Psychodiagnostics and Assessments

Samenvatting
Het Leerkracht Relatie Interview is een semi-gestructureerd interview dat relatieproblemen tussen individuele leerlingen en hun leerkrachten op een gedetailleerde wijze in kaart brengt. Aan de hand van een casus van een leerkracht en een leerling met een diagnose Autisme Spectrum Stoornis wordt uitgelegd hoe het Leerkracht Relatie Interview kan bijdragen aan handelingsgerichte diagnostiek.


Summary
The Teacher Relationship Interview is a semi-structured interview that provides an in-depth evaluation of relationship problems between individual students and their teachers. Based on a descriptive case report of a teacher and a student diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder, it is explained how the Teacher Relationship Interview can make a contribution to needs-based psycho-diagnostic assessment.

Адаптація українською мовою методики TIPI С.Гослінгом, П.Ренфру і В.Свонном для дослідження п'яти факторів особистості (текст методики наявний) . Наведено дані про показники внутрішньої узгодженості  альфа Кронбаха, ретестову надійність, конструктну валідність перевірено за допомогою аналізу кореляційних зв'язків шкал ТІРІ та відповідних шкал п'ятифакторних методик («Локатора великої п'ятірки» (адаптація Л.Бурлачук, .Д. Корольов)

This paper reviews performance-based projective techniques, particularly Rorschach in terms of their use as assessment tools. An updated definition of the assessment methods and a clarification of the concept of personality disorders are outlined, along with a number of issues concerning Rorschach’s validity and reliability. Finally, an approach to the process of personality disorders assessment is suggested with a focus on especially serious disorders –i.e., schizotypal, narcissistic, antisocial and borderline personality disorders.

Resumen
La presente investigación tuvo por objetivo evaluar la fortaleza yoica de los agresores sexuales infantiles a través del Cuestionario Desiderativo. La muestra estuvo constituida por 22 sujetos encarcelados condenados por este tipo de delitos en el Complejo Penitenciario de Arica, Chile.
De un total de 26 indicadores asociados a  baja fortaleza yoica, 11 resultaron significativos: Respuesta de Sí Mismo, Respuesta Inducida, Respuesta Genérica, Tiempo de Reacción Acortado, Mezcla de Catexias, Labilidad en la Adhesión de Identificaciones, Idealización, Devaluación, Falla en la Racionalización, Alteración de la Secuencia de Catexias Positivas y Alteración de la Secuencia de Catexias Negativas.
Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que los agresores sexuales infantiles presentan importantes elementos asociados a debilidad yoica en el Cuestionario Desiderativo.

... Anales V Congreso Iberoamericano de Psicología Jurídica (pp. 267-278). Santiago, Chile. [ Links ]. Castiglioni, P., Escaff, E. & Salinas, M. (2004). Agresiones sexuales: Una aproximación comprensiva para un diseño de intervención y evaluación pericial. ...

Daydreaming, a common mental activity, can be excessive and accompanied by distress and impaired functioning in daily life. Although currently not formally identified by diagnostic manuals, daydreaming disorder (maladaptive daydreaming [MD]) is a clinically well-defined phenomenon. However, research is lacking regarding the diagnostic reliability of MD. Our aims were (a) to develop diagnostic criteria and a structured interview for MD, (b) to examine the reliability of this measure for distinguishing individuals with and without MD, and (c) to establish an optimal cutoff score for identifying clinical-level MD using an existing self-report measure. Thirty-one individuals who met screening criteria for MD and 31 matched controls completed the self-report measure and participated in 2 structured clinical interviews. Each participant was interviewed independently by 2 clinicians blind to the participant's group membership. Cohen's kappa values for the agreement rate between each interviewer and the screening criterion, and between the 2 interviewers, ranged from good to excellent (.63–.84). A cutoff score of 50 on the self-report measure yielded nearly perfect sensitivity and specificity and good-to-excellent agreement between the self-report measure and the interview (.68 –.81). Our interviews were conducted over the Internet, rather than in person; results might have been influenced by self-selection; and interviewing wider samples is warranted. We found that MD can be diagnosed reliably using a structured interview developed for that purpose. The new diagnostic interview showed excellent agreement with a self-report measure for the disorder. Additionally, we identified a useful cutoff score for future self-report research.

За результатами численних досліджень можна припустити, що підлітки, практикуючі ризикову поведінку (РП), потребують специфічних засобів при проведені психокорекційної роботи, оскільки традиційні методи психодіагностики і психокорекції можуть виявитися неефективними. Зокрема, РП підлітків корелює із схильністю до саморуйнування і самогубства. Спеціалістам треба враховувати, як залученість пділітка до РП впливає на його/її психологічні особливості задля ідентифікації адекватних мішеней у психокорекційній програмі.

Reseña en castellano de Lingiardi, V. y McWilliams, N. (2017). Adulthood. En V. Ligiardi y N. McWilliams, (Eds.), Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual, PDM-2 (pp. 15-119). The Guilford Press.
Mientras que el DSM-5 (American Psychoanalytic Association, 2013) o el CIE-10 (OMS,2000), únicamente delimitan categorías psicopatológicas según la presencia de conjuntos de síntomas, el PDM-2 ofrece un enfoque multidisciplinar, científicamente riguroso y novedoso, para profundizar en la experiencia interna de los pacientes. Permite situar sus conflictos psicológicos dentro de un amplio contexto del funcionamiento de su personalidad, con el objetivo de ayudar a desarrollar la formulación de los casos de una manera lo suficientemente rica como para guiar efectivamente el tratamiento.

This is the Psychodiagnostic Chart -2. v.8.1 that will appear in the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual-2 (2016) text. There are only slight labeling changes to the P axis from v.8. This clinician guided assessment can be used for personality and psychotherapy research, progress notes, case supervision, or teaching diagnoses.

У статті здійснюється ідентифікація та систематизація проблем психодіагностики аксіологічної сфери особистості у фокусі використання даних з метою командотворення. Ідентифікуються такі діагностичні проблеми, як високий
ступінь узагальнення ціннісних характеристик, складність виявлення реальних цінностей, недостатність структурної реконструкції аксіологічної сфери, ризики втрати ціннісної автентичності досліджуваних. Пропонуються варіанти вирішення проблем психодіагностики ціннісної сфери особистості.

Psychobiography is a qualitative, idiographic research
method; it is the explicit and systematic application of psychological
theories and models in writing biographies and
analyzing the life history, activity and personality of historically
significant persons. This method has been used in the
investigation of eminent creativity for more than a hundred
years from now. It was originally created by Sigmund Freud;
he and his followers made it popular among psychoanalysts
in the first half of the 20th century, meanwhile American personality
psychologists like GW Allport, HA Murray or Erik
H Erikson also contributed to its development. Due to the
hegemony of quantitative-positivist research in the 1960s
and the 1970s this method was not favored, but-owing to
the success of narrative psychology-from the 1990s we can
perceive the renaissance of life history approach and psychobiography
in personality psychology. In this article I will
try to demonstrate that the application of psychobiography
in the training of psychologists could have countless beneficial
effects. The most important reason for it that using psychobiography
in training could alleviate some major intellectual
contradictions between university training and clinical
practice, and it could also contribute to the development of
psychology as a “rigorous science”. In order to understand
the importance of this question first I have to analyze the
scientific differences between clinical practice and academic
research on ontological and epistemological levels.

Keywords
Psychobiography, Training of psychology students, Clinical
practice, Epistemology

Addressing methodological problems in the development of existing scales for measuring alexithymia, this study reports the development of a new self-report scale. The Toronto Alexithymia Scale (T AS) was devised with concern for theoretical congruence with the alexithymia construct, independence of social desirability response bias, and internal consistency. Initially, 41 items were administered to 542 college students. Twenty-six items meeting preestablished psychometric guidelines were retained. Factor analysis yielded four interpretable factors, all consistent with the construct. The scale demonstrated adequate split-balfand test-retest reliability, and scores were not significantly associated with age, education, and socioeconomic status. These preliminary results suggest that the T AS may be used as a clinical screening device with psychiatric and general medical patient populations.

Presentamos aqui una revision de las tecnicas proyectivas (pruebas basadas en la actuacion), sobre todo del Rorschach en su estado actual y en su aplicacion a la evaluacion de la personalidad. Empezamos definiendo los instrumentos diagnosticos desde una perspectiva actual. Clarificamos el concepto de ?trastornos de la personalidad? y la situacion actual del Rorschach en cuanto a su validez y fiabilidad. Finalmente ofrecemos una aproximacion al proceso de diagnostico de los trastornos de la personalidad utilizando dichas pruebas, incidiendo en especial en algunos de los trastornos generalmente tenidos por mas graves: personalidad esquizotipica, narcisista, antisocial y limite.

The paper deals with the issue of computational psycholinguistic analysis (CPA) and its experimental application in basic psychological and pedagogical assessment. CPA is a new method which may potentially provide interesting, psychologically relevant information about the author of a particular text, regardless of the text’s factual (semantic) content and without the need to obtain additional materials. As part of our QPA-FPT research we studied the link between the linguistic form of a text by Czech college students and their personality characteristics obtained from a psychodiagnostic test battery. The article also discusses the basis of the method, opportunities for practical application and potential use within psychological and pedagogical disciplines.

Kučera, D. & Havigerová, J. M. (2015). Computational psycholinguistic analysis and its application in psychological assessment of college students. Journal of Pedagogy, 6(1), 61–72.

Time-sampling methodology was implemented to examine the prospective associations between affect, desire to gamble, and gambling behavior in individuals diagnosed with a mood disorder. Thirty (9 male, 21 female) adults with a lifetime diagnosis of a depressive or bipolar disorder diagnosis who endorsed current gambling and lifetime gambling harm participated in the present study. Participants completed electronic diary entries of their current affective state, desire to gamble, and gambling behavior for 30 consecutive days. Hierarchical linear modelling revealed that affect was not a predictor of gambling behavior. Instead, affect predicted the desire to gamble, with high levels of sadness and arousal independently predicting an increased desire to gamble. Desire to gamble predicted actual gambling behavior. There were no differences across diagnostic groups in terms of gambling motivations at baseline; however, during the 30-day period, participants with bipolar disorder endorsed gambling to cope with negative affect more often than did participants with depressive disorder, whereas those with depressive disorder more often endorsed gambling for social reasons or enhancement of positive affect. The present findings provide evidence that negative affect is not directly related to actual gambling behavior, and suggest that affective states rather impact the desire to gamble.

The authors question the clinical status of factitious disorder with psychological symptoms as a mental disorder. In particular, they argue that unresolved issues regarding the motivational basis of this disorder and the lack of clearly delineated inclusion, exclusion, and outcome criteria seriously compromise its diagnostic legitimacy. Two case reports are presented to illustrate these difficulties. Future studies should consider these empirical and conceptual difficulties in refining the diagnosis of factitious disorder with psychological symptoms for DSM-IV.

I  adapted  a  change-raising  scam,  which  is  often  used  by  con
artists, for laboratory conditions and developed a test situation - the Exchange  Task.  With  10  participants,  I  examined  whether  the Exchange Task can be reproduced and will result in similar reactions between subjects. Along with the observations and interviews that were conducted , the results provide a starting point for developing a test situation suited for experimental manipulation.

A cikk arra igyekszik rávilágítani, hogy az akadémiai pszichológiai kutatás és az egyetemi oktatás természettudományos-pozitivista alapfeltevései episztemológiai eszmpontból ellentmondásban állnak a tényleges klinikai tevékenységgel, aminek valódi tudományos hátterét a fenomenológiai-hermenutikai hagyományok adják. Ez a tárgy természetéből fakadó szükséges beállítódás azonban a képzés egyoldalúságai miatt implicit és reflektálatlan módon érvényesül, ezért javasolja a tanulmány az idiografikus személyiségkutatás sajátosságait sűrítő pszichobiográfia oktatását az egyetemen, ami többek közt hozzá járul az ilyen jellegű munka ontológiai, episztemológiai és módszertani kérdéseinek tisztázásához.

OBJECTIVES: Presentation of a film story is useful tool for inducting positive and negative emotional states. The aim of the present study was to select appropriate film clips that would be effective in the induction of certain emotion. METHODS: The assessment of film excerpts was conducted on the sample of 173 Slovak university students. A set of 11 film excerpts was presented to participants. We analyzed the distribution of elicited emotions, the discreteness of target emotion as well as gender differences in emotional reactivity. Film excerpts were compared also according to the rate of valence and arousal of induced emotional state. RESULTS: Each of the 11 film clips elicited the target emotion (amusement, sadness, neutral emotional state). Women reported higher level of sadness than men after film clips with that specific target emotion. Moreover, mute film clips were as effective as excerpts with dialogues. COCNLUSION: Our results indicate that presentation of film clips (whether mute or with dialogues) is effective method for emotions inducing.

En el momento presente la clasificación psicopatológica destaca por su gran complejidad y confusión, que da lugar a incontables debates. Realizamos una indagación en este terreno partiendo del concepto de “histeria” por tratarse de un diagnóstico proteico y esquivo, que en cierta medida se solapa con el más de moda, pero no menos confuso, “trastorno límite”, y con otros trastornos, como la psicosis, lo que hace de él un caso paradigmático dentro de la discusión diagnóstica en general y psicoanalítica en particular. Su presentación multiforme posiblemente ha llevado, en tiempos de positivismo dominante, a su desprestigio y práctica eliminación de los sistemas de clasificación oficiales. Sin embargo, cuando hablamos de diagnóstico” al referirnos a la personalidad no debemos entenderlo tanto en el sentido de agrupación de signos y síntomas sino como la valoración y descripción de esas pautas complejas de comportamiento cuyo nivel privilegiado de análisis es el de la relación interperso...

A major goal of evidence-based psychotherapy is to assess specific cognitive or emotional schemata and behavioral patterns associated with a particular disorder. The present study is an exploratory attempt to form a quantitative basis for this sort of clinical work in terms of Anderson's Information Integration Theory and the theory's methodological counterpart-Functional Measurement. The participants of the study' s three experiments were 24 adolescents who suffer from disruptive behavior disorders, 17 patients who suffer from a dual diagnosis (a combination of substance dependence and psychopatholo-gy), and 14 patients diagnosed as suffering from emotional disorders such as anxiety, depression, and panic attacks. The following three types of functional cognitive schemata were diagnosed: bio-psycho-social in the participants with disruptive behavior disorders; addiction in the participants with dual diagnosis , and inner speech schemata in the participants with emotional disorders. The results are presented in terms of the relative importance assigned to the components of each sort of schema. It is concluded that the study's findings exemplify the viability of the information integration as an infrastructure of a complementary psychodiagnostic tool.

The problems of legal regulation of computerized psychodiagnostics in the solution of managerial tasks of selection and placement of personnel are considered. The types of problematic situations requiring the adoption of regulatory and legal decisions of different levels of complexity are described. The conclusion is made about the importance of the development of legal aspects to ensure the effective functioning of practical computerized psychodiagnostic systems.

В 2008 году, автором настоящей статьи была разработана и создана достаточно простая, но эффективная психодиагностическая методика по системе Q-методологии. Цель методики – выявить персональную систему отношений между индивидуумом и объектами; иерархию ценностных ориентаций респондента, его убеждения, воззрения, предпочтения, чувствования. Методика состоит из списка условий-ситуаций (который можно произвольно изменять) и набора тестовых объектов (стимульного материала), которые респондент должен ипсативно оценить (не проранжировать) по 11-балльной системе (от 0 до 10) для каждого условия

Perceiving physical stimuli such as light is not the same as perceiving one's own thoughts and feelings. Introspective findings on the psychophysical laws of stimulus perception therefore cannot prove that all mental life is quantifiable as psychologists have long assumed.