Private and Property Law.

The authors question whether the Supreme Court of Canada has a grander agenda in its formulation of Aboriginal Title in Tsilhqoti'n Nation v. British Columbia than that of merely ensuring financial utility. While private ownership certainly does not reflect the territorial nature of Aboriginal title, it is pertinent to ask if the decision aims to satisfy more than the financial goals of private ownership. Is the Court in Tsilhqot’in attempting to indirectly politically empower Indigenous peoples as collectives by recognizing their private control over vast tracts of lands? The clarity of the court regarding the beneficial interest in Title land, the scope of territory to be included, the commonality of holding, and the right to decide on its uses are key themes that could indicate this intention. Taken together with its overall trend towards conceptualizing reconciliation through consultation that ensures compensation, these characteristics authorize titleholders to directly exclude non-consensual users and indirectly imposes a cost on government infringement so high as to be prohibitive or, at least, a serious disincentive to unilateral action by governments or industry proponents

Nigeria depend greatly on oil and gas production to meet its revenue needs. Several initiatives are currently being gauged to diminish the high transaction cost of pipeline failures and the consequences on land rights' holders. Oil and gas are essential commodities hence, requires reliable means by which they can be conveyed from the platforms (sources of production) to the consumers. One of the sustainable and reliable means of conveying large quantities of oil and gas from one point to another is by purposely constructed pipelines. It is against the backdrop of the crucial needs for the use of pipelines to convey petroleum products that this article investigated the legal and social challenges of oil and gas pipelines in Nigeria. It found that, the laws and institutions responsible for governance of pipelines in Nigeria are defective and unsustainable. Furthermore, the weaknesses of the monitoring agencies and faulty legal regimes in Nigeria with regards to land use, revocation and flexible powers given to the pipeline owners to be able to vary routes and take lands of others in the name of public interest is one of the prime factors causing discontent and leading to pipeline vandalism. Amongst others, the article recommend that the government should energize the relevant agencies by entering into partnership with experts from overseas that can foster transfer of knowledge which would drive safety regulations grounded on effective risk analyses and cost-benefit analyses. Precisely, the regulatory agencies such as the Department of Petroleum Resources should embark on dependable risk management strategies.

Este conteúdo está protegido pela lei de direitos autorais. É permitida a reprodução, desde que indicada afonte como "Conteúdo da Revista Digital de Direito Administrativo".A RDDA constitui periódico científico da FDRP/USP, cuja função édivulgar gratuitamente pesquisa na área de direito administrativo. Editor responsável: Professor Associado Thiago Marrara. REVISTA DIGITAL DE DIREITO ADMINISTRATIVO FACULDADE DE DIREITO DE RIBEIRÃO PRETO-FDRP UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO-USP Seção: Artigos Científicos Acessibilidade nos shopping centers: uma análise sobre a intervenção estatal na propriedade privada Accessibility in Shopping Malls: an analysis of State intervention in private property Nathália Silva e Santos Resumo: O presente artigo pretende analisar a aplicação das normas de acessibilidade nos shopping centers. Para tanto, realiza-se a pesquisa com enfoque no direito administrativo, analisando-se as modalidades de restrição estatal sobre a propriedade privada, mais precisamente, as limitações administrativas. De modo geral, objetiva-se examinar:(i) o conceito do termo "pessoa com deficiência";(ii) a atuação da Administração Pública na efetivação dos direitos fundamentais desse grupo social; (iii) a contextualização dos shopping centers no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. A metodologia utilizada constitui-se em um estudo descritivo-analítico, desenvolvido por meio de análise bibliográfica, legislativa e jurisprudencial. Palavras-chave: shopping center; acessibilidade; pessoas com deficiência; direito administrativo; limitações administrativas. Abstract: This article aims to analyze the application of accessibility standards in shopping malls. For this reason, the research is conducted with a focus on administrative law, by analyzing the modalities of State restriction on private property, more precisely, the administrative limitations. In general, the objective is to examine: (i) the concept of the term "person with disabilities"; (ii) the performance of Public Administration in the realization of the fundamental rights of this social group; (iii) the contextualization of shopping centers in the Brazilian legal system. The methodology used is a descriptive-analytical study, developed through bibliographical, legislative and jurisprudential analysis.

The quest for social, economic and environmental dimensions of sustainable development, Agenda 2030, necessitates rapt attention to the rule of law in any country. Historical makings of the rule of law in any country are essential in charting a way forward for sustainable development. In Nigeria, colonialism introduced the concept of legal pluralism which has perpetuated conflict of legal systems in Nigeria by introducing a multitude of incoherent systems working side by side, weakly enforced and usually operating contradictory one to another. Development of customary laws which are home grown is generally subject to the repugnancy doctrine of the colonialists and the constitutional requirement, but not the attendant attitudes of the citizens whose customs still forms the fabrics of their thoughts and actions. This paper finds that despite the pervasive impact of colonialism on the legal system in Nigeria and the attendant recent interpretations of the constitution to reflect global attitudes, the high level of illiteracy, consistent patriarchy and general ignorance of existing legislations and court judgments by the citizens would not allow the attitudinal changes required. The recommendation is therefore that more efforts should be expended by major players for the rule of law to truly hold and attainment of Agenda 2030 achieved.

This article explores different understandings of reconciliation within the context of modern treaty making in British Columbia, focusing on the role of the BC treaty process in resolving the longstanding dispute between Aboriginal Peoples and the Crown over rights to land. Although the treaty process was created to reconcile competing interests in the land, Crown and Aboriginal negotiators often have contradictory understandings of how this reconciliation is to take place. Drawing on a case study of the Hul’qumi’num Peoples, a group of Coast Salish First Nations, I examine how different understandings and approaches to reconciliation impede progress at the treaty table. I conclude that progress towards treaty and reconciliation in this case will require coming to terms with the Hul’qumi’num territory's colonial history and geography, something that the current treaty process actively avoids, plus the crafting of a treaty agreement that allows for a more equal sharing of the burden that colonialism has created in this place. More particularly, meaningful reconciliation will require a fuller recognition of Aboriginal title and rights across the breadth of the territory and a commitment to meaningful compensation of Hul’qumi’num Peoples for the wrongful taking of their lands.

Este artículo de investigación examina dos sentencias de la Corte Suprema de Justicia de Colombia, como juez constitucional, bajo la Constitución Nacional de 1886, que defendieron el derecho a la propiedad privada frente a expropiaciones ordenadas por decretos de estado de sitio  dictados por el presidente de la república, aun cuando en ambos fallos la corporación evitó pronunciarse sobre los límites del poder Ejecutivo bajo el estado de excepción. Así, a través de una historia política del control constitucional se pone en evidencia el comportamiento estratégico de la Corte Suprema en dos momentos determinados: el primero en su etapa inaugural como juez constitucional en 1912 y el segundo, bajo el régimen militar del general Gustavo Rojas Pinilla en 1954. Estos dos fallos sirven para mostrar el rol político de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, y la interdependencia entre la política y el derecho en la construcción de la defensa judicial de la Constitución en Colombia.

Two practical lessons, in Émile, aim to introduce the pupil to economics. The first one concerns the foundation of the right to property; the second one concerns trade and the social division of work. Both of these educational moments show Rousseau’s economic thought to be more complex and informed than we often believe. But Émile’s existential decisions are also occasions for philosophical investigations on the conditions of rational choice, the maximization of satisfaction and the supposed benefits of competition between bids. Through these differents issues, Rousseau puts to the test and critically examines the free market principles which are starting to take shape just then.

L’Émile met en scène deux leçons de choses visant à initier l’élève à la science économique: l’une concernant le fondement du droit de propriété, l’autre concernant l’échange marchand et la division sociale du travail. Ces deux moments éducatifs donnent un précieux éclairage sur la pensée économique de Rousseau, pensée plus complexe et informée qu’on ne le considère communément. Mais c’est également dans les décisions existentielles d’émile que sont abordées philosophiquement les conditions d’un choix rationnel, la maximisation de la satisfaction et les vertus supposées de la concurrence. Par ces différents biais, Rousseau met à l’épreuve et critique les thèses de la science économique, annonciatrices du libéralisme, qui s’ébauchent à son époque.

El artículo estudia los fundamentos del derecho de propiedad y de su función social; lo que la filosofía clásica denomina "derecho natural". En un lenguaje actualizado, se explican sus principales lineamientos. Se logra así una visión equilibrada de la propiedad, lejos del totalitarismo socialista y del abuso del individualismo liberal.

Грузия прошла долгий и трудный путь за последние 30 лет. Это было связано, с одной стороны, с беспорядками 1990-х годов, а с другой - с выбором грузинского права - оставаться верным старым правилам или идти по пути европейского развития. В связи с этим возникла необходимость в коренной реформе в различных областях права. Правовая реформа коснулась и грузинского частного права.
Естественно, что в данном исследовании физически невозможно подробно обсудить все изменения, произошедшие в частном праве Грузии, но я постараюсь отразить основные законодательные изменения или выводы последних 30 лет, чтобы создать представление о развитии грузинского частного права. Таким образом, цель исследования - кратко определить, в первую очередь, аспекты изменений в гражданском праве, а затем и в других специальных областях частного права (трудовое, корпоративное право) с периода независимой Грузии до наших дней. В этом контексте необходимо выяснить, какие законодательные изменения претерпело частное право Грузии, что послужило основой для этих изменений, были ли эти изменения прогрессивными или нет.
Исследование показывает, что частное право Грузии было основано на немецкой концепции, согласно которой существует общее частное право и частные области частного права. Таким образом, Римское право оказало большое влияние на формирование частного права в Грузии, что является естественным результатом рецепции римского частного права в Грузии.

The quest for social, economic and environmental dimensions of sustainable development, Agenda 2030, necessitates rapt attention to the rule of law in any country. Historical makings of the rule of law in any country are essential in charting a way forward for sustainable development. In Nigeria, colonialism introduced the concept of legal pluralism which has perpetuated conflict of legal systems in Nigeria by introducing a multitude of incoherent systems working side by side, weakly enforced and usually operating contradictory one to another. Development of customary laws which are home grown is generally subject to the repugnancy doctrine of the colonialists and the constitutional requirement, but not the attendant attitudes of the citizens whose customs still forms the fabrics of their thoughts and actions. This paper finds that despite the pervasive impact of colonialism on the legal system in Nigeria and the attendant recent interpretations of the constitution to reflect global attitudes, the high level of illiteracy, consistent patriarchy and general ignorance of existing legislations and court judgments by the citizens would not allow the attitudinal changes required. The recommendation is therefore that more efforts should be expended by major players for the rule of law to truly hold and attainment of Agenda 2030 achieved.

The Czech courts do often deal with transportation matters. For example the Supreme Court of the Czech Republic decided on 28 March 2012 about the Scope of the CMR Convention. The court concluded that the Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road (CMR Convention) shall apply to every contract for the carriage og consignments by road vehicles for remuneration, when the place of taking over the consignment and the place designated for delivery thereof, as specified in the contract, are situated in two different countries, of which at least one is a contracting party to the CMR Convention. The court concluded further in the same decision that a contract does not qualify as a contract of carriage if the person designated as consignor in the international consignment notes is not simultaneously the person or entity that ordered the carriage.

In another decision, namely in the judgment of 10 October 2012 the Supreme Court of the Czech Republic concluded that the CMR Convention does not regulate all issues related to international carriage by road. The Convention does not regulate the process of formation of the contract for carriage of things (consignment, goods) and its essential components. These issues, which are not regulated under the CMR Convention, must be examined according to domestic regulations as the governing substantive law determined according to the rules of private international law. The Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road (CMR), binding on the Czech Republic, shall apply to a contract that entails the carriage of consignments by road vehicles for remuneration, when the place of taking over of the consignment and the place designated for delivery thereof, as specified in the contract, are situated in two different countries, of which at least one is a contracting party to the CMR Convention, irrespective of the states in which the registered office, place of business or place of residence of the parties is situated.27 If the parties entered into a contract of carriage,28 the liability for damage and losses incurred in the course of the carriage must be assessed according to the CMR Convention. Article 4 of the CMR Convention stipulates that the contract of carriage shall be confirmed by the making out of a consignment note. The absence, irregularity or loss of the consignment note shall not affect the existence or validity of the contract of carriage, which shall remain subject to the provisions of the CMR Convention. Article 9 of the CMR Convention stipulates that, unless proven otherwise, the consignment note shall be prima facie evidence of the making of the contract of carriage, the contents of the contract and the receipt of the consignment by the carrier. Information provided in the consignment note therefore establishes a refutable legal presumption regarding the existence or the contents of the contract of carriage, as applicable. Article 3 of the Convention on the Contract for the
International Carriage of Goods by Road [CMR Convention] must be interpreted in conjunction with Article 29 of the CMR Convention. Article 3 of the CMR Convention stipulates that the carrier is responsible for the acts and omissions of their agents and servants, and of any other persons of whose services they make use for the performance of the carriage, as well as for the acts and omissions of the agents, servants and any other persons whose services are used by the carrier’s subcontractor or the subcontractor’s subcontractor, as long as such agents, servants or other persons are acting within the scope of their employment. Acts within the scope of one’s employment also include any acts of the person whereby he or she committed a criminal offence, thereby advancing only his or her own interests or the interests of a third party, not the interests of the carrier. In terms of Article 3 of the CMR Convention, the carrier is liable for the acts of their employees or, as applicable, persons of whose services they have made use in the carriage of the vehicle, even if these persons act contrary to the orders given by the employer; the reason is that the carrier is also liable for the proper choice of their employees or subcontractors, as applicable. The carrier is therefore also liable for any theft or embezzlement of goods, as the case may be, committed by the ‘persons used’ if the goods were entrusted to them in the performance of the contract of carriage. The carrier’s liability under Article 17(1) of the CMR Convention is strict liability. The carrier cannot be relieved of this liability by proving a lack of fault, but only by proving the existence of grounds for liberation. Liability for damage to the goods or losses caused during the carriage as a result of a criminal offence committed by the driver who participated in the theft of the goods rests with the carrier in compliance with Article 17(1) of the CMR Convention. Information provided in the consignment note establishes a refutable legal presumption regarding the existence or the contents of the contract of carriage, as applicable. This does not mean, however, that Section 610 of the Czech Commercial Code could not apply. Determination of the amount of damage under Article 23(2) and (3) of the CMR Convention is principally made by reference to the invoice (or any similar document) issued and submitted by the supplier (here the foreign supplier), without exceeding the limits of damages under Article 23(3) of the CMR Convention. When interpreting international treaties or agreements as the source of law, the national court may also invoke the case law of foreign courts that examined the same or a similar issue.

In its Resolution of 9 January 2013 the Czech Supreme Court concluded that International jurisdiction in international disputes from carriage that fall within the CMR Convention is governed by Article 31(1)(b) of the CMR Convention. Agreement of the parties (choice-of-court agreement/ prorogatio fori) takes precedence in the determination of the international jurisdiction of court in disputes from carriage that fall within the CMR Convention. In the absence of the parties’ agreement, the jurisdiction is vested in the courts of the state in whose territory the place is located in which the  consignment was received for carriage, or in whose territory the place is located in which the consignment was designated for delivery. As concerns international jurisdiction of courts, the CMR Convention does not rule out the application of EU law, namely Council Regulation (EC) No. 44/2001 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters. If the consignment was released in the territory of the Czech Republic (Cheb), the courts of the Czech Republic have international jurisdiction. But if the conditions for territorial jurisdiction are absent (the respondent company does not have its registered office, or enterprise or branch in the Czech Republic and the circumstances are absent that would establish optional territorial jurisdiction), the territorial jurisdiction shall be determined by the Supreme Court of the Czech Republic following the principle of economy of the proceedings. The place (court) that best corresponds to this principle is the jurisdiction of the district court in whose district the transported consignment was released (delivered). In the case at hand, the respective principle is best fulfilled by the determination of the territorial jurisdiction of the District Court in Cheb [Czech Republic], before which the proceedings were commenced and in whose district the transported consignment was released (delivered) to the respondent.

Together with international treaties the main source of law on contracts is in the Czech Republic the Civil Code in effect as of 1 January 2014, which has replaced the previous Civil Code of 1964 as amended and the Commercial Code of 1991 as amended. The paper analyzes in its second part the Czech law on contracts in detail and comparing at the same time both regulations.

The conception of property is usually moulded upon diverting historical and political-philosophical frameworks. The current interest on the commons illustrates these divergences when they come up between a 'pure' public and a 'pure' private form of ownership. This conceptual triad misleads by conflating private property with an absolute property right while equating public property with a centralised political regime. This article traces the republican conception of property in order to show how it draws a legal and philosophical continuum around different forms of ownership, based on a fiduciary principle underlying the relationship between the sovereign or principal (trustor) and its agent (trustee). Despite modern socialism apparently left aside the question of the commons, the republican-fiduciary rationale was reformulated according to the modern industrial capitalist society.

Este trabajo pretende analizar la relación entre la concepción moderna de derecho de propiedad y las categorías de poder propuestas por Michel Foucault (soberanía, poder disciplinario y biopoder). Todo esto, dando cuenta de cómo a través del tiempo –según conceptos de Jean-François Lyotard– se fue construyendo un “gran relato” sobre la idea de propiedad que persiste aún hoy y genera un entramado de relaciones de poder abstractas que afectan tanto a las personas como las cosas y el territorio. Asimismo, estudia la propiedad colectiva como un microrrelato que puede poner en jaque el relato hegemónico de la propiedad privada individual.

The Western Balkan countries of Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania and Kosovo are lag behind other European transition countries in terms of economic development and EU accession. Although these countries have introduced deep reforms in many areas, especially during the transition process of privatization and democratization, property rights in these countries are not well protected hindering further economic development and social change. Instead of protecting property rights state governments in these countries infringe private property rights to pursue political goals. The aim of this paper is to point out differences between Western Balkan countries in their transition path from other transition countries in the region. The paper illustrates the impact of these differences on property right protections with case studies from Serbia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina.

En la zona regada por el río Dulce en la provincia de Santiago del Estero se configuraron desde tiempos coloniales estancias indivisas  habitualmente bautizadas con el nombre de su fundador. Algunos de estos “campos comuneros”, resultantes de la práctica de no
dividir las tierras a lo largo de generaciones, devinieron en nutridas comunidades de parientes que compartían tierra, agua y monte. También otros sujetos no emparentados fueron ingresando al mancomún a través de la compra de derechos y acciones, aunque
parece tratarse de un fenómeno tardío en la provincia.Este artículo se ocupa de la transición entre el campo común y la propiedad individual
en una zona específica de Santiago del Estero, irrigada por el río Dulce, aunque nuestras conclusiones puedan extenderse también a otras regiones. Uno de los puentes que se tendió entre las dos orillas mencionadas fue la figura del condominio, una estructura
formalizada jurídicamente y pronta para ser disuelta a partir de un marco jurídico específico inserto en el Código Civil.

In diesem Beitrag werden ausgewählte Intentionale Gemeinschaften des Kommuja-Netzwerks in den Blick genommen. Einige dieser Gemeinschaften, die sich selbst als politische Kommunen bezeichnen, können als eine radikale, da personenzentrierte Praxis des Commonings verstanden werden. Individuelle Ökonomien werden in diesen Kommunen aufgelöst-d.h. Kommunard*innen dieser Kommunen versuchen die Institution des Privateigentums zwischen sich aufzulösen. Über die Frage danach, wie Verfügung über und Verhalten zur Ökonomie legitim begründet wird, wird hier eine analytische Perspektive entwickelt und entlang dieser die Selbst-Regulation der kommunitären Ökonomien dieser Kommunen diskutiert. Auf der Grundlage von (auto-)ethnographischen Notizen und Interviews argumentiere ich dabei, dass der Modus der Begründungsaufforderung der mikrokommunistischen Praktiken dieser Kommunen tendenziell grenzziehungs-und identitätskritisch wirkt. Die Praktiken dieser Kommunen und ihre Subjekte weisen damit einerseits über die imperialen Modi der Privateigentumsökonomie hinaus. Andererseits werfen sie aber auch elementare Fragen bezüglich der möglichen Ausweitung ihrer kleinräumigen Praktiken auf.

The Hebrew Bible is a unique and remarkable source of ageless knowledge in many subjects. In addition to its theological and philosophical virtues, it contains many storylines about the history, customs, traditions, and laws in the promised land. And although the Bible cannot be considered a precise textbook on the abovementioned subjects, it contains essential imprints of the memory of the ancient people and their way of living. I always was fascinated in economic interpretation of the Bible. On what legal and economic principles did God intended to shape a human society? Were there any economic concepts that can be understood from the point of view of modern science?