Transesterification

The research presents experimental study and investigation on the production of biodiesel from African sweet orange seeds oil. The seeds were obtained, sundried, crushed and weighed. Chemical extraction method was used to extract oil from the crushed seeds using soxhlet extractor with n-hexane as a solvent. The physicochemical properties of the oil determined were; flash 1510C, fire point 1730C, acid value 82%, product percentage yield 40% and specific gravity 0.920 at 150C. The production of Biodiesel was carried out through transesterification process from the extracted oil using methanol as catalyst. The results of the physicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel are; Cloud point 60C, Pour point 20C, Flash point 1400C, Density 0.86g/cm and Kinematic viscosity 1.938 mm2/s. The effect of methanol on the yielding of biodiesel at constant ratios of oil and catalyst was determined to be 68% at 10ml, 77% at 9ml and 72% at 7ml. The results obtained are in conformity when compare...

In this research work, a mathematical model was simulated for Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) as an extension of the work of Abowei et al., (2013) exploiting the transesterification kinetic of Olatunji et. al., (2012) at an isothermal condition. The Kinetic model of Olatunji et. al., (2012) was obtained through laboratory experiment on which ester was produced using alcohol to oil molar ratios of 6:1, 9:1 and 12:1 at isothermal reaction temperature of 50 o C. The simulated model equations was able show reactor dimensions as a function of Olatunji et. al., (2012) kinetic parameters. The model equations were further analyzed with MATLAB programming technique, and results obtained for reactor dimensions can be used to predict the volume to be produced at different time intervals and reaction rate which demonstrated high dependency functionality of Olatunji et. al., (2012) proposed kinetic model parameters.

Biodiesel which is a biodegradable, nontoxic and ecofriendly fuel was produced from Tropical Almondseed oil. The almond oil was extracted using n-hexane and then transesterified using CaO catalystderived from snail shell into biodiesel. The catalyst was calcined and characterized using ThermalGravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Fourier Transform-InfraRed (FT-IR) methods. The Physicochemicaland fuel properties of the biodiesel were determined and compared to ASTM approved ranges. TheFatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) present in Tropical Almond biodiesel after characterization analysisper area percent include; Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (55.95 %), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid,methyl ester (5.88 %), 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester (9.23 %), Cyclopropane, (2-methylenebutyl)(0.07 %) and Methyl stearate (4.58 %). The optimum yield of biodiesel (73.60 %) was obtained at atemperature of 60 °C and time of 120 minutes. The experimental results showed the percentage yield ofAlmond Seed Oil to...

In this study, potassium hydroxide catalyst supported on palm shell activated carbon was developed for transesterification of palm oil. The Central Composite Design (CCD) of the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to investigate the effects of reaction temperature, catalyst loading and methanol to oil molar ratio on the production of biodiesel using activated carbon supported catalyst. The highest yield was obtained at 64.1 °C reaction temperature, 30.3 wt.% catalyst loading and 24:1 methanol to oil molar ratio. The physical and chemical properties of the produced biodiesel met the standard specifications. This study proves that activated carbon supported potassium hydroxide is an effective catalyst for transesterification of palm oil. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378382010001475

The depletion of fossil fuel forces the world to look for alternative ways for energy production. The most common way is the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil. This paper presents a detailed cost analysis for a biodiesel plant with capacity 100,000 ton/year. The cost analysis basis depends on the optimum conditions obtained from the experimental work that achieves biodiesel conversion of ≈ 99%. The study concludes that the project will achieve a good income that around four million US $ every year and the total net income during the life cycle of project is 72.5 million US $. The production cost of one liter biodiesel from used cooking oil is 0.515 $ while the global price of petro-diesel is 0.678 $/ liter and global biodiesel current price is 1 $/liter.

Green production of glycerol 1,2-carbonate with an environmentally friendly catalyst was proposed. Screening and optimisation of the catalysts were comprehensively performed. The basic ionic liquid (emim[Ac]) showed best catalytic activity and recyclability. Detail understanding on the glycerol-catalysts and glycerol 1,2-carbonate-catalysts interactions has been well explored. a b s t r a c t The rapid growth of biodiesel industry has led to a large surplus of its major unintentional byproduct particularly glycerol. Thus, finding a new application is necessary to convert glycerol to value added products. In this study, glycerol has been subjected to a transesterification reaction to synthesis glycerol carbonate (GC) over several selected ammonium and imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) as catalysts. It is believed that the variation of catalytic performance between ILs was due to the anion strength of ILs. The glycerol conversion, yield and selectivity of GC were followed the anion order of [Ac] > [Dca] > [Fmt] > [DMP] > [NO 3 ] > [Cl] > [BF 4 ]. Effects of reaction temperature, time, diethyl carbonate (DEC)/glyc-erol molar ratio and catalyst loading on glycerol conversion and GC yield have been analysed. The IL, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (emim[Ac]) shows best performance under solvent-free with conversion of glycerol and GC yield reached highest at 93.50% and 88.70%, respectively under reaction temperature of 120 °C reaction time of 2 h, DEC/glycerol molar ratio of 2 and catalyst loading of 0.5 mol%. Also, this emim[Ac] can be reused as catalyst at least three times without any significant reduction in conversion, yield and selectivity. Reaction mechanism of the transesterification reaction catalysed by emim[Ac] has been proposed in this study.

Biodiesel produced by transesterification process from vegetable oils or animal fats is viewed as a promising renewable energy source. Now a day's diminishing of petroleum reserves in the ground and increasing environmental pollution prevention and regulations have made searching for renewable oxygenated energy sources from biomasses. Biodiesel is non-toxic, renewable, biodegradable, environmentally benign, energy efficient and diesel substituent fuel used in diesel engine which contributes minimal amount of global warming gases such as CO, CO2, SO2, NOX, unburned hydrocarbons, and particulate matters. The chemical composition of the biodiesel was examined by help of GC-MS and five fatty acid methyl esters such as methyl palmitate, methyl stearate, methyl oleate, methyl linoleate and methyl linoleneate were identified. The variables that affect the amount of biodiesel such as methanol/oil molar ratio, mass weight of catalyst and temperature were studied. In addition to this the physicochemical properties of the biodiesel such as (density, kinematic viscosity, iodine value high heating value, flash point, acidic value, saponification value, carbon residue, peroxide value and ester content) were determined and its corresponding values were 87 Kg/m 3 , 5.63 Mm 2 /s, 39.56 g I/100g oil, 42.22 MJ/Kg, 132 o C, 0.12 mgKOH/g, 209.72 mgKOH/g, 0.04%wt, 12.63 meq/kg, and 92.67 wt% respectively. The results of the present study showed that all physicochemical properties lie within the ASTM and EN biodiesel standards. Therefore, mango seed oil methyl ester could be used as an alternative to diesel engine.

In this work, ethylic biodiesel was produced through changes in TDSP methodology (Transesterification Double Step Process), settling the optimal transesterification conditions – time, temperature and alcohol:oil:catalyst molar ratio – for both reaction steps, aiming the obtaining of biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO) and ethanol. The ethylic biodiesel had its physicochemical properties evaluated according to standards established by the National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP), with a primary focus on cold flow properties and oxidation stability. These properties were also evaluated in mixtures with different types of biodiesel and blends with petrochemical diesel. Biodiesel was also used as feedstock in epoxidation reactions carried out in a solvent-free media. Hydrogen Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Infrared Spectroscopy were used in order to characterize chemically and structurally the starting material (WCO), the ethylic biodiesel and the epoxidized ethyl esters. The spectroscopic analysis of the products indicated high conversion and yields of ethyl esters from WCO. The ethylic TDSP process presented easy and clear phase separation and high purity biodiesel. The physicochemical analyses according to the ANP specifications testified the effectiveness of the reaction as well as the post-synthesis purification process. The evaluation of oxidative stability and cold flow properties indicated that the use of partially hydrogenated esters may contribute to improve biodiesel resistance against oxidative processes and environments, without major losses occurring to the flow properties at low temperatures. Evaluation of blends of petrochemical diesel with biodiesel evidences the need for development of a methodology able to determine with effectiveness, accuracy and reliability the oxidation stability of all types of fuels applied in Diesel engines. The study of epoxidation of ethylic biodiesel indicates the possibility of applying the proposed method to replace the currently used, because the epoxidized ethyl esters meet the conditions of conversion and selectivity necessary. The proposed methodology eliminates the use of organic solvents, providing a time saving for the reaction and subsequent purification steps, being also less aggressive to the environment.

Biodiesel which is a biodegradable, nontoxic and ecofriendly fuel was produced from Tropical Almondseed oil. The almond oil was extracted using n-hexane and then transesterified using CaO catalystderived from snail shell into biodiesel. The catalyst was calcined and characterized using ThermalGravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Fourier Transform-InfraRed (FT-IR) methods. The Physicochemicaland fuel properties of the biodiesel were determined and compared to ASTM approved ranges. TheFatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) present in Tropical Almond biodiesel after characterization analysisper area percent include; Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (55.95 %), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid,methyl ester (5.88 %), 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester (9.23 %), Cyclopropane, (2-methylenebutyl)(0.07 %) and Methyl stearate (4.58 %). The optimum yield of biodiesel (73.60 %) was obtained at atemperature of 60 °C and time of 120 minutes. The experimental results showed the percentage yield ofAlmond Seed Oil to be 56.8 % and that of the biodiesel produced to be 65.71 %. Critical Fuel Propertiesof Almond Seed Oil investigated such as density (0.89 g/cm3), pour point (0.6 °C), cloud point (6.1°C), flash point (148 °C) and specific gravity (0.90) are in conformity with ASTM D6751 standards.This makes Tropical Almond Seed Oil a good feedstock for biodiesel production with little modificationsin its properties.

Biodiesel as a renewable and biodegradable fuel has great potential to mitigate the problem of soaring fuel price demand. Biodiesel has excellent properties comparable to diesel hence can substitute diesel in compression ignition engines without any modification of engine geometry. Edible vegetable oil when used as feedstock increases retail price of biodiesel. Waste animal fats (WAFs)have gained popularity recently as cost effective feedstock for biodiesel production. This paper discusses the merits of WAFs as a diesel fuel substitute particularly from waste beef tallow. This article is a detailed review of the various production methods with emphasis on transesterification processes. The factors that affect transesterification such as temperature, time and molar ratio have been included. The study reveals that waste beef fat would be a suitable replacement of vegetable oils due to low cost, its role in protecting the environment, and beef tallow esters are close to ASTM D 6751 biodiesel standards. Research work needs to be carried out on heterogeneous catalysts and low-cost lipase catalysts to improve productivity.

Over the past years with the growing demand for fuel and the reduction of fossil sources and as a result the increase in fuel cost and on the other hand the issue of global hygiene and health has attracted the nations' attention to renewable and clean energies. Biodiesel can be produced from different sources such as vegetable oils, animal fats and oil wastes using four methods, including direct and mixing application, pyrolysis, microemulsion and transesterification among which transesterification is known as the most common method. In transesterification method, the quality of biodiesel product is influenced by oil quality, the amount of free fatty acids and water in the feed, type and amount of catalyst, type and amount of alcohol, the reaction temperature, the reaction time and the stirrer speed which has been studied in this research in detail. In this research, reactors, the effects of biodiesel production on the environment, the dissemination of the pollutants in the air and the human health, biodiesel standards, some of the available programs and the required necessities in biodiesel production, including using the waste sources like feedstocks and cheap catalysts and the attention to Microalgae potential in biodiesel production have also been studied.

Grass is an excellent energy crop; it may be classified as a high yielding, low energy input, perennial crop. Over 90% of Irish agricultural land is under grass; thus farmers are familiar with, and comfortable with, this crop as opposed to a “new energy crop” such as Miscanthus. Of issue therefore is not the crop, but the methodology of generating energy from the crop. Numerous farmers across Europe (in particular Germany and Austria) use grass silage as a feed-stock for biogas production; in a number of cases the produced biogas is scrubbed to biomethane and used as a transport fuel or injected into the natural gas grid. Many Irish farmers are considering converting from conventional farming such as beef production to grass biomethane production. Numerous technologies and combinations of such technologies are available; from one-stage batch dry systems to two-stage wet continuous systems; from one-stage continuous wet systems to two-stage systems incorporating a batch dry reactor coupled with a second stage high rate reactor. This paper reviews work carried out both in the scientific literature and in practice at commercial scale.

The major challenges facing the commercialization of biodiesel are: readily available and profitable feedstock and cost-effective production process. Although conventional oilseed feedstocks provided biodiesel yields of more than 98%, sufficient land for cultivating such feedstocks is a major challenge. Moreover, the use of refined feedstocks is uneconomical because of refining costs and priority as food. Algae (including macro- and microalgae) are the focus of many current research interests because they have the potential to provide sufficient fuel for global consumption. Beside their high lipid contents and fast growth rate, microalgae have the potential to mitigate the competition for land-use and food-for-fuel conflicts. They are also able to reduce the greenhouse effects via CO2 sequestration. Critical survey of the literature suggests that microalgal oil has the potential to produce higher biodiesel yields with about 25% reduction in production costs. However, the oil from microalgae contains high free fatty acids which require pretreatment if conventional homogeneous catalysts are employed. Heterogeneous base catalysts are also not suitable due to soap formation and post-production processes, hence the need for solid acid catalysts. Therefore, this article provides a review on solid-acid catalysts used in processing microalgal oil for biodiesel production. Also discussed in details are the challenges and prospects of the production process. With more advances in technology and long-term commitment to investments, heterogeneous acid-catalyzed microalgal-biodiesel can become the ideal process for the future. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213343713000183

Sri Lankan energy policy depends on hydropower, coal power, and fossil fuel, contributing to the transportation sector. Implementing renewable energy is a time-required necessity to minimize the dependency on imported fossil fuels. Biodiesel produced by waste cooking oil seems a promising technique as it minimizes waste handling costs as well. However, in Sri Lanka, waste cooking oil is reselling for the food industry after purification, making several health issues to the general public. There are no proper policies to avoid waste cooking oil reselling. Therefore, immediate policy implementation is necessary to minimize health issues and implement biodiesel production based on waste cooking oil. That will introduce waste cooking oil collecting bins to restaurant chains and hotels to utilize waste cooking oil for biodiesel production.

n context of climatic changes and soaring prices per barrel of petroleum, renewable carbon neutral, transport fuels are needed to displace petroleum derived transport fuel, which contribute to global warming and are of limited availability.Biodiesel derived from oil crop is a potential renewable and carbon neutral alternative to petroleum fuel. Unfortunately, biodiesel from oil crop, waste cooking oil and animal fat cannot realistically satisfy even a small fraction of the existing demand for transport fuel.  As demonstrated here, biodiesel from microalgae seem to be the most promising renewable biofuel that has the potential to completely displace petroleum-derived transport fuel without adversely affecting supply of food andother crops products.  Like plants, microalgae use sunlight to produce oil but they do so more efficiently than crop plants.  Oilproductivity of many microalgae greatly exceeds the oil productivity of the best producing oil crops.  The present review covers the approach for making algal biodiesel more economically and competitive with petrodiesel.

Biodiesel derived from non edible sources is a potential eco-friendly substitute to petroleum fuel. Acid-catalysed esterification was applied to reduce free fatty acid (FFA) content of oil to zero followed by base-catalyzed transesterification to convert esterified product to its mono-esters and glycerol. The major factors affecting the conversion efficiency of these two processes such as amounts of solvent and catalyst, reaction temperature, and reaction time were optimized. The physical properties and heating value of Mahogany Seed Oil (MSO) and MSO diesel are evaluated and compared with that of commercial diesel. FTIR and 1H NMR spectrum of MSO and MSO biodiesel confirmed the conversion of MSO to biodiesel. The oxidation stability of MSO biodiesel oil was also studied. The study affirms the production of biodiesel from MSO as a renewable alternative to the diesel fuel.

Continuous rise in the conventional fuel prices and shortage of its supply have increased the interest in the field of the alternative sources for petroleum fuels. Biodiesel is one such alternative source which provides advantage of pollution control. In the present work, experimentation is carried out to study the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of Jatropha biodiesel and diesel. In this experiment a multi cylinder, four stroke, naturally aspired, direct injection, water cooled, eddy current dynamometer, TATA Indica V2 diesel engine is used at very low load condition. Crude oil is converted into biodiesel and characterization have been done. The experiment is conducted at low load condition. The engine performance parameters studied were brake power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency. The emission characteristics studied are CO, HC, UBHC, mean gas temperature, exhaust gas temperature and smoke opacity. The combustion characteristics studied are cylinder pressure, mass fraction burned, net heat release rate, cumulative heat release rate and rate of pressure rise. These results are compared to those of pure diesel. These results are again compared to the corresponding results of the diesel. From the graph it has been observed that, there is a reduction in performance, combustion characteristics and emission characteristics compare to the diesel. This is mainly due to lower calorific value, higher viscosity, lower mean gas temperature and delayed combustion process. The present experimental results show that Jatropha biodiesel can be used as an alternative fuel in diesel engine.

Kebutuhan akan minyak bumi sebagai sumber energi utama di berbagai negara semakin meningkat. Sebagian besar energi tersebut dihasilkan dari fosil yang tidak dapat diperbaharui dan seiring berjalannya waktu akan semakin terbatas. Minyak goreng bekas atau minyak jelantah merupakan salah satu bahan baku yang sangat menjanjikan sebagai pengganti bahan bakar disel, karena minyak ini masih mengandung trigliserida. Namun, minyak goreng bekas memiliki kadar FFA yang tinggi sehingga akan mengurangi produk akhir dan kesulitan dalam pemurnian produk. Maka dari itu diperlukan pretreatment dengan proses esterifikasi. 
Proses esterifikasi dilakukan dengan mencampurkan minyak goreng bekas sebanyak 150 ml dan metanol dengan perbandingan molar 1 : 3, 1 : 6, dan 1 : 9. Penambahan katalis H2SO4 dengan kadar 0,4, 0,6, 0,8 dan 1% dari volume minyak. Campuran dipanaskan pada suhu 40 oC, 50 oC dan 60 oC. Selanjutnya dilakukan pengadukan dengan kecepatan putaran 450 rpm dengan waktu 120 menit. Hasil esterifikasi didiamkan selama 24 jam kemudian dipisahkan dan dicuci dengan air hangat. Setelah didapatkan hasil optimal dilakukan percobaan kembali dengan waktu 180 menit.
Hasil penelitian paling optimum didapatkan pada perbandingan molar 1 : 9, kadar katalis 0,6% dan suhu operasi 60oC. Hasil menunjukan penurunan kadar FFA dari 7,2189% menjadi 0,2949%.

Methyl esters are produced by transesterification of waste cooking palm oil with methanol in the presence of a catalyst, potassium hydroxide (KOH). These reactions were carried out in 4:1 (molar ratio of methanol and oil) with 0.45 weight % of the catalyst used. The rate of reaction was enhanced with increasing temperature of 50, 55 and 60 up to 65°C, and for every temperature, three samples were taken with 10 min intervals. The concentrations of methyl esters in the collected samples were determined by gas chromatography method. The kinetic mechanism of second order system was plotted in graph between 1/[G] versus t and log K versus 1/T. This graph shows activation energy for both forward, reverse reactions and correlation constant for each point. The optimum values of the rate constants are 0.018 to 0.168 weight % per min for transesterification of biodiesel from various temperatures and the activation energies included 2.53, 1.93 and 1.29 Kcal/mol for final concentration of trigl...

Biodiesel is an alternative to conventional petro diesel; it is a mono alkyl ester of either vegetable oil or animal fat. In the case of vegetable sources, biodiesel has been produced from numerous oil seeds such as canola oil, palm, and castor oil. In this work biodiesel was produced from moringa oleifera oil seed. The moringa oleifera oil was extracted in the laboratory scale using Soxhlet extractor which is connected to a reflux condenser and a heating mantle at 60℃. After acid pretreatment the oil was transesterified using methanol with sodium hydroxide as catalyst. The methanol to oil molar ratio of 6:1 for transesterification reaction was ensured. The biodiesel synthesized was characterized. The flash point, cloud point, pour point, kinematic viscosity and the acid number of the biodiesel were 135℃, 18℃ and 17℃, 4.85 mm 2 s-1 and 0.26 mg KOH/g respectively. Comparisons were drawn in line with ASTM D6751 literature standards. Discussions is proffered on the viability of the moringa oleifera oilseed as a feed stock for biodiesel production relative to other oilseeds that are commonly utilized.

Anxieties increased for using fossil fuels and attention of nations to replacing clean fuels such as biodiesel to that due to decreasing of fuel sources and increasing of energy demand and on the other side whether pollution and environmental problems. Using renewable waste resources in producing biodiesel has been considered by researches due to the less environmental pollution and reducing its production cost. Animal bones, mollusk shells and egg shells are among resources of renewable animal waste that have been researched to produce biodiesel as catalyst. This study is a review of researches that carried out. Studies show that catalysts that produced from renewable animal waste can be applied to produce biodiesel because of availability, abundant resources, renewability, efficient catalyst activity, low cost and possibility to reusing of mentioned catalyst.