Terminology Translation

El  principal objetivo del presente trabajo será proporcionar al traductor una herramienta que le ayude a cubrir sus necesidades terminológicas cuando tenga que hacer frente a una traducción técnica, en particular, de fichas técnicas de impresoras 3D. Para ello, pretendemos crear un glosario (inglés-español), basado en un corpus virtual diseñado para tal fin, que contenga la fraseología y, más concretamente, las colocaciones y locuciones nominales presentes en las fichas técnicas de impresoras 3D. Así, en primer lugar, ilustraremos una metodología de creación de corpus bilingüe y virtual de fichas técnicas de impresoras 3D, al que denominaremos 3DCOR, para el que aseguraremos su representatividad tanto cualitativa como cuantitativa; seguidamente mostraremos el proceso de etiquetado de 3DCOR gracias al programa TagAnt. A través del etiquetado, podremos analizar en profundidad los diferentes tipos de colocaciones y de locuciones y su frecuencia en este género y temática. Finalmente, y con ayuda del programa AntConc, se identificarán los equivalentes inglés-español de las colocaciones y locuciones más frecuentes en el corpus 3DCOR.

The main objective of this paper will be to provide the translator with a tool that will help him/her to cover his/her terminology needs when dealing with a technical translation, in particular, 3D printer datasheets. To this end, we intend to create a glossary (English-Spanish), based on a virtual corpus designed for this purpose, which will contain the phraseology and, more specifically, nominal collocations and locutions present in the 3D printer datasheets. Thus, firstly, we will illustrate a methodology to create a virtual and bilingual corpus based on 3D printer datasheets. This corpus will receive the name of 3DCOR and will be representative in terms of quality and quantity. After, we will present the process of tagging a corpus using the software TagAnt. To conclude, we will analyse the different collocations and locutions and their frequency used in this textual genre and subject. Finally, with the AntConc Program, we will identify the equivalents in English and Spanish of the most frequent collocations in the 3DCOR corpus.

English relies heavily on suffixation in deriving new words. The suffix -ism is used to form nouns in both general and specialised languages. In linguistics terminology, -ism is used to denote a range of technical concepts. The technical use of -ism and differences in term formation between Arabic and English have some implications for the translation of linguistic terms into Arabic. The aim of this study is to identify the technical senses of -ism in linguistics terminology in English and the translation techniques used by Arab lexicographers in rendering those senses into Arabic. The study findings show that (a) -ism has ten technical senses in linguistics terminology, (b) Arabic has the potential for translating the ten senses either lexically or morphologically, (c) different Arab lexicographers use different translation techniques, most of which produce denotatively acceptable equivalents, but only some techniques produce morphologically concise equivalents, and (d) formal cons...

This article emphasizes that in the education of young Cameroonians, there is need to conceive cultural rootedness through language from a non-essentialist perspective.A clear decision on the choice of national languages to be taught should be made in order to enable every Cameroonian citizen to learn at least one national language in an optimal way. The national language in question could be an ethnic language which should be taught in an interlinguistic and intercultural perspective.
This would contribute to rootedness not only in an ethnic culture but in a national culture which is characterised by diversity.

Keywords : national language, national culture, non-essentialist, plurality.

Quindi la nostra ricerca,tenendo ben presente la matrice giudaica del fenomeno cristiano, vuole indagare su come la Chiesa abbia influenzato e partecipato allo sviluppo di una serie di termini per descrivere l’omosessualità e su come questi lessemi siano il riflesso del pensiero storico e teologico veicolato dalla dottrina cristiana.

The study of new lexical forms constitutes particular challenge when it concerns a language, which has been inadequately documented during its history. This work is aimed to show how, in presence of a scarce written corpus, it is possible to identify neologisms that merged in Southern Quechua as a result of the cross-cultural contact between Quechua and Spanish speakers. It explains how formal neologisms (new forms created solely by the means of indigenous inventory) can be distinguished from mere semantic changes in the traditional lexicon and how it is possible to define whether a neologism was created by a native speaker as a part of authentic cultural response or was coined in order to fulfill translation needs. My general purpose is to demonstrate how neologisms can be studied from the perspective of contact linguistics, and how theoretical considerations on neology that developed within terminology studies can aid in this task.

Монгол улсад 1924 оноос Улсын нэр томьѐоны комисс (УНТКМ) хэмээх байгууллагыг байгуулж, улмаар олон салбарын нэр томьѐог тогтолцоотой тогтоож ирсэн. Нэр томьѐог тогтооходоо монгол хэлний шинэ үг бүтээх зүй тогтол болон бусад нэр томьѐо бүтээх бүх боломжийг ашигласанаараа үгийн санг баяжуулсан байдаг. Энэхүү нэг сэдэвт бүтээлээр Монгол хэлний үг бүтээх үндсэн арга болох дагаврын болон үг нийлэх арга нь нэр томьѐо бүтээхэд ямар утга, давтамжтай, аль салбарын нэр томьѐо бүтээхэд оролцож буйг Text Stat программаар тооцоолон гаргасан. Тооцоолохдоо 116461 орчим нэр томьѐог багтаасан "Орос монгол нэр томьѐоны толь" гурван ботийн сан болон холбогдох салбарын нэр томьѐоны толиуд, УНТКМ зэргийг ашиглалаа. Удиртгал хэсэгт УНТКМ-оос гарсан Улсын нэр томьѐоны комиссын мэдээ, цуврал бичиг, "Орос монгол нэр томьѐоны толь" 3 боть болон өдгөө хүртэл гарсан салбарын нэр томьѐоын толь бичгүүдийг нэгтгэн оруулсан юм. Нэгдүгээр бүлэгт, нэр томьѐо бүтээхэд идэвхтэй хэрэглэгдэх дагаврыг бодит болон хийсвэр утгатай нэр томьѐо бүтээх дагавар гээд түүн хам олны утгатай, адил төсийн утгатай хэмээн ангилан,-ш зэрэг дагаврыг давтамжийн тоогоор дэслүүлэн оруулж, утга үүргийг тодруулан бичив. Жишээ нь:-нцар 4 дагавар нь үгийн сангийн нэрлэлт үүсгэхдээ идэвхтэй биш байдаг бол нэр томьѐо бүтээхдээ жижигрүүлсэн, адил төстэй утгатай нэр томьѐо бүтээж амьтан, ургамал, барилгын салбарт хэрэглэгдэхдээ 1118 удаа давтагдана. Хоѐрдугаар бүлэгт, Монгол хэлний нэр томьѐоны хоѐр буюу түүнээс дээш үгээс бүтсэн нийлэг бүтцийг "нийлэмж нэр томьѐо" гэж нэрлээд түүнийгээ тогтвортой нийлэмж, тогтворгүй нийлэмж хэмээн ангилан үзэв. Тогтвортой нийлэмж нэр томьѐоны бүлэгт үгийн сангийн утгаа тогтвортой хадгалж нэгэн нэрлэлт болсон нийлмэл нэр томьѐо, хоршоо нэр томьѐо, хэлц нэр томьѐо, өгүүлбэр нийлмэл нэр томьѐог багтаан оруулж утга, бүтэц хэрэглээг нь гаргасан. Хэлц нэр томьѐонд булуу цагаан, салбарс (1)-сазан, эргүү цагаан (1)-сурок молодняк (1-ый месяц) гэх зэргийг оруулсан бөгөөд утгын талаар салшгүй нэгдэж огт өөр утга илтгэх болсон нэр томьѐо юм. Тогтворгүй нийлэмж нэр томьѐо хэмээх дэд бүлэгт бүрэлдүүлэгчдийг чөлөөтэй сэлгэж болох нийлцүүдийг оруулсан бөгөөд холбоо харьцаагаар нэг холбоотой, олон холбоотой, хураангуй ба дэлгэрэнгүй хэмээн хэлзүйн холбоо харьцаа, бүтцээр нь ангилан үзэв. Монгол хэлний судлалд урьд төдийлөн дурдаж байгаагүй, үгийн бүтцийн өвөрмөц хэв шинж болох нийлмэл болон хоршоо үгэнд дагавар залган нэр томьѐо бүтээж байгаа Эх орон+ч, эдийн засаг+ч, сээр нуруу +гүй+тэн-г судлан тогтоов Энэхүү бүтээл нь монгол хэлний үгийн санг дагавраар болон нийлэмж үгээр бүтсэн нэр томьѐо хэрхэн баяжуулж байгааг тэдгээрийн бодит баримтад тулгуурлан судлахын сацуу хэл шинжлэлийн үүднээс буруу үүссэн бүтцийг засаж залруулах санал дэвшүүлсэнээрээ шинэлэг юм.

У монографії подано, обґрунтовано та розвинено комплексний пiдxiд до вживання і творення українських тeрмiнiв, заснований на використанні методів природничих наук і мовознавчих аспектів дослідження. Такий підхід створює передумови для того, щоб розглядати термінологію не лише як розділ лексики, сукупність термінів і вчення про них, а насамперед як науку про утворення, розвиток і функціонування термінів. За допомогою послідовного застосування статистичного та аналітичного методів досліджено теоретичні й практичні термінографічні проблеми, розкрито правописні аспекти відтворення запозичених та іншомовних слів. На основі методу акустичних інваріантів досліджено акустичні характеристики звуків української (а також англійської) мови та знайдено їх інваріантні акустичні параметри. У монографії відображено результати автора, одержані в процесі його наукової та викладацької роботи в Державній академії керівних кадрів освіти, Міжрегіональному інституті вдосконалення вчителів, Київському національному лінгвістичному університеті, Київському національному університеті імені Тараса Шевченка, Техаському університеті в Арлінгтоні (США), Єнському університеті імені Фрідріха Шіллера (Німеччина), Гіссенському університеті імені Юстуса Лібіга (Німеччина), Лейпцізькому університеті (Німеччина), Дрезденському технічному університеті (Німеччина), Університеті Країни басків (Іспанія), Українському мовно-інформаційному фонді Національної академії наук України.

Для науковців, викладачів, аспірантів і студентів філологічних факультетів вищих навчальних закладів, а також для лексикографів, фонетистів, перекладачів і фахівців у галузі прикладної лінгвістики, української термінології і термінографії.

CONTENTS
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 8
INTRODUCTION 9
PART 1
THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF TERMINOLOGY 18
1.1. Term and terminology: underlying statements 18
1.2. Successful term criteria 30
1.3. General tendencies of development of terminological systems 30
1.4. Main lexical semantic relations in term vocabulary (polysemy, homonymy, paronymy, synonymy) 40
1.5. National and international trends of term fund updating 62
PART 2
SEMANTIC, GRAMMATICAL, AND PHONETIC PROBLEMS OF
UKRAINIAN TERMS CODIFICATION 75
Section 2.1. Semantic and morphological qualities of Ukrainian
term vocabulary 75
2.1.1. Alien borrowings as a linguistic and terminological problem 75
2.1.2. Semantic and stylistic features of use of paronyms and pseudosynonyms in the professional language 83
2.1.3. Scientific approach to  terminological use of verbal nouns 112
2.1.4. Principles of representation of active participial forms in the Ukrainian scientific language 125
2.1.5. Possibilities and prospects of national word coinage
in terminology 127
Section  2.2. Acoustic characteristics of Ukrainian speech sounds as a ground
for scientific approach to render the borrowings 135
2.2.1. Phonetics, acoustic analysis, speech recognition 135
2.2.2. Phonetical and phonological language elements 138
2.2.2.1. Basic concepts of phonetics and phonology 138
2.2.2.2. Nonlinearity and non-invariance of speech elements 147
2.2.3. Speech acoustics 152
2.2.3.1. Acoustic theory of speech production 152
2.2.3.2. Speech sounds formants 157
2.2.3.3. Resonators in a human speech tract 159
2.2.3.4. Invariant acoustic speech analysis 162
2.2.3.5. Acoustic characteristics and invariants of
speech sounds 165
2.2.3.6. Interaction between sounds 179
PART 3
PECULIARITIES OF ORTHOGRAPHIC NORM APPLICATION IN SCIENTIFIC LEXICOGRAPHY AND WAYS TO PERFECT
MODERN SPELLING 189
3.1. Modern spelling strategy problems 189
3.2. Problems of modern spelling of terminological
and common vocabulary 191
3.2.1. Genitive case of masculine nouns of second reversal 181
3.2.2. Use of genitive and accusative cases 195
3.2.3. Spelling of compiled adjectives 196
3.2.4. The features of use of Ukrainian prepositions “в” (“у”) and
“до” for denotation of motion aim and direction 198
3.2.5. Stress problem in three-syllable nouns with the prefix “за ” 202
3.3. Denotation of time moments in Ukrainian 206
3.4. Problem of adaptation of alien terms to Ukrainian spelling 211
3.4.1. Study of phonemes /ґ/, /г/, and /х/ 211
3.4.2. “The nine” (“dev’jatka”) rule in the context of Slavic and non Slavic parallels of the Ukrainian language 214
3.4.3. Doubling simplification problems 220
3.4.4. Some “trifles” of spelling perfection 221
3.4.5. Discussion suggests to spelling 222
3.5. Scholar principles to render borrowed and foreign words:
invariant transcription and transliteration 229
3.5.1. Pronunciation and transcription 229
3.5.2. Writing and transliteration 234
CONCLUDING STATEMENTS 255
LIST OF LITERATURE 260
APPENDIX A: Visual representation of speech sounds
(spectrograms, oscillograms) 397
APPENDIX B: Inculcation of the research results
(main documentation) 337
APPENDIX V: Use of the term Χυμεία in Greek 361

The monograph presents an interdisciplinary special-purpose dictionary (ISPD) as a specific product of terminographic work. Its purpose is to show the methodology of constructing ISPDs and to propose a typology and models of the subject termi-nographic works. Several steps have been taken to attain the goals, in theory and practice alike. First, sets of distinctive features reproduced in pairs or groups of terms from related subject fields are defined; the sets are called “wandering concepts”. That perspective let the author define an interdisciplinary term as one of a pair or group of terms used in two or more related subject fields in the case of which the wander-ing concept constitutes a dominating part in the conceptual structure. Differentiat-ing the terms, the features beyond the wandering concept that are typical to each of the terms separately are determined by the conceptual fields the terms operate in. The two components of meaning: the common and the differentiating one, have been taken into account when the model of an ISPD was made. It is assumed in the model that each ISPD should both illustrate the meaning of interdisciplinary terms within the subject field they are used in and depict the differences between the re-lated terms operating in different subject field deriving from the “semantic shadow” (“cień semantyczny”, Pec 2007). A correct way of presenting intradisciplinary and interdisciplinary relations with the use of the “nexus” technique (Zmarzer 2008) makes an ISPD a useful material in teaching each of the relevant subject fields and special-purpose foreign languages possible. Such a dictio-nary may also become a val-uable tool for translators. Additionally, implementing elements of a monothematic and polythematic professional dictionary, an ISPD may be an interesting subject of research for terminologists and terminographers.

The manual contains theoretical material and assignments envisaged by the course "Essentials of technical translation" for university students of linguistics and translation departments. Structurally, the manual consists of seven sections distributed among three main parts: "Lexical and grammatical units in translation", "Transformations in translation", "Text units in translation". Theoretical material, practical guidelines and 62 assignments contained in the manual are aimed at developing skills and techniques that are requisite for translating technical texts of different genres (academic papers, press and advertisement, patents) from English into Russian.

Qëllimi kryesor i këtij punimi ështe të analizoj gjendjen e terminologjisë së ekonomisë në gjuhën shqipe, dhe në bazë të problemeve që hasen, të sjell disa rekomandime në formë detyrash të cilat parashtrohen si të nevojshme për hulumtime të mëtejme në funksion të standardizimit të saj. Punimi është nisur nga hipoteza se terminologjia në fjalë është e pasur, por konstaton se hulumtimet shkencore dhe akademike në këtë drejtim janë shumë të kufizuara ose anashkaluar, duke krijuar zbrazëti në përdorimin e saj më të gjërë dhe unjësuar. Pavarësisht pranisë së termave të mëhershëm me origjinë nga gjuhët tjera, duket se mbajtja e tyre në përdorim është më e levërdishme se kalimi nga huazimet e një gjuhe me ndikim të kohës në tjetrën. Këto ndikime gjuhësore të cilat historikisht janë provuar se nuk janë të përjetshme, vetëm sa e kanë vështirësuar kuptimin e gjërë të kësaj terminologjie nga shumica e atyre që gjuhë amëtare e kanë shqipen.

Si mettono a confronto il volgarizzamento della «Poetica» di Lodovico Castelvetro (Vienna, 1570) e i «Petri Victorii Commentarii in primum librum Arsitotelis De Arte Poetarum», un'opera di riferimento per chi traduceva o commentava il trattato aristotelico nella seconda metà del Cinquecento. Alla «Poetica vulgarizzata e sposta» del filologo modenese, inoltre, si affianca  «Il libro della Poetica tradotto di greco da Alessandro Piccolomini» (Siena, 1572), la prima traduzione eseguita dal senese, il quale di solito ricorreva ai compendi o alle parafrasi nella resa volgare dei trattati filosofici antichi. S'ipotizza, quindi, che la traduzione piccolominiana fosse pensata come una risposta critica e nel contempo costruttiva all'opera del Castelvetro.

Dincolo de aspectele tehnice ale traductologiei menţionate în lucrare, am încercat o prezentare clară, coerentă şi precisă, astfel încât dicţionarul să poată constitui şi un mijloc de iniţiere a traducătorilor în formare în problemele legate de teoria şi de didactica traducerii. Beneficiarul, „clientul”, acestui dicţionar poate fi reprezentat de diverse categorii de cititori, traductologi şi profesori care formează traducători, dar, mai ales, studenţi-traducători. Sursele din care am extras exemplele sunt constituite din diferite tipuri de texte: texte literare, ale căror referinţe bibliografice sunt marcate între paranteze (Voltaire, 1993: 34), dar şi texte neliterare, pragmatice, articole de presă (din cotidiane ca Le Monde (LM) sau hebdomadare ca Figaro Magazine (FM), Nouvel Economiste (NE), Quo. Savoir actuel, rubrica Decryptage. Les Mots de l’actu, îngrijită de Jean-Pierre Virginaud şi Jean Morsang, dar şi din alte periodice. Am optat pentru acest tip de ilustrare cu intenţia evidentă de a sublinia, pe de-o parte, generalitatea demersului traductiv şi, pe de altă parte, specificul acestuia în funcţie de crezul traducătorului, de tipul de text şi de traducere, de strategia aleasă, de diferitele tipuri de constrângeri, de competenţele traducătorului (lingvistice, de traducere, de redactare), de finalitatea traducerii, de destinatarul prezumtiv al acesteia etc.
Am încercat să construim în cadrul domeniului traductologic un instrument de lucru a cărui coerenţă internă să nu vină în contradicţie cu cunoştinţele între ele, deci să nu intre în conflict cu sistemul şi să contribuie consolidarea metalimbajului specific domeniului.

This research aims at studying binomial expressions in common law agreements in the light of Corpus Linguistics in an attempt to provide translators with the necessary linguistic elements that will enable them to render a natural translation, that is, to translate legal language into legal language. Binomial expressions are formed by two words belonging to the same grammatical category and joined by and or or. Some examples are: terms and conditions, any and all, executed and delivered, due and payable, action or proceeding, agreement or obligation. Binomials are an integral part of English legal language and as such have deserved a considerable amount of study. The same, however, does not occur in Brazilian Portuguese legal language. Therefore, when dealing with binomial expressions, studies show that Brazilian translators tend to translate all the elements of a binomial literally. The choice of text type is due to the fact that agreements and contratos are among the most difficult documents to translate and seem to have an incredibly high concentration of binomial expressions. For said reasons, in order to study binomials in English legal language and provide elements for translators to arrive at their own translation into Brazilian Portuguese, we have compiled and explored a bilingual comparable corpus consisting of authentic agreements and contratos, totalling, approximately, 1 million words - 705,744 in English and 289,984 in Brazilian Portuguese - made up of 5 samples of 28 different kinds of contratos and agreements, a total of 140 documents in each language. Exploring such a corpus greatly depended on the principles and tools of Corpus Linguistics. To tag the corpus we used UCREL's CLAWS 7 (the Constituent Likelihood Automatic Word-tagging System) and to explore the corpus we used Mike Scott's WordSmith Tools.

A. Ege Yıldırım ve B. Nilgün Öz tarafından kaleme alınan Türkçe-İngilizce Kültürel Miras Sözlüğü, Türkiye'de kültürel miras alanında boşluğu hissedilen, kapsamlı ve pratik bir rehber işlevi görmesi amacıyla kaleme alınmıştır. Bu Sözlük, hem İngilizce okuyan-yazan Türk araştırmacılar, uzmanlar, yerel yönetim temsilcileri ve kamu görevlileri, hem de Türkiye üzerine çalışan uluslararası araştırmacılar ve uzmanlar için kültürel miras koruma ve yönetimi terminolojisi için öz ve yetkin bir kaynak olmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Kitabın dijital kopyasına buradan erişebilirsiniz: http://uclg-mewa.org/uploads/file/7301366a03164a7ba537ee43b185694c/T%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e-%C4%B0ngilizce%20K%C3%BClt%C3%BCrel%20Miras%20S%C3%B6zl%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BC.pdf

Цель работы: изучение особенностей научно-технического стиля в аспекте машинного перевода.
Задачи работы:
описать в общих чертах стилистику научно-технического текста;
описать принципы работы, основные типы систем машинного перевода;
изучить особенности языковых средств научного стиля;
выяснить какие из языковых средств остаются в тексте после его перевода;
сравнить текст, переведенный машиной и профессиональным переводчиком.
Объектом исследования являются преобразования, возникающие при машинном переводе текста научно-технической литературы.
Предметом исследования являются особенности структурно-семантических трансформаций при машинном переводе определенной научной работы с английского языка на русский.
В ходе исследования были использованы следующие методы:
аналитический;
сравнительный;
изучение монографических публикаций и статей;
метод сплошной выборки;
методы лингвистического анализа;
метод обобщения.
Теоретическая значимость работы заключается в попытке собрать и систематизировать информацию о малоизученном аспекте взаимодействия двух областей знаний:
об особенностях стиля научно-технической литературы;
об особенностях систем машинного перевода.

Практическая ценность работы определяется:
описанием особенностей научного стиля в виде диаграмм и схем, что, по нашему мнению, является наиболее доходчивым и методически оправданным.
комплексом собранных сведений относительно систем машинного перевода, которые также представлены в виде диаграмм и схем;
приведенным стилистическим анализом отрывков из классического труда Д. Кнута «Искусство программирования»;
сопоставлением машинного и «человеческого» перевода приведенного отрывка.

В качестве теоретической основы исследования были использованы как классические работы А. И. Гальперина И. В. Арнольд, посвященные стилистике английского языка, Я. И. Рецкера, А. Д. Швейцера, посвященные общей теории перевода, так и современные труды Ю. Н. Марчука, П. Н. Хроменкова, Б. Н. Рахимбердиева, посвященные машинному переводу. Особенно хотелось бы отметить работу С. Рассела, в которой дается объяснение принципов работы многих приложений искусственного интеллекта, в том числе машинного перевода.

The article deals with translation of legal terms in the context of their functioning.  Terminology system is considered as the basis of organization of a special text. A comparative analysis of formal-semantic hypero-hyponymic relations between the terms denoting types of business entities in the original text of the Civil Code of Ukraine and between their English equivalents in its translations has been conducted. The differences in the systemic relations between the equivalents of terms in the translated texts indicate the differences in the relations between the concepts that belong to the respective terminology systems, which constitutes a translation problem.

Despite the pervasiveness of equivalence in most linguistic translation theories, the notion has been criticized on many grounds for plausible reasons. One could even argue that equivalence is a theoretically obsolete paradigm of translation. Yet, in actual practice there are many areas in which equivalence is predominantly resorted to. Terminology translation is an area that seems to have been traditionalized in the discourse of equivalence, as it basically relies on textual units postulated by sub-branches of linguistics (e.g. morphology, syntax, semantics). The purpose of this brief essay is to answer the question whether equivalence is indeed a valid theory in terminology translation, by investigating Vinay and Darbelnet’s model in a bilingual corpus. The study reveals several theoretical flaws in the model, especially from a post-structuralist perspective. The most serious shortcoming is that, contrary to the idea of scientificity taken for granted in linguistic models (including Vinay and Darbelnet’s), they seem to lack an explanatory function and ignore many important factors.

Based on the article by S. Sokolov-Remizov on Fangu - the Chinese method of "interpreting the classics", the author considers the appeal to the "classics" as a phenomenon common to a number of Oriental cultures. The terms "classic", "classical" need clarification and identification of the specifics of their meaning in relation to the subject under consideration, and the identification of the reasons for the characteristics of specific masters as "classics" and certain works, genres, techniques, phenomena, etc. how "classical" can become a separate historiographic task. Comparison of the manifestations of the "interpretation of the classics" should include the definition of the specifics, mechanisms and boundaries of referring to the "heritage of ancestors" (copying, quoting, imitation, etc.), as well as an analysis of the reasons, goals and consequences of such an appeal.

Alberto Petrucciani. La terminologia della catalogazione e la sua traduzione: aspetti linguistici, etici e professionali. (Note e discussioni). «AIB studi», 61, n. 2 (mag.-ago. 2021), p. 339-346.
La terminologia della catalogazione soffre da parecchi anni di cambiamenti (soprattutto l’eliminazione di termini sentiti come obsoleti) e innovazioni, sia a livello internazionale che in ambito nazionale, dovuti a decisioni prese in maniera frettolosa, superficiale e approssimativa. La terminologia impiegata in un campo professionale, invece, è una cosa seria, va curata e decisa con grande attenzione e cautela, sulla base di una matura e ponderata riflessione.
L’articolo analizza alcuni aspetti critici relativi alla traduzione della terminologia catalografica e l’impatto che questa può avere nel linguaggio e nella pratica professionali, soffermandosi in particolare su alcune delle scelte compiute nella stesura delle diverse edizioni delle norme ISBD, nelle relative traduzioni
italiane e, successivamente, nelle REICAT.L’articolo pone l’accento sulla necessità di affiancare alla conoscenza dell’evoluzione storica della normativa catalografica moderna una solida padronanza linguistica, al fine di evitare soluzioni poco chiare o eccessivamente generiche; allo stesso tempo, si sottolinea come i comitati internazionali dovrebbero seguire con attenzione le ‘localizzazioni’ nazionali, ritenute una ‘spia preziosa’ dei difetti e dei limiti dei testi originali.
The terminology of cataloguing and its translation: linguistic, ethical and professional issues The article analyses some critical issues related to the translation of the terminology of cataloguing, and the impact this has on professional language and practice, focusing in particular on some of the choices made in various editions of ISBD standards, in their Italian translations and, subsequently, in the Italian cataloguing rules (REICAT).
The article emphasizes the need to combine expertise in the historical evolution of modern cataloguing rules with a high level of linguistic competence, so as to avoid unclear or overly generic language choices; at the same time, the article underlines that international committees should carefully take into account national ‘localisms’, which are considered ‘valuable clues’ for the detection of flaws and limits in the source texts.

From its earliest days up to the hayday of the Industrial Revolution, the process of smelting iron from ores has seen continuous improvements, while, at its core, remaining the very same craft it was throughout history. The Industrial Revolution changed many of these ancient processes, often beyond recognition; however, much of the previously used vocabulary is still in use today, albeit sometimes with major differences in meaning.


This thesis highlights some of these terms and provides a rough overview over iron smelting and metalworking through the ages, with a focus on Germany and Great Britain.
(Paper language: German; Terminology Section German/English. 61 pages. No previous publications.)

Öz
Günümüz Türkiyesi’nde çeviriyle ilgili tüm olguların bilimsel olarak çalışıldığı özerk ve görgül (deneye ve gözleme dayalı) alana veya disipline “çeviribilim” (İng. translation studies) denmektedir. Bu terim, Türkçede “çeviri” ve “bilim” sözcüklerinin yan yana getirilmesiyle türetilmiştir ve bitişik yazılmaktadır. Bundan yaklaşık otuz beş sene önce ise, Türkiye’de akademik çeviri eğitiminin henüz başladığı 1980’li yılların ilk yarısında, üniversiteler bu alanla ilgili program (bölüm) başlıklarında başka bir bileşik sözcük olan ve sırasıyla yazılı ve sözlü çeviri alt alanlarına karşılık gelen “mütercim-tercümanlık” terimini yaygın olarak kullanmaya başlamışlardır. Ne ki, akademik çeviri etkinliğimiz yıllar içinde nitelik ve nicelik bakımından geliştikçe, özellikle 2000’li yılların başlarından itibaren, bazı üniversitelerin program veya bölüm adlarında “çeviribilim” terimini tercih etmeye başladığı gözlemlenmektedir (krş. Kumlu, 2018: 1). Son yıllarda ise “çeviribilim” terimine, örneğin Ayşe Nihal Akbulut’un (2016) yayıma hazırladığı Türkiye’de Çeviribilim başlıklı kitapta görüldüğü gibi, çeviri üstüne söylem üreten her türlü akademik makalede, kitapta, dergide, toplantı ve etkinlikte çeviri alanına dair “özerk” bir bilim dalının adı olarak sıklıkla rastlanır hale gelmiştir. Türkiye’de akademik çeviri etkinliğinin özellikle son yirmi yılında çarpıcı olarak yaşanan bu kavramsal ve terminolojik değişim, aslında, örneğin Osman Türkay’ın 1967 yılında yayımlanmış olan bir dergi makalesinde görüldüğü üzere, ülkemizdeki akademik çeviri eğitiminin başlamasından çok daha önce kendisini göstermeye başlamıştır. Kavram olarak “çeviri”den “çeviribilim”e geçiş sürecimizin özellikle Cumhuriyet Dönemi çeviri etkinliğimizin olumlu bir sonucu olarak oluştuğu; çeviri terimleri bakımından yaşanan bu değişim ve dönüşümün ise Selçuklu ve Osmanlı devletlerinin dönemlerini de kapsayan Anadolu ve hatta Orta Asya’daki kültürümüze kadar dayandığı görülmektedir (bkz. Çavuşoğlu, 2016). Böylece bu araştırma, kültürümüzde “evirmek”, “döndürmek”, “tercüme”, “çevirme”, “çeviri” (bkz. Demircioğlu, 2011) gibi terimleri üretip kullanarak günümüzde “çeviribilim” kavramına ve terimine ulaşan bu “çeviribilimsel” yolculuğu, çeviri kuruluşlarının oluşturulması gibi önemli olayları; yazar, çevirmen, akademisyen gibi öne çıkan aktörleri ve konferans, sempozyum gibi sosyal etkinlikleri ile terim, kitap gibi ürünleri vasıtasıyla betimlemeye çalışmaktadır. Çeviriye “toplumsal bir kurum”, bir “sistem” (Hermans, 1997 ve 1999) ve “toplumsal bir uygulama” (Chesterman, 2006: 9) olarak yaklaşan araştırmanın bu amacı doğrultusunda, öncelikle, Cumhuriyet Dönemi Türkiyesi’ndeki çeviri etkinliğinde etkin bir rol oynadıkları için yazar, şair, yazın çevirmeni, eleştirmeni, akademisyeni gibi “yazınsal aktörler” (Çavuşoğlu, a.g.e.: 2) tarafından üretilmiş olan yazılı çeviri söylemleri ile günümüz Türkiyesi’ndeki “çeviribilimci”lerimizin üretmiş olduğu yazılı çeviri söylemlerinin incelenmesinden yararlanılacaktır.

Abstract
In today’s Republic of Turkey, the autonomous and empirical (based upon experiments and observation) field or discipline in which all the phenomena related to translation are studied scientifically is called “çeviribilim” (translation studies) in Turkish. This term was invented by juxtaposing the Turkish words “çeviri” (translation) and “bilim” (science) and it is written as a compound word without any space or hyphen between them. And nearly thirty-five years ago, in the early 1980’s, when the academic translation training started in Turkey, universities commonly began to use a different compound term in the names of their programs (departments) related to the field of translation: “mütercim-tercümanlık”, which corresponds to written translation and interpreting respectively. However, in parallel with the qualitative and quantitative developments in our academic translation training within years, especially in the early 2000’s, some universities are observed to have begun to opt for the term “çeviribilim” within the names of their translation programs or departments (cf. Kumlu, 2018: 1). Recently it has become quite ordinary to come across the term “çeviribilim” as the designation for the “autonomous” discipline that studies translating and translations almost in every academic text or event that produces discourse on translation, namely academic meetings, activities, articles, journals and books, just as the book entitled Türkiye’de Çeviribilim (Translation Studies in Turkey), edited by Ayşe NihalAkbulut (2016), exemplifies. This striking conceptual and terminological change seen in the Turkish academic translation activity in the last twenty years especially, in fact, seems to have emerged at those times when the academic translation training had not started in Turkey yet, as seen in the example of a journal article written by Osman Türkay in 1967. It is observed that while the conceptual transition from “translation” to “translation studies” in Turkish culture seems to be a positive result of our translation activity in the Republican period especially, the terminological transformation dates back to our Anatolian culture that includes Seljuk and Ottoman states, and even our Central Asian heritage (see Çavuşoğlu, 2016). Thus, this research aims to describe this journey in translation studies that has reached today’s concept and term “çeviribilim” after the use of such translation terms like “evirmek”, “döndürmek”, “tercüme”, “çevirme”, “çeviri” (see Demircioğlu, 2011) by way of its important events such as foundation of translation institutions; its eminent actors such as writers, translators, academics; its social activities such as conferences and symposiums; and its products such as terms and books. To this end, the research, which approaches translation as a social “institution” and “system” (Hermans, 1997 and 1999), and “a social practice” (Chesterman, 2006: 9), will benefit from the analysis of the written translation discourses produced primarily by “literary actors” (“yazınsal aktörler”, Çavuşoğlu, op. cit.: 2) such as writers, poets, literary critics, translators and academics as these people played an influential role in the translation activity within the Republic of Turkey and those written translation discourses produced more recently by our “translation studies scholars” in today’s Turkey.

[«Il latino e i volgari italiani negli scritti di architettura dal Medioevo al Rinascimento»]

In the Italian Renaissance there was a great variety of the architectural texts and besides the treatises of the architects (for exemple, Leon Battista Alberti e Francesco di Giorgio) there were the translations of latin treatises and “books on antiquities” full of information about Roman monuments either ancient or medieval. Moreover, thanks to the contracts made with artists, and the bills of payment prepared by the commissioners of works (from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance), specific details can be gleaned about arts and techniques, and about materials and tools used in building works — these papers present a wide use of a terminology, which charaterize the regional speakings, sign of the informal register of language the architectures and their handworkers used. All these texts are precious materials to carry out historical and linguistic research, which allow on the one hand to evaluate the architectural terminology formed during the course of the XVth and XVIth century, thanks to translations and examination of “De architectura” by Vitruvio and the “De re aedificatoria” by Leon Battista Alberti, on the other, to prepare a technique-scientific text amenable to popularisation. The article focuses on the analysis of the texts written or translated (“volgarizzati”) by italian artists and writers of XVth and XVIth century (Leon Battista Alberti, Sebastiano Serlio, Cesare Cesariano, Cosimo Bartoli, Daniele Barbaro, Giorgio Vasari, Bernardino Baldi) with the aim of describing the textual and lexical aspects of the papers in latin and vernacular, where both languages are in strong interaction.

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I «segreti» dell’«ars aedificatoria», come tutti i modi di operare dei rappresentanti di varie arti, costituivano un patrimonio gelosamente custodito dalle corporazioni e dalle botteghe artigiane fin dall’epoca dei Comuni, e le istruzioni delle pratiche artistiche si tramandavano a voce fra gli addetti ai lavori, maestri e apprendisti. Per questo hanno un notevole interesse i contratti stipulati con gli artisti e le note di spesa redatte per conto dei committenti, dai quali si ricavano non soltanto le notizie su tecniche, materiali e strumenti impiegati nei lavori edilizi, ma anche una precisa terminologia settoriale. Nel saggio si presentano i risultati dell’indagine condotta sui testi sia latini sia volgari, redatti nei secoli XIV-XV in Toscana e nell’Italia settentrionale, ponendo in evidenza i linguaggi tecnici circoscritti agli usi locali di architetti e delle loro maestranze, come muratori, tagliapietre, carpentieri, scalpellini e altri. I documenti presi in esame, tratti dagli archivi e pubblicati negli ultimi due secoli, sono gli atti notarili, per lo più i capitolati di lavori, e i registri delle «fabriche» pubbliche e private corredati da resoconti finanziari ("Annali della fabbrica del Duomo di Milano", i documenti dell’Opera del Duomo di Firenze, le testimonianze archivistiche sugli artisti a Ferrara), che illustrano dettagliatamente i progetti di opere edilizie, dalle costruzioni di chiese, ospedali, palazzi alle ristrutturazioni di case e alle rifiniture scultoree, testimoniando una significativa varietà geolinguistica del lessico architettonico. La nomenclatura tecnica delle scritture approntate nei singoli volgari si mantiene ben salda e nelle loro redazioni latine e nei documenti latini differenti, ricchi di termini settoriali che, non di rado, costituiscono le prime testimonianze d’uso dei vocaboli, le cui attestazioni note in volgare sono posteriori. Questa polisemia del vocabolario degli architetti provenienti da varie regioni si riflette nella letteratura artistica rinascimentale, che, dopo il "De re aedificatoria", composto da Leon Battista Alberti nel latino umanistico intessuto di neologismi tecnici trasposti in latino, non di rado, dai volgari settentrionali, esplode nella prima metà del secolo XVI sia con le edizioni e i volgarizzamenti commentati del "De architectura" di Vitruvio sia con i primi trattati (a partire dalle "Regole generali di architettura" di Sebastiano Serlio del 1537) e con i libri delle antichità. La loro veste linguistica documenta la tensione fra l’esigenza avvertita di una nuova terminologia tecnica comune e il sostrato della lingua d’uso degli scriventi. Per esempio, oltre al ricorso ai lombardismi o venetismi nei testi di Cesariano, Daniele Barbaro e altri, si rileva che, nelle parti sull’architettura aggiunte nella seconda edizione delle "Vite" (1568), l’aretino Vasari accoglie i tecnicismi attestati nei documenti medievali milanesi e ferraresi qui esaminati.

Abstract. As terminology and modern neologisms are the main theme of this paper, it is worth mentioning
that the key to understanding any piece of information is to know the terminology it counts. Terminology is
an essential compound of information transfer. Today, English maintains itself as the language of science and
technology worldwide whereas Arabic, which was the language of science and technology during the middle
ages, is trying to resume its position in order to regain its role in disseminating civilization and to take
advanced steps towards modern science and technology. The main aim of this paper is to investigate the
applicability of some methods put forward d by early Arab grammarians to create and introduce new Arabic
terms in order to cope with the modern terminologies which are being created almost every day. The study is
based on a comparative study between these methods, derivation, arabicization, blending, to see their
workability and suitability in handling the problem of finding Arabic equivalents of foreign terms. The
results showed that each methods could play its role in solving the inevitable penetration of foreign terms
which created almost every day by creating and introducing the most appropriate Arabic counterparts of such
terms.

Teknik çevirinin gerçekleşebilmesine zemin hazırlayan terimsel etkinlikler çalışmada önem teşkil etmektedir. Terimbilim, teknoloji ve teknik çeviri merkezli bu çalışmada terimbilim ödülleri, Avrupa-Asya- Amerika-Afrika ekseninde terimbilim kurumları, uluslararası mecralarda bulunan yükseköğretim kurumlarında geliştirilen terimbilim projeleri, terim veri tabanları, çevrimiçi terimbilim eğitimleri, terimbilim alanındaki oluşumların teknik çeviri eğitimine yansımaları çalışma kapsamında irdelenecektir.

Terimbilim ile teknolojinin kesişim noktasında yer alan teknik çeviriye mercek tutulacaktır. Terimbilim ile teknolojinin teknik çeviri eğitimine getirdiği güncel uygulamalar vurgulanarak terimbilim ve teknoloji alanında yaşanan gelişmelerin teknik çeviriye yansımaları kavramsal boyutta ve uygulama boyutunda sorgulanabilir. Çevirmen adaylarının ve çeviri eğitimi veren öğretim görevlilerinin terimbilim alanında yaşanan gelişmelere yakından tanıklık edebilmeleri maksadıyla ortaya konan bu çalışmanın ilgili alanda bir bilinç geliştirilmesine vesile olması beklenmektedir. Terimbilim alanında kurumsal ve bireysel gayretlerin bir yansıması olarak ortaya konan sonuçlar, ülkemizde ulusal boyutta da ciddi adımların atılması yönünde teşvik edici olacaktır. Terimbilim ile teknolojinin kesiştiği noktada teknik çeviriye yeni bir soluk kazandıracak bilgilendirici ve yönlendirici bu çalışma ile bütüncül bir bakış açısı geliştirilmeye çalışılmıştır.

Esta comunicação objetiva apresentar o projeto de tese cuja meta principal é identificar e descrever o léxico da Educação a Distância (EAD), com vistas a propor pressupostos teórico-metodológicos para a elaboração de uma base de dados que se oriente sob a perspectiva da Terminologia. A escolha da EAD como campo de investigação deve-se ao fato de ser uma subárea da Educação que vem crescendo de forma vertiginosa, o que pode ser comprovado pelo grande número de instituições de ensino superior que oferecem cursos de graduação, pós-graduação a distância. Apesar deste avanço, falta ainda um estudo de natureza científica que apresente a descrição linguística das unidades terminológicas deste léxico. Por sua vez, tal descrição fundamentará o desenvolvimento de princípios teóricos e metodológicos para uma base de dados terminológicos, ponto inicial na produção de glossários e dicionários técnico-científicos, monolíngues ou bilíngues. Além disso, uma base de dados fiável é ferramenta eficaz para os profissionais da tradução. Nessa medida, este é um produto terminológico de referência para uma área nova que necessita se instituir, como é o caso da EAD. Em relação ao corpus que será utilizado na pesquisa, a priori será constituído de livros especializados, artigos técnico-científicos, textos veiculados na Internet, boletins sobre a área delimitada, além da legislação que regulamenta a EAD no Brasil e de documentos oficiais do Ministério da Educação.

Training institutions offering specialized translation and interpreting programs need to keep up with the rapid development of digitalization and the increasingly sophisticated requirements of the language industry. This book addresses digital trends and employability in the market from the aspect of training: how have the latest digital trends shaped the language industry, and what competencies will translators, interpreters and T/I trainers need so as to meet current market requirements?

Four major subjects of high relevance are discussed in 12 chapters: (1) collaborative partnership in the field of fit-for-market practices with a focus on e-learning materials; (2) competence development in translator and interpreter training; (3) the implications of neural machine translation and the increasing significance of post-editing practices, as well as (4) the role of new technologies and new methods in the work and training of interpreters and translators.

With an introduction written by Juanjo Arevalillo, managing director of Hermes Traducciones and former vice-president of the European Union of Associations of Translation Companies, the book creates a fresh momentum for researchers, academics, professionals and trainees to be engaged in a constructive dialogue.

This paper is concerned with the investigation into English and Arabic poetic/expressive language functions through proposing a new approach to the translation of the genre of poetry, both in theoretical and practical terms. Given the fact that the translation of poetry is known to be an arduous translational task, as authorities and, further, practising translators emphasize, the researcher here argues that dividing poetic texts up into their intralinguistic-extralinguistic components on the levels of genre, meaning and form, in addition to categorizing them are believed to be of great avail when translating poetry lyrically into a target language (TL) as a ‘metanarrative’ (an explanatory product here) reported about a ‘narrative’ in the source language (SL). This, the researcher has argued, can help strike a balance between the poetic language musicality and the levels of ‘meaning’ and ‘genre’, where all are to be approached in terms of the interdisciplinarity that marks translation, generically, as a branch of knowledge, taking into account the present paper provides practical examples of English poetry with their respective Arabic translations, recited/sung by the researcher himself (documented throughout this paper via soft/online audio material), hence the practicality and credibility of the theoretical part of the research. The paper also holds both the text (in writing) and its recitation (in audio) as one indivisible translation unit/entity, yielding, in turn, a two-layer metanarrative translation (as documented via multimedia links). This has been taken as central to the research hypothesis and, then, proved as a paramount researching result of the translational ‘narrative’/‘metanarrative’ relationship within the translation process⸺ to say nothing of a proposed interdisciplinary text-music semiotics perspective.
Keywords: two-layer metanarrative, language musicality, poetic translation

Se explica el origen de los nombres de plantas que usa Juan de Jarava, Historia de las yervas y plantas, 1557, versión española abreviada del famoso libro de Leonhart Fuchs, De historia stirpium, Basilea 1542. Muchos de ellos parten de Dioscórides y tienen un origen griego, otras son denominaciones latinas medievales y otros son nombres españoles.

Öz
Günümüz Türkiyesi’nde çeviriyle ilgili tüm olguların bilimsel olarak çalışıldığı özerk ve görgül (deneye ve gözleme dayalı) alana veya disipline “çeviribilim” (İng. translation studies) denmektedir. Bu terim, Türkçede “çeviri” ve “bilim” sözcüklerinin yan yana getirilmesiyle türetilmiştir ve bitişik yazılmaktadır. Bundan yaklaşık otuz beş sene önce ise, Türkiye’de akademik çeviri eğitiminin henüz başladığı 1980’li yılların ilk yarısında, üniversiteler bu alanla ilgili program (bölüm) başlıklarında başka bir bileşik sözcük olan ve sırasıyla yazılı ve sözlü çeviri alt alanlarına karşılık gelen “mütercim-tercümanlık” terimini yaygın olarak kullanmaya başlamışlardır. Ne ki, akademik çeviri etkinliğimiz yıllar içinde nitelik ve nicelik bakımından geliştikçe, özellikle 2000’li yılların başlarından itibaren, bazı üniversitelerin program veya bölüm adlarında “çeviribilim” terimini tercih etmeye başladığı gözlemlenmektedir (krş. Kumlu, 2018: 1). Son yıllarda ise “çeviribilim” terimine, örneğin Ayşe Nihal Akbulut’un (2016) yayıma hazırladığı Türkiye’de Çeviribilim başlıklı kitapta görüldüğü gibi, çeviri üstüne söylem üreten her türlü akademik makalede, kitapta, dergide, toplantı ve etkinlikte çeviri alanına dair “özerk” bir bilim dalının adı olarak sıklıkla rastlanır hale gelmiştir. Türkiye’de akademik çeviri etkinliğinin özellikle son yirmi yılında çarpıcı olarak yaşanan bu kavramsal ve terminolojik değişim, aslında, örneğin Osman Türkay’ın 1967 yılında yayımlanmış olan bir dergi makalesinde görüldüğü üzere, ülkemizdeki akademik çeviri eğitiminin başlamasından çok daha önce kendisini göstermeye başlamıştır. Kavram olarak “çeviri”den “çeviribilim”e geçiş sürecimizin özellikle Cumhuriyet Dönemi çeviri etkinliğimizin olumlu bir sonucu olarak oluştuğu; çeviri terimleri bakımından yaşanan bu değişim ve dönüşümün ise Selçuklu ve Osmanlı devletlerinin dönemlerini de kapsayan Anadolu ve hatta Orta Asya’daki kültürümüze kadar dayandığı görülmektedir (bkz. Çavuşoğlu, 2016). Böylece bu araştırma, kültürümüzde “evirmek”, “döndürmek”, “tercüme”, “çevirme”, “çeviri” (bkz. Demircioğlu, 2011) gibi terimleri üretip kullanarak günümüzde “çeviribilim” kavramına ve terimine ulaşan bu “çeviribilimsel” yolculuğu, çeviri kuruluşlarının oluşturulması gibi önemli olayları; yazar, çevirmen, akademisyen gibi öne çıkan aktörleri ve konferans, sempozyum gibi sosyal etkinlikleri ile terim, kitap gibi ürünleri vasıtasıyla betimlemeye çalışmaktadır. Çeviriye “toplumsal bir kurum”, bir “sistem” (Hermans, 1997 ve 1999) ve “toplumsal bir uygulama” (Chesterman, 2006: 9) olarak yaklaşan araştırmanın bu amacı doğrultusunda, öncelikle, Cumhuriyet Dönemi Türkiyesi’ndeki çeviri etkinliğinde etkin bir rol oynadıkları için yazar, şair, yazın çevirmeni, eleştirmeni, akademisyeni gibi “yazınsal aktörler” (Çavuşoğlu, a.g.e.: 2) tarafından üretilmiş olan yazılı çeviri söylemleri ile günümüz Türkiyesi’ndeki “çeviribilimci”lerimizin üretmiş olduğu yazılı çeviri söylemlerinin incelenmesinden yararlanılacaktır.

Abstract
In today’s Republic of Turkey, the autonomous and empirical (based upon experiments and observation) field or discipline in which all the phenomena related to translation are studied scientifically is called “çeviribilim” (translation studies) in Turkish. This term was invented by juxtaposing the Turkish words “çeviri” (translation) and “bilim” (science) and it is written as a compound word without any space or hyphen between them. And nearly thirty-five years ago, in the early 1980’s, when the academic translation training started in Turkey, universities commonly began to use a different compound term in the names of their programs (departments) related to the field of translation: “mütercim-tercümanlık”, which corresponds to written translation and interpreting respectively. However, in parallel with the qualitative and quantitative developments in our academic translation training within years, especially in the early 2000’s, some universities are observed to have begun to opt for the term “çeviribilim” within the names of their translation programs or departments (cf. Kumlu, 2018: 1). Recently it has become quite ordinary to come across the term “çeviribilim” as the designation for the “autonomous” discipline that studies translating and translations almost in every academic text or event that produces discourse on translation, namely academic meetings, activities, articles, journals and books, just as the book entitled Türkiye’de Çeviribilim (Translation Studies in Turkey), edited by Ayşe Nihal Akbulut (2016), exemplifies. This striking conceptual and terminological change seen in the Turkish academic translation activity in the last twenty years especially, in fact, seems to have emerged at those times when the academic translation training had not started in Turkey yet, as seen in the example of a journal article written by Osman Türkay in 1967. It is observed that while the conceptual transition from “translation” to “translation studies” in Turkish culture seems to be a positive result of our translation activity in the Republican period especially, the terminological transformation dates back to our Anatolian culture that includes Seljuk and Ottoman states, and even our Central Asian heritage (see Çavuşoğlu, 2016). Thus, this research aims to describe this journey in translation studies that has reached today’s concept and term “çeviribilim” after the use of such translation terms like “evirmek”, “döndürmek”, “tercüme”, “çevirme”, “çeviri” (see Demircioğlu, 2011) by way of its important events such as foundation of translation institutions; its eminent actors such as writers, translators, academics; its social activities such as conferences and symposiums; and its products such as terms and books. To this end, the research, which approaches translation as a social “institution” and “system” (Hermans, 1997 and 1999), and “a social practice” (Chesterman, 2006: 9), will benefit from the analysis of the written translation discourses produced primarily by “literary actors” (“yazınsal aktörler”, Çavuşoğlu, op. cit.: 2) such as writers, poets, literary critics, translators and academics as these people played an influential role in the translation activity within the Republic of Turkey and those written translation discourses produced more recently by our “translation studies scholars” in today’s Turkey.

In virtù dell'analisi dei testi linguistici di Benedetto Varchi, rimasti manoscritti fino all'Otto e al Novecento, si individuano le tappe in cui, in concomitanza con gli studi di testi aristotelici (la logica al primo posto), nell'autore dell'«Ercolano» prendevano corpo una solida definizione della natura del linguaggio e la determinazione delle strutture di una lingua. Applicata alla situazione linguistica coeva, l’analisi scaturita dallo studio delle lingue e dei testi classici ha portato Varchi a riflettere sulla complessità della lingua volgare e dei suoi registri, nonché a reinterpretare le teorie di Pietro Bembo.
Il punto di svolta nella formazione del pensiero linguistico varchiano è rappresentato dagli studi filosofici all’Università di Padova (1537-1541) e dalla riflessione sulla «Poetica», sulla poesia e sui generi letterari all’interno dell’Accademia degli Infiammati (1540-41). Cruciale (si sottolinea) è stato il momento degli interventi nel cenacolo patavino di Lombardi e di Maggi che leggevano la «Poetica». Il pensiero linguistico di Varchi che aveva preso avvio dal passo del «De interpretatione» di Aristotele (16a 3-4) si consolidava in forza della lettura del capitolo linguistico della «Poetica», commentato da Vincenzo Maggi, il quale nell’"explanatio" del brano aveva accentuato il criterio scrupolosamente grammaticale dell’esame condotto dal filosofo greco. Negli scritti di Varchi, che risalgono a quel periodo, molto prima dell'«Ercolano» (grammatiche del latino e del toscano, nonché gli abbozzi di un nuovo alfabeto per il volgare), si osserva una coerenza teorica nel porre in rilievo il fatto che le lingue sono prima di tutto parlate e l’uso corretto della lingua volgare si fonda sulla capacità di ben parlare. Da questo presupposto il Varchi muove nella sua teorrizzazione sul linguaggio, sul volgare letterario e sulla lingua d’uso.

This study is not a traditional review, but it is, on the one hand, research and analysis that aims at introducing Arabic terminological questions, as an attempt to understand the diversity of treatment of terms: methods, translation, neologism, and borrowing. It is, on the other hand, a review of the definition's means, in terms of form and usability, through their model studied here in the "DICTIONARY OF COVID-19 TERMS (English -French - Arabic)". The study concludes with some general terminological remarks and suggestions that may contribute to developing and improving the possibility to produce a reliable glossary that meets the need for standardization, comprehensiveness, and practical use.

هذه الدراسة ليست عرضا بالمفهوم التقليدي، وإنما هي، من ناحية، بحث وتحليل هدفه التعريف بالقصية الاصطلاحية
ومحاولة لفهم تنوع طرق المعالجة، ترجمةً وتوليداً واقتراضاً. ومن ناحية أخرى، إطلالة على وسائل التعريف صياغةً وإفادةً من خلال نموذجها المدروس هنا " معجم مصطلحات كوفيد-19". وختام الدراسة ملاحظات عامة ومقترحات تسهم في تطوير وتجويد إمكانية إخراج عمل معجمي يلبي الاحتياج إلى التوحيد والإفادة والشمول.

Arab World English Journal (AWEJ) Special Issue on Translation No.4 May, 2015     
                                                                                                                                                                  Pp. 88-112




Arabic Terminology in the Translation of Multimedia Environmental Texts


Pamela Faber
University of Granada, Spain

Nassima Kerras
University of Granada, Spain



Abstract
This article analyzes scientific terms and phrases in a set of audiovisual texts on the environment, which were translated from English/French into Arabic. With a view to profiling sociocultural aspects specific of speaker communities and clarifying how this can affect the terminology in environmental texts, we studied terminological variation in Arab countries, which is strongly influenced by languages such as English and French. The objective was to analyze the terminological designations of environmental concepts and their possible connotations. The study examined specific characteristics of the corpus audiovisual texts (Díaz Cintas, 2007) and the choice of terms in each context, depending on the group of receivers in the target culture. For this purpose, we described the terminology used as well as the images, music, and color, as a means of conveying extra-textual meaning. This is all performed within the framework of semantic context as reflected in the collocations of the Arabic terms (Cabré, 2004). 
Key words: Arabic, environment, pragmatic meaning, specialized multimedia texts, terminology

Abstract: The paper comes third in the series ‘A Theoretical and Methodological Aid to Teaching Terminology’, and gives theoretical knowledge and methodological tips to the teaching and translation of EU terminology. First, the EU context and the translation pitfalls resulting from this context will be presented, focusing on aspects that are relevant for translators: terminologisation and polysemy (general words and terms as EU terms), synonymy, the impact of French and difficulties in spelling. Second, methodological tips along with English, French and German examples are provided to help the transmission and systematisation of EU knowledge. Here, special emphasis is laid on EU institutions, document types and databases that are indispensable while searching EU terms. The paper takes the perspective of domestic users, i.e. Hungarian translators, and focuses on the challenges of recognising and matching EU terms.