Urban design and planning

Abstract:  This paper presents an argument for considering issues of class in analyses of communicative planning projects. In these projects, class interests tend to be obscured by the contemporary preoccupation with the class-ambiguous category of “community”. Through a case study of a project of urban redevelopment at King's Cross in London, we conceptualize and map class interests in an urban redevelopment project. Three aspects of the planning process that contain clear class effects are looked at: the amount of office space, the flexibility of plans, and the appropriation of the urban environment as exchange or use value. These aspects structure the urban redevelopment but are external to the communicative planning process. The opposition to the redevelopment has in the planning discourse been articulated as “community”-based rather than in class-sensitive terms. We finally present three strategies for reinserting issues of class into planning theory and practice.

Aydın Türk, Y. (2007). "A Method in The Context of Urban Planning and Urban Design", LIVENARCH III Livable Environments & Architecture 3rd International Congress - Contextualism in Architecture, Trabzon, Türkiye, 5-7 Temmuz 2007 (vol. 2, pp.569-580), Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi.

ABSTRACT:
Creating livable urban environments with identity becomes possible as long as the combination of urban planning and urban design are provided. For this reason, it is important that planning from high level planning to design to be applied should overlap with urban design. However, this fact has not been able to be realized in such countries as Turkey. In the west on the other hand, the role of design and planning system in the planning process is well described and they are both taken as a whole mechanism and successful examples are given. Within this mechanism design is a part of the planning on every scale and is accepted as an inseparable part of planning. It is seen that in Turkey, urban planning and urban design was not combined, nor was effective regulations to do this established. For this reason, in the planning process how urban design as an effective mechanism should be places must be questioned.
In this context there is a need for a complete planning-design guide to be prepared through detailed studies in our country. In this study, a method that will foster the preparation of the above-mentioned guide by means of a research model, and its operation, evaluation and the results. Through the method introduced it is aimed to;
bring urban design dimension into planning in macro level ana in the light of the principles and policies to prepare a control list/checklist that will act as a guide for the designer,
to prepare a method for the compilation of the design data, effective evaluation and the transfer of this method into plan,
to develop a strategic evaluation approach that considers different dimensions and properties of the city (such as strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats).

CONCLUSION:
Having a check questions list which leads planner step by step so as to strengthen the dimesion of the design will exhibit a requirement that the planner has to take into consideration during the planning. Because, collecting and evaluating all kinds of data about city (or a part of the city) will be mora systematic.
All characteristics of the city, potentials and weaknesses of it will be described locally. Thus the process of the planner and the designer’s evaluating/ examining the city (or the part of the city) during the planning will be clear.
The strategies will be put forward which turns the data found into a plan and makes it concrete.
While developing strategies in the process of planning and designing of the newly developing places except settled areas, in the attempt to renew/ enliven a problematic area in the city check questions will be beneficial. Taking local characteristics in the foreground, highlighting some historical elements as a reference may lead the design during problem definition and analyze. In addition, as the check list has the potential to serve for both the whole area and the part of it, it will control the planned/desined area.
The checklist is thought to be a guide for the planner in the process of problem solving. During the planning, consulting different disciplines such as architecture, landscape architecture will be helpful. The list’s benefits will be completely seen when directors and guiders (planners, designers and local managers) start to use this means actively which has not been used in urban planning and design.
Such kind of a study, when evaluated from the perspective of legacy, serves as an input focused survey. The process put forward in the study can be defined as output focused. Since the findings/ evaluations have equivalent on the field, they will be reflected on the plan easily. Therefore, there will be no need to make any reforms in the discussion of plan-design relationship or using design in public improvement plans. The process that is put forward in the study can be applied to a city (or a part of the city). Execution tools of the reforms (18th subject application, nationalization and taxation) should be applied actively. Different execution tools should be produced. Technical and administrative substructure should be constructed.
When it is evaluated from the perspective of the strategy, time, and the effort, the procedure of acquiring data, evaluation of the data and production take part in the current planning.

İzmit Sahili Peyzaj Ve Kentsel Tasarım Proje Yarışması - Mansiyon Ödülü

Proje Yaklaşımı

Ekolojik kimlik:
Yarışma alanı, marmara bölgesi içerisinde bir alt ekosistem olarak tanımlanabilir. Doğusunda sapanca gölü, batısında izmit körfezi ile kuzey ve güneyi çevreleyen dağ oluşumları nedeniyle marmara denizi ve sapanca gölü arasında bir ‘hidrolojik koridor‘ olarak değerlendirilebilir. Kocaeli – sapanca su toplama havzasını besleyen yaklaşık 20 adet mevsimsel akarsu bulunmaktadır. Havzanın morfolojik yapısı sebebiyle, yarışma alanı büyük sistemin orta noktasında bulunmakta ve önemli bir doğal süzgeç görevi üstlenmektedir. Yarışma alanı sapanca gölü bataklık alanında oldugu gibi zengin hidrolojik yapıya sahip olmasına rağmen yüzey suyunun kanalize edilerek sulak alanın dışına deşarj edilmesi nedeniyle ‘sulak alan’ olma niteliğini kaybetmektedir. Yarışma alanında yapılacak tasarımın öncelikle sulak alanın rehabilitasyonu ve yeniden kazanılması ile ilgili kriterlere yer vermesi düşünülmüştür.

‘Doğanın kendini yenilemesi ve geliştirmesi için fırast verilmesi’ temel tasarım ilkesi olarak belirlenmiştir. Sulak alanın rejenerasyonu ile ortaya çıkacak ekolojik ve ekonomik potansiyellerin değerlendirilmesi projenin geliştirilmesi için araç olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Sulak alanı yeniden canlandırarak elde edilecek kentsel kullanım alanlarının, kent kimliğine yeni kalıcı değerler kazandırması amaçlanmaktadır. Bu değerler sanayi kentinin sürdürülebilir kılınmasını sağlayacak önemli yapı taşları, yeni kimlik ögeleri olacakdır.

‘fırsat yaratmak’ - potansiyellerin değerlendirilmesi:
Doğanın kendisini yenilemesi için fırsat yaratmak amacıyla mevcut yapıdaki sisteme en basit müdehaleyle, sulak alanın tekrar büyük sistemdeki yerini ve işlevini kazanması, hidrolojik koridor üzerindeki ‘süzgeç’ görevini üstlenmsi düşünülmüşdür. Bunun için yarışma alanı içerisinde bulunan beton kanaletli sarı dere’nin eski izmit yolundan denize kadar uzanan yaklaşık 700 metrelik beton kanal kısmının kaldırılması önerilmiştir. Kanalın bitiş noktasında ise doğal havalandırma ve güneşlendirme yöntemleri ile suyun sulak alana deşarjı önerilmiştir. Sulak alanı besleyen ve 1/5000 planda 'merkezi iş alanı' olarak tanımlanan bölgenin kıyı bandına doğal koridorlarla bağlanması ve bu alanın kontrol edilebilir ‘sektörler’e bölünmesi, sulak alanı besleyen akışların tekrar kazanılmasını sağlayacak ve doğal ortamın kendini yenilemesi için fırsat yaratacakdır.

Kontrol Kuşakları Ve Kademelenme:
Sulak alanın rehabilitasyonu ile birlikte yenilenen ekosistemde tanımlı işlev kuşaklarının oluşturulması, alanın yönetimi ve organizasyonu için önem taşımaktadır. Mutlak koruma alanı, doğal yaşam yenileme alanı, tampon alan, aktif rekreasyon alanı kuşakları, proje alanını yapılanma ve yönetim şartları belirli alanlara bölmektedir. Bu kuşaklar ile kentsel doku arasında kalan alan ise kentsel hizmet alanları için degerlendirilmektedir.

Mekansal Kurgu:
Tasarımda mekansal kurgunun doğal koruma alanının yenilenmesi yaklaşımı üzerine geliştirilmesi nedeniyle, kentsel hizmet alanları doğal morfolojinin ve koruma kuşaklarının izin verdiği noktalarda şekillendirilmiş ve birbirlerine ekolojik park kurgusu ile bağlanmıştır. Omurgayı oluşturan 'ekolojik park' kuzeyden güneye uzanan kıyı bandında yer alarak, kongre ve spor alanlarını birbirine bağlamakta güneyde konaklama, küçük ölçekli ticaret, tematik park ve transfer alanı ile tamamlanmaktadır. Kentsel hizmetlerin odaklandığı kuzey merkez noktası kentsel atlama noktasıdır. Belediye, kultur merkezi ve a.v.m.'NİN Bulundugu alan, açık ve kapalı pazar alanları, meydan ve servis alanlarından oluşmaktadır. Ekolojik parkın odak noktası da kuzey doğudaki kapalı ve açık sistemler içerisinde, 'ekolojik park' kurgusunun anlatıldığı merkez seralar ve ekolojk fuar alanından oluşmaktadır. Sistemin batısında kentsel sit alanı ile bütünleşen ve öneri iskeleye bağlanan üst geçit yeni bir kentsel atlama noktasıdır. Bu nokta seka park ile de bağlantının sağlandığı geçiş alanıdır

This article examines the crises of post-war modernist housing estates in West Germany and Austria, illuminating the key differences that emerged despite the strong similarities in terms of urban design and share in overall housing stock. With an analysis of the different framing and narration in the professional discourse between 1960 and 1990, the paper reveals that the estates served as a battleground for negotiating broader socio-political questions, resulting in different politizations of the estates. By deciphering the complex and partly contingent entanglements between the built form and politics, the paper contributes to research on post-war modernist housing estates and to the reassessment of these urban structures. It also enhances our understanding of the varied perceptions and performances of the ‘same’ built structures, thereby opening up new perspectives for the ongoing discussions about the revival of mass housing.

Public space as a place dedicated to various groups of people should also take advantage of variety and experiances of these groups. Thanks to taking into consideration that diversity and wide spectrum of opinions, planning and design process will be successful.
Students from both Gdańsk University of Technology and University of Oregon, led by their mentor, president elect of ISOCARP Richard Stephens involved in the Mentor&Student Research Lab, created manual which presents that each group in the city can choose one of various ways to create public space. Not only giving inhabitants ready solutions but also consulting, designing together and activating communities are means to plan and realize successful places. Examples from all over the world emphasize that people identify with and feel responsible for places they have created. The method using lowest social commitment is consulting local projects with inhabitants. However, there are many methods involving other actors to create public spaces and making them real part of the process. During research authors took into consideration local events, basing on example of Gdańsk Neighbourhood Days and inviting foreign students to the project, for instance a lecture during charette with community from Mt Angel - small town in Oregon.

Authors: Ric Stephens, Marta Rusin, Patryk Czajka, Nicole Ghiselli, Alina Grędzicka, Jessika Kreps, Daniel Platt, Małgorzata Potocka, Marta Potulska

Aydın Türk, Y. (2004). Kentsel Tasarım ve Kent Planlama. In Ş. Aydemir, & S. Erkonak Aydemir (Eds.), Kentsel Alanların Planlanması ve Tasarımı (pp.357-372). Trabzon: Akademi Kitabevi.

BÖLÜM 14: KENTSEL TASARIM VE KENT PLANLAMA
1.PLANLAMA SÜRECİNDE KENTSEL TASARIMIN GELİŞİMİ
2.KENTSEL TASARIM
3.KENTSEL TASARIMDA İLKELER VE POLİTİKALAR
3.1.KENTSEL TASARIM İLKELERİ
3.2.TASARIM POLİTİKALARI
4.KENTSEL TASARIM VE KENT PLANLAMA
Kentsel tasarımın mimarlık ile kent planlama arasında bir geçiş alanı olduğuna ilişkin açıklamalara ikinci başlıkta verilen tanımlamalarda değinilmişti. Hukuki bir belge elde etmeye yönelik olan imar planlaması bir parselde nasıl bir yapılaşma olabileceğini kabaca tanımlamakta, onun ötesinde fiziki çevreyi şekillendirici bir düzenleme aracı olarak yetersiz kalmaktadır. Parsellerdeki yapılaşma, imar hakları dahilinde tekil olarak ortaya çıkmakta, daha ayrıntılı çalışmalarla yapılar, özel ve kamu alanları arasındaki şekillendirme ilişkileri kurulamamaktadır. Her ne kadar önceden mekana yönelik ayrıntılı tasarımlar yapılmış olsa bile bu düşüncelerin hepsinin imar planında yer alması mümkün değildir (Vardar, 1997). Her ne kadar arazi kullanım planı (fiziksel plan) çevre kalitesinin yönetimi açısından önemli bir girdi ise de kapsamlı kentsel tasarım planı/ projesi olmadan salt arazi kullanım planının kaliteli çevreyi sağlayabileceği ve sürdürebileceği garanti edilemez (Aydemir, 1999).
Bu nedenler imar planlarının hukuk diliyle, mimarlığın mekan dili arasında köprü olan kentsel tasarıma ihtiyaç vardır.
Kentler, insanların ortak yaşamalarını sürdürdükleri yapısal ortamın, yani ortak hayatın varlık nedeni ve yaşama kozasıdır ve günümüze kadar geçirdikleri evrim içinde zaman zaman planlamış, tasarlanmışlardır. Ancak daha az gelişmiş ülke kentlerinin büyük çoğunluğu, kent plancısının, tasarımcısının çabaları dışında biçimlenmiştir (URL2).
Kent tümü ile tasarımcı masasında biçimlendirilemezse de tasarımla kentin biçimlenişine önemli katkılar yapılabilir. Kentin mikro ve makro düzeydeki biçimlenişlerine ilişkin pek çok konu tasarımla iyileştirilebilir, daha yaşanabilir, kimlikli kent çevreleri oluşturulabilir (URL2).
Değişim ve gelişim süreci içinde olan kent ve kent çevrelerinde çoğu kez tarihi çevre ve kent dokusu yok olup gitmekte ya da çok nitelikli yaşanabilir/kimlikli kent ve kent çevreleri yaratılamamaktadır. Bu süreç içinde kentlerde insan ölçeği kaybolmakta, kentlerin bellekleri zayıflamakta/ yok olmakta, kent ile insan arasındaki bağlar gittikçe kopmaktadır. İnsan ile yaşadığı kenti barışık hale getirme süreci, planlama yaklaşımları ile başlayan, kentsel tasarım uygulamaları ile de üçüncü boyutta yerini bulan bir dizi çalışmayı kapsamaktadır (URL2). Bu bağlamda bir kentin kimliğinin oluşmasında ve yaşatılmasında kentsel tasarım önemli bir rol üstlenmektedir.
Kimileri kentsel tasarımı bütüncül planlamanın karşıtı, özellikle estetik hedefler peşinde, göz boyamaya yönelik lüks bir faaliyet olarak gösterebilirler. Bu yanlış bir değerlendirmedir. Kent planlama sadece ne’nin ne kadar geleceğinin belirlendiği belgeler değil nasıl geleceğine de yol gösteren dokümanlardır. Nasıl sorusunun yanıtı ancak kentsel tasarım çerçevesinde aranabilir. Bunun yanı sıra, planlama sadece arazileri arsa yapma süreci değil, arsaların üzerine yapıların nasıl geleceğini de düzenleme sürecidir. Çünkü kent planlama kent gelişme sürecinde etkin rol almaktadır (Vardar, 1997).
Bütün bu sözü edilen süreçler kentsel tasarım ve planlama bütünlüğünün sağlanabildiği koşullarda gerçekleşebilecektir.
Bu bağlamda, başarılı ve sürdürülebilir kentler yaratmak için en iyi yol planlama ve gelişme sürecinin başlangıcından itibaren kentsel tasarım hakkında düşünmek olmalıdır. Kentsel tasarım ve kent planlama süreçlerini birbirinden bağımsız aktiviteler olarak değil, aksine birbiri ile yakın ilişkili olgular olarak tanımlamak gerekir. Kent planlama sürecini anlamaksızın kentsel tasarım kavramını ve mekanın biçimlenmesindeki rolünü anlamak güçleşir.
Bu geniş anlamda, kentsel tasarımı sadece küçük kentsel alanların görsel ve estetik değerlerinde ya da soyut bir kentsel mekanın transformasyonuna odaklanan bir disiplin dalı olarak görmemek gerekir (Gençel, 2000, s:57). Kent planlamanın biraz daha dar bakış açısıyla ilgilendiği çoğunlukla fiziksel arazi kullanımı gibi konulara kentsel tasarım daha özgür ve geniş bir bakış açısı getirmektedir. Bir örnekle açıklamak gerekirse; her yeni gelişme içindeki yerleşim kent plancıları, ulaşım plancıları belki daha çok çevresel ve ekonomik etkileriyle ilgilenmektedirler (alandaki aktiviteler konutları etkileyecek mi? Hangi hizmetler ve ne kadar iş kolu onu sağlayabilir? vb.). Kentsel tasarımcı ise yerleşmenin sınırı, yapılar arasındaki ilişkiler, alan içindeki ilgili ulaşım ve sirkülasyon dokusu, alanın algısal görünüşü gibi konularla ilgilenmektedir.
Farklı ölçekte benzer bir örnek olarak, kent içinde daha küçük bir yenileme alanı da plancıları ve aynı zamanda kentsel tasarımcıları ilgilendirir. Plancı iki boyutlu duyarlılık içinde arazi kullanımı gibi konuları irdelerken kentsel tasarımcı üç boyutlu duyarlılıkla alan hatırlanabilir ve hoş bir yer olarak nasıl yaratılabilirle ilgilenmektedir (Greed, 1998).
Görülmektedir ki, kentsel ortamlar yaratmada planlama etkinliğinin tek başına yetersiz olduğu neredeyse genel bir kanıdır (Ulusoy, 2001). Kent planlama ve kentsel tasarım gerek ölçek, gerekse kentsel konulara bakış açılarıyla birbirini tamamlamayan iki olgudur. Bu nedenle, kentsel tasarımı planlama sürecinin sonuna bırakmak belirsizlik, gereksiz çatışma kaynağı yaratır ve en iyi sonucu almak imkansızdır. İyi tasarım gelişme sürecinin tümünü içermelidir ve her yerde teşvik edilmeli, imar planlarında hedeflenen yapılaşma düzenlerinin, kentsel tasarım planlarıyla desteklenmesi ihmal edilmemelidir (URL2).

The idea of the future has always emerged as a major concept for humanity. Each and every period of the civilizations, there has been always a motivation for people to manifest their ideal futures. In the context of urbanism, the intellectual capacity of utopian thinking has influenced most of the discussions on urbanism during history. In this regard, the destructive impacts of industrial revolutions have become the triggering forces to construct the ideal image of the future city. When the first industrial revolution occurred, most of the people were not aware of the forthcoming changes that were going to affect their life significantly, as it happened in the second and the third industrial revolutions. While each industrial revolution brought unexpected outcomes, utopian thinking has generated responses to overcome those negative impacts. Today, we are on the verge of another industrial revolution. Unlike the previous ones, the fourth industrial revolution is expected to change not only the way to produce things but also to change ‘us’ (Schwab, 2016). Therefore, it is possible to claim that the forthcoming era will completely alter the current socio-economic structure. The subject is a newly emerging issue, yet the intellectual history of futurist thinking together with the contemporary future urban models and speculative projects would provide guidance to generate prospective ideas for the possible future. In this context, the main purpose of the research is to examine the existence and validity of futuristic thinking in urbanism in the context of emerging concepts of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and to revisit the reconstruction of the idea of future urbanism within the framework of utopian thought.

Cycling as a transport mode has gradually become more attractive in cities during the last 10 years. However, not all cities give due consideration to cycling issues in the planning process. In many transport systems, cycling and issues of vélomobility are still neglected. Recent research considers several aspects of cycling, however, few studies have shown why differences in for example modal split and bicycle infrastructure exist between cities. This article deals with the differences in cycling issues between Copenhagen and Stockholm and furthermore why such differences occur in these two Scandinavian capitals. The focus here is on transport planning and the dissimilarities in the structures and aspects that have affected the thinking of planners and politicians and the planning outcomes in these two cities. Questions of marginalisation of cyclists in the public space and different planning politics or politics of vélomobility are touched upon. The results are set in a theoretical frame of power relations, mobility theory and political economies. The results show that these two cities have very different planning approaches and economic, structural and cultural presumptions leading to the fact that Copenhagen prioritises cycling, whereas Stockholm focuses more on facilitating public transport and motorised modes of person transport.

Cette nouvelle autoroute qui traverse tout le nord du pays, contourne plusieurs agglomérations urbaines qui, dans leur majeure partie,puisaient leur développement économique et social des anciennes routes nationales qui les traversaient et les animaient en permanence. D’où, certains commerces ont été amenés à délocaliser leurs activités ; ce qui semble avoir eu un impact au niveau économique sur ces agglomérations.
Cette même infrastructure génère dans d’autres cas divers affairements et occupations et semble restructurer l’activité économique au niveau local, national et même international.
Je m’intéresse dans ce mémoire aux contextes et aux formes que cette nouvelle infrastructure a prise pour se connecter aux territoires déjà existants, ainsi qu’aux centres d’activités qui ont profité de cette nouvelle infrastructure et sont venues s’y greffer après, pour ensuite comprendre les décisions des différents acteurs qui ont contribués à sa réalisation.

Tasarım bitkileri, peyzaj mimarlığı uygulamalarında estetik olduğu kadar ekonomik ve işlevsel yönden farklı katkılar sunabilmektedir. Bu nedenle kentlerin gelişiminde dış mekân tasarım bitkisi üretimi yapan işletmeler ve bunların üretim potansiyelleri çok önemlidir.
Bu çalışmada, Çanakkale kentinde dış mekân tasarım bitkisi üretimi ve satışı yapan resmi kurum ve özel sektöre ait 9 işletme 2009-2012 yılları arasında incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın yöntemi işletmelerin bu süreçte her mevsim yerinde incelenerek fiziki yapıları, potansiyelleri, üretim durumları ve gelişimlerinin bilgi formları ile değerlendirilmesi esasına dayanmaktadır. İl genelinde belirlenen işletme sayısının 9 olması nedeni ile veriler sayısallaştırılmaksızın sözlü olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre, mevcut özel fidanlıkların tümü aile işletmesidir ve üretimleri düşük olup ikinci el satış yapmaktadırlar. Üretim potansiyeli açısından Tarım İl Müdürlüğü tarafından kayda alınan ve kapasite raporu verilen işletme yoktur. Kent içinde satış birimine sahip, Adalet Bakanlığı’na bağlı “Ceza Evi Süs Bitkileri Fidanlığı” mevcuttur ve son üç senedir üretimini artırarak hizmet vermektedir. Çalışma süresinde yapılan incelemelerde son bir yıl içinde özel sektöre ait işletmelerden 2’sinde fiziki şartlar, alan büyüklüğü, görsellik, bitkisel potansiyel ve satış açısından düşük oranda da olsa gelişme kaydedilmiştir. Kent ikliminin rüzgârlı olması, konumu nedeni ile diğer iller ile bağlantısının az olması, eğitimli personelin yetersizliği, aynı zamanda kentlinin ve yerel yönetimin kentsel alanlarda tasarım bitkileri kullanımını yeterince desteklememesi; tasarım bitkisi üreten işletmelerin gelişimini kısıtlayan en önemli etkenler olarak belirlenmiştir.

This paper was an exam paper in the course Infrastructure & Property undertaken during my master degree in Urban Planning & Environment at RMIT and gives a short analysis of the Sankt Annæ Project in Copenhagen.
The paper gives a brief of the project, then looks at the rationales behind it, the financing and operation methods, a short feasibility study (or Cost-Benefit Analysis) and a critical evaluation and/or its impact on the city of Copenhagen.
Grade: HD - High Distinction

The Urban Planning Council UPC in Abu Dhabi had created a long-term vision for the existing capital's evolution that incorporates many of the environmental concepts required to achieve a sustainable master plan. This paper represents a part of a research project that aims to cross three factors: 1) visibility of important buildings, open spaces, roads of the capital district, 2) buildings forms and arrangement and 3) the micro-climate, through a set of proposed guidelines, orientations for land use, transportation planning, urban forms, etc.
This paper focuses on the microclimatic analysis in the Emirati neighborhood using the ENVImet simulation tool through testing various scenarios. Findings revealed a potential to promote walkability within the proposed layout due to the presence of shade and air flow according to the street geometry and orientation. Recommendations are made for streets with high solar exposures to include shading elements such as deciduous trees to ensure seasonal variations.

International expositions began to gain popularity in late 19 th century, particularly in europe, and in time came to influence both architecture and urban planning, affecting their historical development. expositions serve as a means of displaying architecture, particularly since industrialization, and have an influence that can transform their surrounding metropolitan areas in different ways. These influenced areas extend way beyond their own scales, and even if they no longer exist today, and have the potential to transform the urban space in which they are located. This study analyses the case of the Great exhibition of 1851, in london, united Kingdom, which can be considered as the world's first international event, and which played a significant role in the transformation of the Kensington site. Although the exhibition space itself was temporary, it transformed the Kensington site on which it was located at an urban scale. This part of the london has changed following the ...

In this Urban Planning Assignment it is mentioned that with increased urbanization, it is difficult for the government to control the flow of people into the same. Apart from the above-mentioned issues related with urbanization and development of cities discussed in this Urban Planning Assignment, it does provide a compact area that supports a vast majority of the population.

Crime and Fear in Public Places consists of an important tool to advance the international urban safety agenda as it provides readers with a view on the debate over safety and public places, taking a multidisciplinary approach that takes into consideration several fields of knowledge. The cutting-edge research contained in this book incorporates different perspectives on the phenomenon of crime and fear in public places and fosters the co-production of safety, which is a basic principle contained in the Guidelines, thus contributing towards more cohesive societies and safer cities for all. Juma Assiago, Head, Safer Cities Programme, UN-HABITAT With expertise from a diverse range of disciplines, this compilation achieves a thorough investigation of how individual mobility, social and built landscapes, and policies interact and relate to crime and fear in public places. Insightful and creative, with implications to make communities safer and improve public health. Professor Douglas Wiebe, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA Numerous organizations call for resilient and safe spaces. Many people dream of enjoying vibrant places. Yet, crime and fear in public space threatens these ideals. This book offers timeous information and practical suggestions towards safe places-indeed, a valuable toolkit for everyone working towards inclusive change in public space. Professor Karina Landman, University of Pretoria, South Africa No city environment reflects the meaning of urban life better than a public place. A public place, whatever its nature-a park, a mall, a train platform or a street corner-is where people pass by, meet each other and at times become a victim of crime. With this book, we submit that crime and safety in public places are not issues that can be easily dealt with within the boundaries of a single discipline. The book aims to illustrate the complexity of patterns of crime and fear in public places with examples of studies on these topics contextualized in different cities and countries around the world. This is achieved by tackling five cross-cutting themes: the nature of the city's environment as a back-drop for crime and fear; the dynamics of individuals' daily routines and their transit safety; the safety perceptions experienced by those who are most in fear in public places; the metrics of crime and fear; and, finally, examples of current practices in promoting safety. All these original chapters contribute to our quest for safer, more inclusive, resilient, equitable and sustainable cities and human settlements aligned to the Global 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

Sustainable Land Use and Environmental Design Study, State of Airai, Palau
Fall 2009 Planning Practicum
Nassar Abujabal, Daniel Alexander, Imon Chowdhooree, Shem Lawlor, Aaron Mann, Hung Manh Nguyen, Asheshwor Man Shrestha, Dane Sjoblom, Shanah Trevenna, Faculty Participant: Luciano Minerbi

Department of Urban and Regional Planning
University of Hawai`i at Mānoa,
Honolulu, Hawai`i

This study looks at the state land use, its six land use zones, development suitability and urban growth boundary, natural disaster and climate change with implication for land use, urban design, and water and sustainability in the State of Airai, Palau.
The focus on location, size, type, quality and phase of development paid attention to land suitability for development, urban design principles & standards, population, employment projections & scenarios, sustainability principles & best management practices and Airai culture & lifestyle, standards and behaviors.  This may lead to implementation of land use & building for the state that, with the input of the Airai Planning Department staff and the Commission, would eventually translate in updated land use legislation.
The criteria for urban development suitability allowed the generation of GIS mapping indicating urban growth areas and the protection of open space for conservation, forest and farming by accounting for two scenarios of tsunami coastal inundation and sea level rise.  Mindful of traditional village pattern the design for urban expansion pay attention to neighborhood scale, and appropriate technology like living machine and solar infrastructure.  The implementation of land use is discussed in terms of economics, exploring labor force, carrying capacity, traditional land use practices and government financing and taxation.
The chairman of the Airai State Planning Commission wrote a letter of appreciation to Minerbi and the students indicating that the Commission found the report substantially useful and significant to the success of the development of Airai State Land Use Plan, cc to the governor, the planner project coordinator, PCS/EBM, and the planning consultant Markline, LLC.

The first € price and the £ and $ price are net prices, subject to local VAT. Prices indicated with * include VAT for books; the €(D) includes 7% for Germany, the €(A) includes 10% for Austria. Prices indicated with ** include VAT for electronic products; 19% for Germany, 20% for Austria. All prices exclusive of carriage charges. Prices and other details are subject to change without notice. All errors and omissions excepted.

The Dhaka Structure Plan 2016-2035 was presented on 13 Sept 2015 by RAJUK for public consultation.  It was really stunning to see the document so unprofessional and amateurish for a city called Planners nightmare.  For Dhaka, several structure plans have been launched since Patrick Geddes first presented his ideas for the development of Dhaka in 1917. Unfortunately, none of the past successive plans were implemented and we never tried to learn anything from our past failures.  DSP 2016-35 borrows heavily from the immediate past structure plan and instead of improving on it, the proposed new one has deteriorated further and has altogether discarded the DMDP’95. By not taking into account the past plans and staring anew from the scratches, in fact it loses its link with the past and the context.  It seems that RAJUK does not have the capability to make a Structure plan nor does it have the capacity to get one done from the consultants. RAJUK’s incapability to implement plans is already proven from its past failures – none of the earlier plans were executed, though prepared spending millions of Taka.  This is a review paper attempting to critically analyse the DSP 2016-2035.

Aydın Türk, Y. (2006). Bütünleşik Kent Planlama ve Tasarımına Yönelik Bir Yöntem (Published doctoral dissertation / YÖKTEZ Database). Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Trabzon. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.13845.78569

ÖZET:
Planlamanın üst ölçekli planlama sisteminden, uygulamaya yönelik tasarımlara kadar kentsel yaşam kalitesini artırmak, yaşanabilir, kimlikli kentlere sahip olmak bağlamında kentsel tasarımla bütünleşmesi önemlidir. Ülkemizde kent planlama eylemini biçimlendiren ve yasal çerçeveyi oluşturan teknik veya hukuksal belgelerde kentsel tasarım kavramı yer almamakta, planlama süreci içinde kentsel tasarımın hangi ölçekte ve nitelikte, disiplinler arası nasıl bir işbirliği içinde, hangi aşamada yapılacağı bir belgeye bağlanmamıştır. Kısaca, Türkiye’de kent planlama ve kentsel tasarım bütünlüğünün sağlanamadığı, bunu gerçekleştirecek etkin düzenlemelerin kurulamadığı görülmektedir. Bu nedenle, planlama sürecinde kentsel tasarımın etkin bir mekanizma olarak nasıl yer alması gerektiğinin sorgulanması gerekir. Bu bağlamda, ülkemizde ayrıntılı araştırmalar sonucunda gerçekleştirilen bir bütünleşik planlama-tasarım rehberine ihtiyaç vardır. Bu bağlamda, çalışmada, temelde makro düzeyde kent planlamaya kentsel tasarım boyutu kazandıracak bileşenlerin neler olduğu ve bu noktada ortaya konan ilke ve politikalar ışığında plancıya rehber olacak bir “kontrol listesi” hazırlamak amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışmada öncelikle genel olarak planlama sürecinde kentsel tasarım yeri ve önemi, planlama ve kentsel tasarım bütünlüğü ve bu doğrultuda konunun gerekliliği ve kapsamı irdelenmiştir. Daha sonraki bölümlerde kent planlama ve kentsel tasarıma ilişkin tanımlar, kavramlar, günümüzde kentsel tasarımın gerekliliği ve önemi, tasarım ilke ve politikaları, araçları, Türkiye ve örnek ülkelerde kent planlama süreci ve bu süreçte kentsel tasarım yeri tartışılmıştır. Alan çalışması bölümünde ise, çalışma alanı olarak seçilen Akçaabat kentsel yerleşmesine ilişkin genel bilgiler, araştırma modeli ve işleyişi açıklanmaktadır. Bunun yanı sıra, kentsel tasarım ilkeleri çerçevesinde çalışma alanına ilişkin makro ve mezo ölçekli değerlendirmeler ortaya konulmaya çalışılmış ve sonuçta, kent planlama-kentsel tasarım bütünlüğü bağlamında çalışma alanına ve Türkiye’ye ilişkin değerlendirmelere yer verilmiştir.

SUMMARY:
Planning, from an uppermost planning system to a design approach, should be in coherence with urban design in order to possess a livable and identified urban. In Turkey, urban design concept has not yet been included in technical and juridical records which are forming and framing the planning operation. The details associated with the scale and quality, the extent of interdisciplinary cooperation, and the stage at what urban design will be performed have not been documented precisely in the planning process. Shortly, it can be said that coherence between urban planning and urban design have not been achieved in Turkey and related effective modifications have not been arranged as well. In this regard, it has to be inquired that how urban design should be included in the planning process as an effective mechanism. Hence, in Turkey, there is a need for putting into operation a complementary planning-design guidance constructed upon carrying out comprehensive investigations. In the study, it is aimed to prepare a “control list” as a guidance which sets forth the components of urban design that may be considered to be the basis for a macro scale urban planning process. Initially, urban location and its importance, planning and urban design coherence, and relating with this the necessity and the content of the topic are roughly interpreted in the planning process. In the remaining chapters, urban planning, terms and definitions relating urban design, the necessity and importance of urban design today, the design principles and policies, design tools, along with urban planning process in Turkey and some sample countries together with urban design location is discussed. In the site investigation, general information associated with Akçaabat, which is chosen as the study site in the investigation, the research model and its operation is underlined. In addition to this, macro and mezzo scale assessments with regard to the field of study set forth in the frame of design principles. In the end, assessments relating to the field of study and Turkey within the frame of urban planning-urban design coherence are carried out.

This article presents results from the first statistically significant study of cost escalation in transportation infrastructure projects. Based on a sample of 258 transportation infrastructure projects worth US$90 billion and representing different project types, geographical regions, and historical periods, it is found with overwhelming statistical significance that the cost estimates used to decide whether such projects should be built are highly and systematically misleading. Underestimation cannot be explained by error and is best explained by strategic misrepresentation, that is, lying. The policy implications are clear: legislators, administrators, investors, media representatives, and members of the public who value honest numbers should not trust cost estimates and cost-benefit analyses produced by project promoters and their analysts.

The street constitutes the main public space in informal areas. While they usually emerge spontaneously, and in an unplanned way, their examination allows us to understand that there are spatial patterns of organization. Physical and spatial aspects that make these urban spaces become different types of urban places. Through the understanding of these patterns of organization and by street-based upgrading strategies, urban places can be formally set, making the streets not only spaces for mobility, for accessibility or for the pipelines, but also productive spaces where local economies and social and cultural activities can be promoted, and where the sense of community is enhanced. Recent approaches to the regeneration of low-income and informal settlements are evolving into strategies characterized by improving their existing conditions, minimizing relocations of their inhabitants. This on-site approach together with street-based upgrading constitutes an effective eviction alternative that facilitates the regeneration of informal areas. This paper shows how the improvements in low-income and informal settlements based on the understanding of physical organization patterns and on street-based upgrading constitute very powerful catalysts for the revitalization and regeneration process of informal areas, preserving the social organization network of communities and securing land tenure rights. This conclusion will contribute to the urban regeneration strategies for planning informal areas based on streets and public spaces, and to its transnational applicability.

Understanding the urban aesthetic of a city is an essential knowledge in the field of urban design. It not only support the urban development of the city, but it also enhances the linkage of culture and history into the urban paradigm, which would leads to a better design for the current and future urban development. On the other hand, urban aesthetics is the major element influencing the cities interpretation, in which the city can find its branding values. This research explores and investigates the urban and culture environment of two cities (Rome & Tokyo), aiming to reflect an adequate reading for the aesthetic principles of each city.

The industrialization of New York and its rise to economic dominance brought about a major restructuring of street life and unleashed an array of contradictory everyday urban cultures. In a still under-regulated environment, the commoning of public space became a key sociospatial capital that helped the working classes resolve their reproduction in a way the elite found disturbing and far removed from the civic order they were trying to instil. This article draws on recent theorizations of the commons/enclosure dialectic to develop a comparative analysis of the cultures of public space use vis-a-vis the practices prescribed by Central Park in its attempt to reform everyday spatialities. The park is understood here as an early episode in the project of imposing new social relations through the enclosure of public conduct—a first effort to tame the urban commons and prevent the subaltern appropriation of public space. Following a preliminary discussion of the economic and social determinants and configuration of the material cultures of public space use in Manhattan, the article studies the park’s strategies as a special type of enclosure, consisting not of the usurping of common land for private profit but of the mobilization of public space to shift behaviors from one regime of publicity to another.
Key words: Central Park, urban commons, urban enclosure, public behavior, regimes of publicity, public space use.

This thesis investigates the capacity of existing large scale utility infrastructure to be transformed through intervention at the local scale, based on community initiatives. Thus, it aims to assess the potential impact of these initiatives to qualify the local space. The thesis presents a method for reading community-driven initiatives, documenting a field work in São Paulo. With the goal of unlocking local social knowledge and tactical action, the work unveils the learning potential embedded in their action for the planning discipline.

Notre recherche a eu pour objet d’étude l’analyse d’une opération de relogement concernant les habitants du bidonville de Ben M’Sik à Casablanca. L’analyse de cette mutation résidentielle s’inscrit dans une problématique générale de “délocalisation” qui observe et interroge les pratiques et le sens des diverses ruptures et réaménagements socio-spatiaux et transformations à l’échelle micro sociale. Elle articule trois ordres de réalité : territorialité, lien social et ethos. Nous avons porté sur cette opération de relogement un regard de type ethnologique qui privilégie la vision emique du changement - à l’échelle d’une unité résidentielle – afin d’en relever la logique et la dynamique propres; et les confronter aux reformations exogènes inhérentes à l’intervention institutionnelle et à ses idéalités socio-politiques, architecturales et urbanistiques.

Megaproject Planning and Management: Essential Readings contains the seminal articles from the growing body of research on megaproject planning and management along with an original introduction by the editor, Bent Flyvbjerg. The leading and most cited authority in the field, Flyvbjerg has used crowdsourcing and 25 years of experience to cherry-pick from several hundred articles and books the writings that define the field. This volume will be an indispensable source for those wishing to speak with authority about how megaprojects are prepared, delivered, and fought over. The target audience is students, academics, practitioners, and media pundits alike, as well as communities affected by megaprojects.

Back cover text: Megaprojects and Risk provides the first detailed examination of the phenomenon of megaprojects. It is a fascinating account of how the promoters of multi-billion dollar megaprojects systematically and self-servingly misinform parliaments, the public and the media in order to get projects approved and built. It shows, in unusual depth, how the formula for approval is an unhealthy cocktail of underestimated costs, overestimated revenues, undervalued environmental impacts and overvalued economic development effects. This results in projects that are extremely risky, but where the risk is concealed from MPs, taxpayers and investors. The authors not only explore the problems but also suggest practical solutions drawing on theory, experience and hard, scientific evidence from the several hundred projects in twenty nations and five continents that illustrate the book. Accessibly written, it will be the standard reference for students, scholars, planners, economists, auditors, politicians and interested citizens for many years to come.

The article first describes characteristics of major infrastructure projects. Second, it documents a much neglected topic in economics: that ex ante estimates of costs and benefits are often very different from actual ex post costs and benefits. For large infrastructure projects the consequences are cost overruns, benefit shortfalls, and the systematic underestimation of risks. Third, implications for cost–benefit analysis are described, including that such analysis is not to be trusted for major infrastructure projects. Fourth, the article uncovers the causes of this state of affairs in terms of perverse incentives that encourage promoters to underestimate costs and overestimate benefits in the business cases for their projects. But the projects that are made to look best on paper are the projects that amass the highest cost overruns and benefit shortfalls in reality. The article depicts this situation as ‘survival of the unfittest’. Fifth, the article sets out to explain how the problem may be solved, with a view to arriving at more efficient and more democratic projects, and avoiding the scandals that often accompany major infrastructure investments. Finally, the article identifies current trends in major infrastructure development. It is argued that a rapid increase in stimulus spending, combined with more investments in emerging economies, combined with more spending on information technology is catapulting infrastructure investment from the frying pan into the fire.

1909, im Jahr der Verabschiedung des wegweisenden Housing, Town
Planning, etc. Act, veröffentlichte der Architekt und Stadtplaner Raymond Unwin keineswegs zufällig sein Handbuch "Town Planning in Practice. An Introduction to the Art of Designing Cities and Suburbs". Als Schlüsselwerk der Städtebauliteratur etablierte es den Städtebau als künstlerische Disziplin und die Stadtplanung als soziale Verpflichtung in Großbritannien. Die darin formulierten grundsätzlichen, auf verschiedenartige Verhältnisse übertragbaren Aussagen zu städtebaulichen Fragen sind zusammen mit dem sorgfältig abgestimmten, instruktiven Abbildungsmaterial klar als Anleitung für den Städtebaupraktiker bestimmt. In mehrere Sprachen übersetzt, vielfach neu aufgelegt und unzählige Male zitiert, hat das Buch seine Wirkung weit über die Landesgrenzen und seine Zeit hinaus entfaltet.