Printing Press

A printing press is a device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print medium (such as paper or cloth), thereby transferring the ink. Typically used for texts, the invention and spread of the printing press are widely regarded as the most influential events in the second millenniumrevolutionizing the way people conceive and describe the world they live in, and ushering in the period of modernity. The printing press was invented in the Holy Roman Empire by the German Johanes Gutenberg around 1440, based on existing screw presses. Gutenberg, a goldsmith by profession, developed a complete printing system, which perfected the printing process through all of its stages by adapting existing technologies to the printing purposes, as well as making groundbreaking inventions of his own. His newly devised hand mould made for the first time possible the precise and rapid creation of metal movable type in large quantities, a key element in the profitability of the whole printing enterprise.

ON THE POSSIBLE SOURCES AND CREATORS OF WOODCUT ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE OCTOECHOS (TONE 5-8) (1494)



Woodcut illustrations published in the Octoechos (Tone 5-8) in Cetinje in 1494 have long been the focus of researchers because of their exquisite workmanship. However, due to the lack of historical data, the questions regarding their sources and authors remain unsolved. Their complex style and composition indicate a dual origin: intertwining of the traditional Orthodox Serbian iconography with the new Venetian Renaissance motifs. This paper points to the city of Dubrovnik as a possible place of origin of some elements of illustrations, and seeks their authors among the local painters and goldsmiths.

On display in the Research Archives of the Oriental Institute is a large wooden cabinet made in 1929 by Hamilton Manufacturing Company. Although Hamilton himself started out making wood type in 1880, the printer’s cabinet in the Research Archives was designed to hold a metal letterpress set. Inside its forty-eight drawers are thousands of pieces of cast lead type. Knowing that the cabinet was made in 1929, one would expect to find inside a common typeface used by printers in the Midwestern United States at the beginning of the twentieth century. However, upon opening the cabinet’s drawers, one will find at the end of each lead piece not a Latin letter, but a finely formed Egyptian hieroglyph. Placing this type into a frame allowed for the publication of complex hieroglyphic inscriptions with the remarkable stability offered by cast fonts combined with the printing press. For the first time, the “divine words” of ancient Egypt could be reproduced using the devil’s “infernal machine”—a metaphor for the potentially diabolical powers of the press.

Bu makalede yeni bir iletişim teknolojisi olarak matbaanın Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'na girişi ele alınmaktadır. İmparatorluk dâhilindeki Müslümanların yakından bilmelerine rağmen matbaayı benimsemek için neden 18'inci yüzyıl başına kadar bekledikleri sorgulanmaktadır. Makalenin temel varsayımı, Osmanlı Müslümanları arasında Harold A. Innis'in kavramsallaştırdığı anlamda zaman yanlısı bir bilgi tekelinin bulunduğu ve bu kesimin matbaayı yüzyıllarca kullanmaktan çekinmesinin gerisindeki yapısal ilişkilerin de söz konusu bilgi tekeli doğrultusunda şekillendiğidir. Müslümanlar arasında matbaa ancak zaman yanlısı bilgi tekeli 18. yüzyılda Batı'nın üstünlüğünün anlaşılmasıyla sarsılıp, yeni bir düzen kurulması fikri öne çıkmaya başlayınca yer edinebilmiştir. Makaledeki araştırma evreni büyük ölçüde başkent İstanbul' da imparatorluğu yöneten Müslüman seçkinlerden oluşmaktadır. Dolayısıyla Müslüman kitleler ve taşradaki toplumsal yapı büyük ölçüde araştırmanın sınırlarının dışında kalmaktadır.

Abstract
This article explores the introduction of printing press into the Ottoman Empire as a new media technology. The reason behind the fact that Muslim subjects of the empire, who knew printing press well, waited until the beginning of the 18 th century for adopting it is examined. The basic assumption of the article is that the existence of a time biased knowledge monopoly, in the sense that Harold A. Innis conceptualized it, shaped structural relations that kept Ottoman Muslims for centuries from adopting printing press. It was only after the destabilization of that time biased knowledge monopoly with the realization of Western superiority and the emergence of the idea of a new order printing press was welcomed by Ottoman Muslims. The scope of the study is basically limited with Muslim elites ruling the empire from Istanbul. Thus, Muslim masses and social structure in provinces lay beyond the scope of the study.

In 1905, the Urdu writer ‘Abdul Halim Sharar published a critical review of Brijnarayan Chakbast’s new edition of Pandat Daya Shankar Kaul Nasīm’s (1811–43) maṡnavī (‘Narrative Poem’), Gulzār-e Nasīm (‘Rose Garden of Nasim’). This critical review met with a flurry of responses in newspapers throughout north India and the Deccan. Described as the longest and bitterest of polemics in the history of Urdu literature, this debate reveals the printing press’ new-found role as one of the main forums for public debate. This article seeks to turn our focus to the world of print outside the colonial gaze, which provided a space for the consolidation and expansion of social and cultural worlds now linked in a way previously unimaginable. Many of those involved in arenas of vernacular print at the turn of the century were creating a world, not dependent on colonial patronage, nor constrained by physical distance. This debate, in particular, between Sharar, Chakbast and their respective supporte...

El siguiente artículo presenta las conclusiones de una investigación en la cual analizamos la construcción de la imagen pública de las personas docentes de la escuela secundaria según la prensa gráfica argentina. Si bien, la problemática docente ha tomado visibilidad en los medios masivos, en los últimos años en los países de la región, consideramos que nuestro objeto de estudio ha sido aún poco explorado dentro del campo educativo. En este sentido, y en el contexto de la obligatoriedad del nivel medio en la Argentina y la expansión del nivel superior en la región, examinamos aquí si la formación y el desempeño del cuerpo docente son elementos noticiables, teniendo en cuenta que la prensa construye representaciones que forman parte de la agenda pública e influyen en la percepción del púbico. Desde un abordaje cualitativo y una perspectiva interdisciplinaria que combina elementos de la historiografía, la sociología de los medios y el análisis crítico del discurso, realizamos un trabajo comparativo a partir de un corpus de 530 notas de tres diarios impresos de circulación nacional (La Nación, Clarín y Página 12) para el período 2000-2013. Los resultados indican quela formación y desempeño de las personas docentes están presentes en la agenda mediática. Concluimos que, en su mayoría, los diarios construyen una imagen desprestigiada y de desvalorización hacia el trabajo docente. La investigación permitió aportar las formas en que la prensa gráfica construye un discurso que deslegitima la profesión. Resta en futuras líneas de investigación indagar los efectos sobre la carrera docente que provoca dicha imagen.

El presente trabajo pretende presentar
una visión comparativa de cinco regiones
de México, tras la llegada de la imprenta y
los inicios del periodismo en Oaxaca (Antigua
Antequera), Veracruz (Provincia de
Veracruz), Jalisco (Nueva Galicia), Yucatán
(Provincia de Yucatán) y Michoacán (Valladolid)
entre los siglos XVI y XIX, largo
periodo de transición que comprende la
mayor parte de la época colonial, hasta la
consumación de la Independencia
-----
This article presents a comparative
approach of five Mexican regions taking
as a tool of analysis the arrival of the
printing press and the beginnings of
the journalistic activity in Oaxaca,
Veracruz, Jalisco, Yucatán and Michoacán,
in the 16th to the 19th centuries, long transition
age that takes into account most of the colonial
years until the consummation of the
independence movements.

A Imprensa teve como um dos seus mais significativos impactos a vasta, intensa e acelerada produção de bibliografias, como meios de registro, organização, seleção, disponibilização e mediação de documentos. Entre as inúmeras conseqüências da Imprensa está a necessidade de se operar a chamada explosão informacional -  fenômeno investigado, do ponto de vista histórico-cultural, por autores como Peter Burke e Ann Blair. A partir desta paisagem, o artigo busca estabelecer relações entre o contexto histórico-informacional da Europa Moderna e Bibliotheca Universalis, de Conrad Gesner (Séc. XVI). Bibliotheca arrola aspectos da cultura manuscrita e impressa e traz implicitamente uma profunda reflexão descritiva e semântica sobre os documentos e os saberes, conforme se evidencia nos estudos de Alfredo Serrai e Fiammetta Sabba. O “gesto bibliográfico” gesneriano é mais do que uma resposta a confusa et noxia illa librorum multitude (“confusa e irritante multidão de livros”, que hoje nos remete...

In 1905, the Urdu writer ‘Abdul Halim Sharar published a critical review of Brijnarayan Chak-bast’s new edition of Pandat Daya Shankar Kaul Nasīm’s (1811–43) maṡnavī (‘Narrative Poem’), Gulzār-e Nasīm (‘Rose Garden of Nasim’). This critical review met with a fl urry of responses in newspapers throughout north India and the Deccan. Described as the longest and bitterest of polemics in the history of Urdu literature, this debate reveals the printing press ’ new-found role as one of the main forums for public debate. This article seeks to turn our focus to the world of print outside the colonial gaze, which provided a space for the consolidation and expansion of social and cultural worlds now linked in a way previously unimaginable. Many of those involved in arenas of vernacular print at the turn of the century were creating a world, not dependent on colonial patronage, nor constrained by physical distance. This debate, in particular, between Sharar, Chakbast and their respective suppo...

Adı geçen makale 1911 yılında İstanbul’da (Constantinople) Ahmet İhsan ve Şerikası matbaacılık Osmanlı Şirketi tarafından Târih-i Osmâni Encümeni Mecmuasının ayrı basımı olarak yayımlanmıştır. Makalenin Fransızca adı ‘La Premiere Imprimerie Turque et ses Publications’tur. Makalede, Osmanlı Hükümetinin desteği ve himayesiyle 1726 yılında İbrahim Müteferrika tarafından kurulmuş olan ilk Türk matbaası ve bu matbaada basılan eserler hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir. Makale, çoğunlukla yabancı kaynaklara dayanılarak hazırlanmıştır.
Mystakidis makalesinde, başlangıçta Osmanlı Devleti’nde matbaa kurmanın zorluğundan bahsederek, İbrahim Müteferrika’ nın mevcut çeşitli zorluklara ve engellemelere rağmen matbaasını nasıl kurduğunu, özellikle matbaasını kurarken gerekli olan aletleri ve harfleri nasıl elde ettiğini ve ne şekilde faaliyete geçirdiğini anlatmıştır. Bununla birlikte Müteferrika matbaasında basılan eserlere ilişkin bilgiler vermiştir.