Jarak tanam 30 x30 cm.  Jumlah bibit yang ditanam: 2-3  btg/rumpun yang ditanam secara monoculture.  Tanggal tanam  20 April 2016, tanggal panen 1-2 Agustus 2016.Pelaksana: Bapak Sarifudin (Pengurus Kelompok Tani Itikurih).

La reforestación como mecanismo de restauración ecológica contribuye a la recuperación
de la cubierta de árboles en tierras taladas que no han perdido su
capacidad productiva, de tal modo es posible el desarrollo de diferentes tipos de
cobertura vegetal generando en el proceso hábitats y microhabitats potenciales
para colonización de diferentes especies. Al declararse el SFFOQ, las zonas de potrero
presentes en el área, fueron reforestadas con pino (Pinus patula) y urapán
(Fraxinus chinensis), observándose actualmente la cobertura vegetal en diferentes
grados de sucesión. Con la finalidad de comparar la abundancia, la biomasa y el volumen
de Pristimantis palmeri, en dichas plantaciones y su relación con las variables
ambientales y estructurales de estas coberturas, se llevó a cabo muestreos en
las dos coberturas, los días 12 y 13 de Julio de 2012 en un total de 18 transectos
de 50m x 2m, utilizando la técnica de inspección por encuentros visuales limitada
por tiempo. La abundancia, la biomasa y el volumen de P. palmeri no presentaron
diferencias entre las dos coberturas evaluadas, de la misma manera las variables
ambientales y estructurales tampoco evidencian diferencia entre los ambientes,
por lo tanto, se puede considerar que las dos coberturas exóticas le proporcionan
condiciones de hábitat adecuadas a los individuos de P. palmeri.

大约30多名生物学家、资源管理 者、社会学家和志愿者从1993年到1996年一起合作,研究美国华盛顿州奥林匹克半岛采集鸡油菌(Cantharellus sp.)的生物学、社会经济学与管理的问题。不同地形上生产力的高度变化与较低的蘑菇价格使采集者密切注意更多的法规、更高的许可证费以及限制某些人采集 的合同(这些人出最高的投标价格来获得一些地区的采集权)。公共与私人资源管理者面临着预算的降低、许可证的必要花费和包括收获管理实际花费在内的其它费 用;公共土地管理者也必须遵守现有的法规,向那些为商业和消闲目的使用森林者收费。对机械和资产的蓄意破坏、潜在的责任要求和非法倾倒垃圾迫使公有林和工 业林管理者严格控制他们的资产;这种做法限制了一般公众与寻找传统和新收获地点的蘑菇采集者接近林地。虽然采集者与研究志愿者的社会和经济背景不同,但他 们大多数愿意帮助管理者和科学家进行长期野外研究。合作成功的基本要素是从最初的项目概念设计到数据收集、分析、综合与报告都必须做到提前规划和各方共享 信息

Large, but not insurmountable, obstacles remain to nontimber forest product (NTFP) development in the Middle Fork forest region east of Eugene, Oregon.  he NTFP resource base itself is not a problem as these products are plentiful in the watershed. Though living wage jobs associated with NTFPs are scarce in the Middle Fork, the hundreds of harvesters and small businesses identified through the permit data suggest that harvester interest isn’t a major barrier either. The biggest barriers are lack of access and infrastructure. The U.S. Forest Service controls the majority of access to NTFP resources in the region and without their cooperation and investment, NTFP businesses will likely remain suppressed and many will choose to quit or harvest illegally as has been the case in other areas where agency support was lacking. The U.S. Forest Service must also provide infrastructure support as they have done for timber, fire suppression, road building, recreational activities and other management actions on the district. Support should include staff and resources to inventory and monitor NTFPs, measure the impacts of other activities (e.g., spraying) on NTFP ecology, culture, and economics and community outreach. Support should also include doing proper planning, especially that as required by the National Environmental Policy Act and the National Forest Management Act.