Spur

The bronze spur documented in the settlement of Las Agujetas can be considered one of the most relevant finds of the Iberian culture in the Granada province. Its analysis leads us to a better understanding of the archaeological sequence of the site, in relation with Cerro de los Infantes (the old Ilurco), whereas its interpretation consolidate the military and funerary functions like the probable activities of the place, during the first millenium B.C.

An interesting Iberian spur made in bronze has been found in the province of Granada in
the site of Las Agujetas. Unknown previously in this area the spur, together with other
archaeological materials, allows us to a better understanding of the archeologycal secuences
of the site and their relationships with other neighbour settlements like Cerro de los Infantes.
Military and specially funerary functions can be considered the main activities carried out in
this area during the first millennium b.C.

Archaeological research on site 1 in Bytkowo, Rokietnica commune, was carried out in 2010 as part of the works preceding the construction of
a western section of the Poznań bypass. 1738 items, mostly related to settlements of the Lusatian culture, were discovered on the area of 295.77 ares. Relics of an early Slavic settlement were unearthed in the southern end of the excavated area; they consisted of 17 residential and outbuildings buildings located on the western slope of the Samica River valley. They constituted a continuous line of structures with the length of 110 m and the width of 18 m, stretching transversely to the valley. 1105 fragments of earthenware vessels, 687 fragments of drying pans, 105 animal bones, an iron spur with inward hooks, and a fragment of an iron sickle were acquired from the fills of the settlement pits. On the basis of the portable monuments, it was established that the discovered part of the settlement dated back to the 8th century.

La zona arqueológica de Puruchuco ocupa todas las áreas del cerro Mayorazgo, cuyos estudios por diferentes arqueólogos señalan que tales ocupaciones pertenecen a distintos períodos arqueológicos del Antiguo Perú. Las evidencias arqueológicas se encuentran a la vista desde el espolón norte, el anco oriental del cerro, la cumbre truncada y en varios sectores de su ladera oeste, en cuyas partes bajas se vienen descubriendo los testimonios arqueológicos próximos al Museo de Sitio y al Gran Palacio Tawantinsuyu rescatado y puesto en valor por el Dr. Arturo Jiménez Borja (1956-1961).

The gear is one of the important elements of the machine in the mechanical power transmission system. Straight gear is the most basic gear used to transmit power between parallel axes. The spur gear generally fails to bend the fault or contact failure. The contact tension in the coupling gears is the key parameter in the design of gears. This article presents the stress analysis of the coupling teeth of the straight gear to find the maximum contact stress on the gear teeth. The tooth profile is generated using the CATIA software and the analysis is done using the finite element method using the ANSYS software.

Everybody has an accent (Stockwell, 2003) and these can be determined by social class, geographical location and other social variables (Wells, 1982). Many previous studies have presumed that people are relatively accurate at recognising local accents, though further examination is needed in order to analyse how accurate participants are in deciding where speakers originate. Our research examined language variation and perception around the East-Midlands. There has been no regional survey of the dialects of the East Midlands since the ‘Survey of English Dialects’ in the 1950s. More recent localised studies that present an overview of regional speech in the UK either lack up-to-date research from the East Midlands or ignore the area completely. Despite this lack of empirical evidence, anecdotally it appears that speech in the East Midlands remains extremely distinctive and locals insist there is considerable variation between speech in the major urban centres of Nottingham, Leicester and Derby.

The principle objective of this paper is the comparison study of the static stresses for spur gear with different pressure angles. The analyzed results of a symmetric type involute profiled spur gear pair at different pressure angles are compared. Gears are one of the most important and crucial component in a mechanical power transmission unit and also in most of the industrial rotating machineries. Generally, a spur gear pair in action undergoes two types of stresses: the bending stress and the contact stress. In this paper, both these stresses on the gear tooth pair are analyzed using the finite element analysis and are compared. The stresses on the gear tooth are first analyzed using a finite element software and then those results are validated using the conventional formulae for finding stresses in gear tooth.

The vibration signal developed by an affected gear pair in the gearbox and its detection is possible in the vibration signal analyzer through various signal processing techniques. The persistence spectrum (pspectrum) is one of the techniques used to detect the energy in the time-frequency plane by reassigning energy in frequency for a fixed time. However, such an analysis is deficient in fault diagnosis in spur gearbox systems. The results do not give enough information through the time, and frequency components of the signal regarding the cracked tooth cannot. Its modulated signal analysis cannot detect any faults due to the crack. This paper describes an alternative technique to enhance the crack's diagnosis and detection of the crack on a single gear tooth in the gearbox system. The technique is based on the time domain, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), and the combination of Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) and Frequency-RPM map fault diagnosis methodology. The technique enables to detect a crack in a 6 degree of freedom (6-DOF) torsional-lateral coupled model of a spur gear which is not the case of the frequency and time-frequency with the function pspectrum alone. Results and analysis reveal that the proposed technique can detect and diagnose early-stage crack tooth effects in the gearbox.

Haben Sie in letzter Zeit ein Fotoalbum angelegt? Dann gehören Sie zu den wenigen, die diese Praxis heute noch pflegen. In den 1920er und 1930er Jahren war sie gesellschaftlich weit verbreitet, und auch Künstler_innen bedienten sich dieses Mediums, um ihren Erinnerungen einen Ort zu geben. Dieser Beitrag unternimmt den Versuch, dem Gestaltungsprozess eines Fotoalbums der Fotografin Gerda Leo (1909–1993) anhand materieller Spuren näherzukommen. Er gibt Einblick in die Herausforderungen im Bereich der Gegenstandssicherung und -analyse, auf die ich im Rahmen meines Dissertationsprojekts stoße. Das Projekt untersucht Fotoalben von Künstler_innen aus den 1920er und 1930er Jahren mit dem Anspruch, das Fotoalbum nicht nur als Aufbewahrungsort für fotografische Bilder zu betrachten, sondern als Medium, in dem Layout ausprobiert werden konnte. Der Umgang mit fotografischen Bildern in den drei wichtigen Bildmedien der Zeit – Fotobuch, Fotoalbum, Illustrierte – soll mit einem Schwerpunkt auf das Fotoalbum analysiert werden. Die vorliegende Spurensuche am Fotoalbum wird von der Frage geleitet, ob das Erschließen einer weiteren Informationsebene zu einem tieferen Verständnis des Gestaltungsprozesses und damit der Anordnungen der Fotografien führen kann. Auffällig an Gerda Leos Album ist, dass Spuren des gestalterischen Entstehungsprozesses so gut wie nicht vorhanden sind. Welche Aussagen lassen sich dennoch über ihre gestalterischen Entscheidungen treffen?

Various industrial applications have wider use of gears. Vibration analysis has been generally utilized as a part of condition monitoring of rotary machinery and engineering structures in order to prevent failure, increase reliability and decrease maintenance cost of the system. The aim of this study is to analyze the vibration produced due to the single as well as double tooth breakage of spur gear at five different RPMS. First, the test model was developed and then specific fault was introduced in driven gear at 25, 50, 75 and 100% of single and double tooth breakage and data was acquired for individual fault using wireless tri-axial accelerometer. The recorded data was then analyzed using different statistical techniques and results have been plotted. The analysis shows that maximum vibration amplitude is produced at 75% of tooth breakage and tends to reduce at 100% of tooth breakage due to increase in the Transmission Error (TE). The Power Spectral Density (PSD) analysis suggest...

This paper evaluates the effects of yawing misalignment contact on the tooth root bending stress values of spur gear pair during the gear meshing cycle. A model basedon involute 3DparametricCAD geometry, of spur gear design ISO 6336:2006 is analyzed with worst loading position when yawing misalignment (Y) exist due to assembly error (AE) between 0.20 to 0.40 in degree scale values. Finite-element method (FEM) with dynamics module from ANSYS is used in order to calculate the tooth root bending stress (TRBS) at the critical region with respect to face width of pinion and gear section. A comparison is made between standard high point single tooth contactmodels (HPSTC) to this model as verification. Further analysis showeda good agreement that these methodologies are adequate in order to conduct a real time dynamics simulation to define the value of TRBS in Y condition due to AE. Yawingmisalignment influence factor (YMIF) was introduced as an indication of TRBS values in consideration o...

A procedure was developed to perform tooth contact analysis between a face gear meshing with a spur pinion using finite element analysis. The face gear surface points from a previous analysis were used to create a connected tooth solid model without gaps or overlaps. The face gear surface points were used to create a five tooth face gear Patran model (with rim) using Patran PCL commands. These commands were saved in a series of session files suitable for Patran input. A four tooth spur gear that meshes with the face gear was designed and constructed with Patran PCL commands. These commands were also saved in a session files suitable for Patran input. The orientation of the spur gear required for meshing with the face gear was determined. The required rotations and translations are described and built into the session file for the spur gear. The Abaqus commands for three-dimensional meshing were determined and verified for a simplified model containing one spur tooth and one face gea...

Gear teeth failure due to fatigue is a common phenomenon observed. Even a slight reduction in the root tensile stress results in great increase in the fatigue life of a gear. If gear fails in tensile fatigue, the results are catastrophic and occur with little or no warnings. Therefore for all the reasons mentioned above, this work is of more practical importance. For many years, gear design has been improved by using improved material, hardening surfaces with heat treatment and carburization, and shot penning to improve surface finish etc. Few more efforts have been made to improve the durability and strength by altering the pressure angle, using the asymmetric teeth, altering the geometry of root fillet curve and so on. Most of the above methods do not guarantees the interchangeability of the existing gear systems. This work presents the possibilities of using the stress redistribution techniques by introducing the stress relieving features in the stressed zone to the advantage of ...