Renewables

The increasing wind power generation requires the updating of the computational tools that support decision making in the operation and planning of electric power systems. This work describes a methodology to model the spatial correlations among wind speeds probability distributions in probabilistic power flow. The proposed methodology is based on Nataf transformation and Monte Carlo Simulation. The proposed methodology is illustrated in case studies with the IEEE 24 bus test system, highlighting the importance of adequately considering such correlations.

L a transizione ecologica è un tema di grande attualità. La società indu-striale ha determinato l'emergere di nuovi rischi per la salute dell'uo-mo e per gli equilibri ecosistemici del pianeta. La consapevolezza della necessità di un profondo mutamento in senso ecologico sembra piuttosto radicata e il sostegno, in generale, alle green policies pare confermarlo. N ell'elaborazione di soluzioni innovative green, i "saperi esperti" gio-cano un ruolo rilevante. In questo scenario, il testo prova a inda-gare il ruolo e la funzione dei professionisti verdi nel caso dell'energia dal vento, concentrandosi sul profilo professionale dello sviluppatore di impianti eolici (wind-farm developer). Di che tipo di professione si trat-ta? Qual è il bagaglio di conoscenze di tali figure? Che rapporto intrat-tengono con il contesto socio-territoriale in cui operano? In che modo si interfacciano con gli interessi del capitalismo green? In quale maniera mediano gli interessi delle comunità locali? Attraverso il richiamo a di-versi riferimenti teorici (come l'approccio pragmatico alle professioni e l'Actor-Network Theory) e le risultanze di una ricerca empirica condotta nell'Appennino meridionale, il volume vuole contribuire a rispondere a questi quesiti, delineando inoltre la possibilità di un professionalismo "verde" che traduca la transizione ecologica a livello locale facendosi ca-rico degli interessi delle comunità territoriali. I vano Scotti, sociologo, ha conseguito il dottorato presso l'Università di Napo-li "Federico II" ed è attualmente assegnista di ricerca presso il Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-ambientali dell'Università di Pisa. La sua produzione scientifica e i suoi interessi di ricerca si focalizzano sulle tematiche socio-ambientali.

What will happen to design in the coming years? What will be the aims of product design? What will design mean and how will it be evaluated? A rethink that takes into account the reality of tomorrow is urgent, yet has hardly even begun. With our technological-industrial civilisation threatening to destroy life on Earth, far-reaching changes are inevitable. We can only hope that these changes will come about through our own conscious efforts, and will not be forced upon us by catastrophe. Perhaps they will lead, not to an impoverishment of our lives, but to enrichment in a human sense.

We propose a multi-criteria analysis of alternative combinations of renewable energy technologies to meet a sustainable energy supply. It takes into account a range of criteria to reflect relevant environmental , social and economic considerations, capture the value of diversity, and reflect innovative potential and learning capacity. The combination of these factors allows for solutions in which there is more balance between economic, environmental and social dimensions, unlike in previous studies. Scenarios that might have been preferred on the basis of, for example, minimal costs or low CO 2 emissions, will have to be reconsidered because of negative effects in terms of land use or unemployment. The decision making philosophy in this case changes from that of optimization to multi-criteria satisficing. This article argues for consideration of the following dimensions of the energy system: costs, emissions, water use, land use and employment. Consideration of such dimensions will shift energy system into the direction of overall sustainability while making it more resilient in the long-term. The approach is applied to the case of the United Kingdom by making use of a MARKAL model, complementing its goal of cost-minimization with additional, social and environmental criteria. This gives rise to a number of suggestions for UK energy mix and policy.

The world's progress towards net-zero ambitions will bring down fossil fuel utilization and imports over time. However, crises such as COVID-19 and the Russia-Ukraine conflict have raised questions about the reliability of nonrenewables and what actions could be taken by policymakers to immediately mitigate reliance on fossil fuels for vulnerable importers. The responses to the recent crises could reorient energy geopolitics by the decentralization of the global energy system and speeding up renewables deployment. These superb targets require a concerted and sustained energy policy effort across multiple industries, alongside strong international communication on energy security. Clear dialogue between governments, the green power generation industries, and consumers is also a crucial element for successful renewable energy implementation. The world's energy crisis has unveiled that the transition to renewable energy has been too slow, and serious efforts are required to speed up the transition away from fossil fuels toward renewables.

Cómo citar este artículo: ZALAMEA-LEÓN, E.; MENA-CAMPOS, J.; MOSCOSO-CORDERO, M.; BARRAGAN-ESCANDON, E. y MENDEZ-SANTOS. P. Perspectivas de cubiertas fotovoltaicas y arquitectura en contextos urbanos patrimoniales [en línea] Fecha de consulta: dd-mm-aa. En: ACE: Architecture, City and Environment = Arquitectura, Ciudad y Entorno, 13 (38): 185-210, 2018.

Centralized communication-based control is one of the main methods that can be implemented to achieve autonomous advanced energy management capabilities in DC microgrids. However, its major limitation is the fact that communication bandwidth and computation resources are limited in practical applications. This can be often improved by avoiding redundant communications and complex computations. In this paper, an autonomous communication-based hybrid state/event driven control scheme is proposed. This control scheme is hierarchical and heuristic, such that on the primary control level, it encompasses state-driven local controllers, and on the secondary control level, an event-driven MG centralized controller (MGCC) is used. This heuristic hybrid control system aims at reducing the communication load and complexity, processor computations, and consequently system cost while maintaining reliable autonomous operation during all possible scenarios. A mathematical model for the proposed control scheme using Finite State Machines (FSM) has been developed and used to cover all the possible modes/sub-modes of operation, and assure seamless transitions among them during various events. Results of some case studies involving severe operational scenarios were presented and discussed. Results verify the validity and effectiveness of the proposed communication-based control scheme. Index Terms—Communication-based control, DC microgrids, finite state machine, hybrid state/event driven control.

For a century, the geopolitics of energy has been synonymous with the geopolitics of oil and gas. However, geopolitics and the global energy economy are both changing. The international order predominant since the end of World War II faces mounting challenges. At the same time, renewable energy is growing rapidly. Nevertheless, the geopolitics of renewable energy has received relatively little attention, especially when considering the far-reaching consequences of a global shift to renewable energy.

The paper starts with a discussion of seven renewable energy scenarios for the coming decades: the IEA’s World Energy Outlook 2016, the EIA’s International Energy Outlook 2016, IRENA’s REmap 2016, Bloomberg’s New Energy Outlook 2016, BP’s Energy Outlook 2016, Exxon-Mobil’s Outlook for Energy 2016 and the joint IEA and IRENA G20 decarbonization scenario.

Some of these are forecasting while others are backcasting scenarios. While all the forecasting scenarios envisage growth in renewable energy, none anticipate a revolution in which renewable energy use surpasses consumption of any of the fossil fuels in the next several decades. In contrast, the backcasting scenarios posit a future in which the world employs a radically different energy mix where consumption of renewables eventually surpasses that of fossil fuels. In all three backasting scenarios covered here, the share of renewables of total primary energy reaches 30-45% in 2035 or 2040 and 50-70% in 2050.

The paper then discusses seven mechanisms through which renewables could shape geopolitics.

Critical materials supply chains. As the transition to renewable energy accelerates, cartels could develop around materials critical to renewable energy technologies. Even if these cartels are unable to achieve the kind of impact that OPEC did in the 1970s oil market, they might be able to exert influence over consumers of these materials. Rare earth elements are widely used in clean energy technologies, including solar panels and wind turbines. Although rare earths elements are found in many countries around the world, they are usually found in dilute concentrations and are often difficult to extract. Today almost all mining, production and processing of rare earth elements takes place in China. Lithium, cobalt and indium are also widely used in clean energy technologies and might in some circumstances present opportunities for cartelization.

Technology and finance. In a world in which renewables are the dominant source of energy, capital for investment and technology may increasingly become sources of international cooperation or rivalry. First, increased tensions between developing and developed countries could develop over the transfer of technology. Second, conflict over renewable energy infrastructure could develop, especially if new asymmetric dependencies arise between major producers and consumers of renewable energy. Finally, it is not clear whether the expansion of renewable energy will involve a shift to more decentralized and distributed energy generation (similar to farming) or to larger companies with the financial and scientific clout to keep pace in an intense global race to continuously improve technology and cost-cutting (similar to mobile telephone manufacturing).

New resource curse. The prevalence of the resource curse could be affected by a rise of renewable energy in at least three ways. First, as oil and gas lose their dominance in the energy mix, petro-states will lose access to the high rents associated with the resource curse. Second, there is the question of whether countries that produce large amounts of renewable energy are likely to become subject to the resource curse, just as major oil and gas producers have been. However, it is also possible that countries producing renewable energy for export may actually end up with more diversified economies than they would otherwise, as the requirements for developing renewable energy resources are quite different from the petroleum sector. Third, there is potential for a new resource curse in countries rich in rare earth elements.

Electric grids. Renewable energy technologies may lead to greater electric interconnections between nations, more widespread distributed energy generation or both. The potential geopolitical implications are complex. On the one hand, greater cross-border trade in electricity could create geopolitical vulnerabilities for electricity importers. On the other hand, greater electric interconnection could increase interdependence among nations, reducing risks of conflict. Renewable energy technologies will affect the vulnerability of electric grids to cyber attacks, potentially creating new vulnerabilities while at the same enhancing resilience with more widespread microgrids and distributed energy technologies.

Reduced oil and gas demand. To the extent that renewable energy reduces demand for oil and gas, there could be significant geopolitical consequences. For oil and gas producers, the decline in revenue generated from fossil fuel energy exports can provide an impetus for political reform and economic diversification. However, a decline in petroleum revenue could also lead to political instability, especially in the short to medium term. Consumer countries would improve their trade balances and their room to maneuver in the international system. The development of renewable energy is already a game changer for Chile, Jordan, Morocco, and several island states in terms of energy security.

Avoided climate change. Reduced greenhouse gas emissions as a result of expanded use of renewable energy should logically reduce the risk of conflict and instability that climate change would otherwise generate. One region where large-scale deployment of renewable energy may have significant geopolitical consequences is Africa.

Sustainable energy access. Access to modern forms of energy is one of the preconditions for achieving sustainable development. The geopolitical impacts of access to energy are important, as such access can contribute to lasting solutions to instability and conflict. It is possible that renewables not only have an impact on geopolitics but that geopolitics, particularly in risky and institutionally unstable environments, can also influence investments in renewable energy by increasing the cost of capital.

These categories do not offer a comprehensive assessment of the ways in which renewables affect geopolitics. The purpose of this paper is to provide food for thought for a broader discussion on the ways in which greater renewable energy and geopolitics intersect. Accordingly, the final section (Section III) suggests areas and directions for future research.

In high pressure turbine the temperature of the steam will be in a range of 5400c – 5600c and the flow of the fluid flow will be subsonic and supersonic.  The pressure and temperature on the blade effects the surface of the blade, life cycle, deformation of the blade. In order to withstand blade at high pressure, temperatures, stresses and thermal loads the model of the blade is designed by introducing the cooling channels to the blade by supplying the cooling air through the rotor shaft which is extracted from the atmosphere and condenser to supply the coolant to the turbine blade. Using Grey cast iron material the blade profile can be able to withstand maximum pressure and temperatures and reduces the deformation levels. The aerodynamic profile, root notch and the shroud are designed using the CATIA v5 3D modeling software. The part is analysis with a material in ANSYS analysis software to observe the static structural, thermal and other required stresses at critical conditions in order to increase the life cycles and give better performance of the blade by using the Grey cast iron main high pressure steam turbine blade.

As electricity restructuring has progressed, the debate over appropriate mechanisms for the promotion of renewable energy has intensified. Green power marketing seeks to develop an emerging, customer-driven market for renewables. Because demand for green power is analogous to the voluntary provision of public goods, however, some believe that green marketing will not, on its own, provide a large market for renewables. After all, individuals have strong incentives to `free-ride' and therefore not contribute to the provision of public goods. This paper describes green power marketing activities, reviews aspects of the extensive literature on public goods, free-riders, and collective action problems, and explores some of the implications of this literature for the green marketing of renewable energy. The author recommends four strategies that may be used by marketers to boost participation in green power programs.

This reference work provides some insights on the salient aspects of the economics of energy supply. It explores: the business and regulatory dynamics in the energy sector and their impact on energy supply; the economic and financial analysis of energy projects and how they impact on investment decisions; the economics of fossil fuels and the factors influencing crude oil prices; and the economics of renewables and their growing importance for the future of energy.

This article seeks to nip in the bud four emerging myths about the geopolitics of the rise of renewable energy and the concomitant increase in electricity usage. The article presents alternative perspectives, arguing that (1) the risk of geopolitical competition over critical materials for renewable energy is limited; (2) the resource curse as we know it from the petroleum sector will not necessarily reappear in many countries in connection with renewable energy; (3) transboundary electricity cutoffs will mostly be unsuitable as a geopolitical weapon; and (4) it is not clear that growing use of renewable energy will exacerbate cyber-security risks. In all four areas, the evolving literature could place more emphasis on uncertainty and risks and less on one-sided scenarios and maximization of threats.

I HAVE A FEW SPARE COPIES OF THIS BOOK.  IF YOU ARE INTERESTED IN AN ORIGINAL HARD COPY, LET ME KNOW YOUR ADDRESS AND WHY YOU WANT ONE AND I WILL SEND YOU ONE.  THE OFFER LASTS AS LONG AS I HAVE SPARE COPIES.

What is Russia's potential as a partner in the global race towards a low-carbon economy? This book provides a balanced analysis of Russia's impressive, understudied and sometimes surprising strengths in the renewable energy sector. The work is a first of its kind, exploring the significant political and economic obstacles to developing renewable energy in Russia. The volume explores whether effective partnerships may be achieved by combining Russia's excellence in basic research and its diverse natural resources.

"As solar photovoltaic and wind based power generation becomes more commonplace, the inherent intermittency of the solar and wind resource poses one of the great challenges to those who would design and implement the next generation smart grid. Speci?cally, grid-tied solar power generation is a distributed resource whose output can change extremely rapidly, resulting in many issues for the distribution system operator with a large quantity of installed photovoltaic devices. Battery energy storage systems are increasingly being used to help integrate solar and wind power into the grid. These systems are capable of absorbing and delivering both real and reactive power with sub-second response times. With these capabilities, battery energy storage systems can mitigate such issues with solar-wind power generation as ramp rate, frequency, and voltage issues. Beyond these applications focusing on system stability, energy storage control systems can also be integrated with energy markets to make the solar and wind resource more economical. Providing a high-level introduction to this application area, this paper presents an overview of the challenges of integrating solar and wind power to the electricity distribution system.In this paper a solar-wind based power system model is made. To smoothen the intermittency of the solar and wind resources a battery energy storage system (BESS) is employed. The battery energy storage system stores the energy when excess power is available and releases the stored energy when demand is higher than the supply. A PI controller based control scheme is implemented for this purpose and an MPPT is used for wind turbine to extract the maximum power from the wind resource.The validity of the control scheme is checked through the MATLAB simulation of the solar-wind based power system. Rajesh Kumar | Satish Kumar""Power Quality Improvement in Solar-Wind based Power System using BESS"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd164.pdf
Article URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/164/power-quality-improvement-in-solar-wind-based-power-system-using-bess/rajesh-kumar"

In December 2021, the US Department of Energy (DoE) unveiled the Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations with $21.5bn in federal funding to deploy the advanced green technologies. The most significant portion of the budget, $9.5bn, has been dedicated to renewable hydrogen to commercialize innovative technologies and establish four regional hubs and a recycling and manufacturing program. Green hydrogen is already the focus of the DoE's energy initiatives, which aims to mitigate the cost of renewable hydrogen production by 80% over the next decade.