Police Accountability

Resumen: Los entes de fiscalización superior son la principal herramienta de control de la corrupción financiera. El presente artículo tiene como propósito realizar una evaluación crítica del Tribunal de Cuentas de la Provincia de Tucumán en términos de fortaleza/debilidad institucional. Se analiza la ley de Administración Financiera N° 6.970 y modificatorias, y principios de la norma constitucional provincial desde tres dimensiones: legal, administrativo-funcional y la relación con los Poderes del Estado. Se valida su funcionamiento con los principios de La Organización Internacional de las Entidades Fiscalizadoras Superiores (INTOSAI, por sus siglas en inglés), en su declaración de Lima de 1977 y resoluciones de Naciones Unidas. Palabras Clave: cambio institucional, diseño institucional, órganos de control, Tribunal de Cuentas de la Provincia de Tucumán, rendición de cuentas. Abstract: Supreme audit entities are the main tool of control of financial corruption. The purpose of this article is to carry out a critical evaluation of the Court of Accounts of the Province of Tucumán in terms of institutional strength / weakness. The Financial Administration Law No. 6,970 and amendments, and principles of the provincial constitutional norm are analyzed from three dimensions: legal, administrative-functional and the relationship with the Powers of the State. Its operation is validated with the principles of the International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions (INTOSAI, for its acronym in English), in its declaration of Lima of 1977 and United Nations resolutions. Accounts of the province of Tucumán, horizontal accountability.

In any society, the police are expected not only to enforce the law, but also to abide by the law. However, looking at the history of policing, it can be seen that some police officers are involved in many scandals in which they broke the law. Then, the question arises “Who would control the controllers?” The issue of police supervision is critical because if nobody controls the police, then suitable ground for police corruption and misconduct would be formed. The history of policing reflects that classical approaches such as the rotten apple theory or repressive and temporary prevention measures are inadequate for explaining and preventing police corruption. Therefore, new methods or approaches are needed to tackle the problem.Technology has generated new solutions to many of our problems, so it could also generate new solutions for reducing police corruption. In this regard, the purpose of this thesis is to review police corruption, and to offer strategies to reduce it by using technological systems such as cameras in patrol cars, vehicle tracking systems, MDTs (Mobile Data Terminals) that allow officers to enter information in criminal cases or traffic violations, computer programs for tracking police officers’ transactions on department databases and so forth. This research analyzes whether the implementation of such technological systems would reduce police corruption in general, and in the Turkish National Police (TNP) specifically. Furthermore, the study evaluates how technological systems used in the U.S. police departments can be applied to TNP for reducing police corruption, and how the existing technological systems used in TNP can be improved to reduce police corruption in Turkey.

There is a line of reasoning shared by police officials, police unions, legislators, and civil rights organizers that supposes that videos of the police behaving badly will naturally lead to reform. This is the logic that fuels expensive body camera programs, like the ones implemented by the NYPD, LAPD, and Department of Justice. However, the idea that surveillance in the hands of the state can be somehow emancipatory is laughable. To equate the footage of Rodney King or Eric Garner with footage taken from police cameras is to fundamentally misunderstand the nuance that images express. Existing social vulnerabilities migrate seamlessly into new technologies, and photography’s dominant mode is to reinforce, not resist, existing structures of power.

Uganda and in particular the Ugandan police are perceived as highly corrupt. To address the integrity of police officers, an intervention called the Police Accountability and Reform Project (PARP) was implemented in selected police districts between 2010 and early 2013. This paper studies the impact of PARP for a sample of 600 police officers that were interviewed about police integrity by means of twelve hypothetical vignette cases depicting context-specific, undesirable behaviour of varying degrees of severity. The assessments of the cases by the police officers are analysed using propensity score matching, inverse probability weighting and seemingly unrelated regression techniques. We show that self-selection of police officers into the program is unlikely to drive the results. The results suggest that officers participating in PARP activities (i) judge the presented cases of misconduct more severely, (ii) are more inclined to report misconduct and (iii) also expect their colleag...

Around the world police institution has been established for ensuring peace, enforcing law and protecting life and property of public. Policeplays a vital role in controlling crimes in society and their services are considered as good, but police corruption has also been occurred throughout history and therefore it is by no means a new phenomenon. In Pakistan too police are perceived as corrupt and there exist various social, economic, political and structural causes of police corruption.The multiplicity of these causes and its aftermaths in delivery of justice require immense research in the field. Looking into the issue the current study was conducted in province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan to know the opinion of in-service police about prevalence of corruption in police department of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the contributing factors which compel police personnel for corruption. Data was collected through structured questionnaires from in-service police, using purposive sampling techniques. The data collected from 150 respondents who were serving in police department.According to findings of the study 88.7% respondents opined that corruption prevails in police department of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The study identified low salaries, lack of accountability, recruitment through bribes, political patronage, corruption of senior officers, lack of public awareness and lack of resources as major causes of police corruption. To eliminate corruption from police department, the study suggestsstrict and unbiased accountability, increase in salaries, public awareness,discouraging political

En el mundo anglosajón, una reacción ante la aparente incapacidad de los mecanismos internos de la policía para hacerse cargo de denuncias de abuso policial ha consistido en crear instancias de supervisión civil independiente. Este tipo de mecanismos de control ha sido parte de la mayoría de los paquetes de reforma que han sucedido a escándalos de violencia y/o corrupción policial. En esta columna, el autor examina la experiencia norteamericana de supervisión civil de la policía, identificando distintos modelos y reflexionando sobre posibles lecciones para el contexto chileno.

Convocation Address at Bethel University, August 29, 2016 about recent troubles in Minnesota, particularly the shooting of Philando Castille, and our responsibility as followers of the Gospel. There is an audio link also available. After you click the link, it's the first one in the queue; fast-forward to 15:00:  https://itunes.apple.com/us/itunes-u/2016-2017-chapel-college-arts/id1148681753?mt=10

As the title of the novel suggests, what “all-American” means—and those who are excluded from it despite the seemingly encompassing term—becomes an issue. The narrative shows the apparent similarities between the two boys to further emphasize the underlying differences in their situation. This novel did not present racism in essentialized terms. Rather, the internal conflicts that Rashad and Quinn experience are central to the ways in which they work through understanding their own racial identities. Rather than blaming an entire group or community, the narrative encourages readers to see how prevalent and pervasive issues of racism are and to act to make a difference. The book stresses the importance of each person recognizing his or her role in these problems and taking a stance. Being “neutral” is an option that is discouraged.

Policy evaluation is commonly considered an important stage of the policy cycle for it enables a measure of policy achievement and produces insights to guide future policy interventions. ‘Evidence’ is the primary instrument supporting this process, but its delineation and its use are contested. Appeals to evidence can be a powerful tool for directing policy discussions, or to validate a particular policy strategy. Hence, it is crucial to examine the use of evidence in the policy evaluation process as a vital component of the policy-making process.
In this paper, we present a case study of the use of evidence in the health sector in Ghana. We found that the use of evidence for policy-making is especially promoted by international donors, as a key component of democratic governance and as a way of increasing accountability and stakeholders’ involvement in policy decisions. We argue that analysis of the policy evaluation stage provides additional understanding of the stakeholder dynamics that revolve around the use of evidence to guide policy making. The added value of considering the policy evaluation stage lies in the fact that it captures interactions between key policy actors who influence how evidence shapes policy agendas. Only at those moments it is possible to appreciate how evidence use becomes an indicator of the relationships of power between different policy actors and the allocation of responsibilities between government agencies. 
In this paper we look at Ghana’s evidence advisory system to understand the way evidence is produced and utilised for health policy-making and how the uses of evidence within policy evaluation processes reflect democratic deliberation. Drawing on qualitative interviews with a range of policy actors, including representatives of the Ministry of Health (MoH), government agencies, donors and civil society organizations, we find that it is possible to classify two evidence advisory streams: 1) capturing the flow and distribution of local information, particularly issued from routine data sources but also other forms of locally generated health sector information; and 2) capturing the review of evidence within policy evaluation processes. The first of these is meant to rally the three levels  of governance (local, regional and national) under a common accountability structure, which still shows problems in terms of clearness of accountability lines. The second, instead, is built around a different logic of information use,    where international donors appear to be the principal interlocutor – and arguably, the principal accountee for the MoH. The review process is formally integrated in the system of evidence-based policy-making in Ghana’s official Common Management Arrangement (CMA), yet we argue it provides a separate “public space  ” of decision-making in which the rules for evidence use and participation change from those built into the decentralized structure of governance.
We discuss how evidentiary practices used in policy evaluation and intended to improve democratic decision-making in Ghana may at the end produce non-democratic outcomes  . We reflect on the rules of the game for evidence review, the disconnect between accountability systems within the two separate streams of evidence advice, and local perceptions of the problem in terms of local democratic principles.

Sobre el control de la Policía de Investigaciones de Chile: dificultades y éxitos. Ponencia en la Conferencia Internacional “Police Accountability and the Quality of Oversight. Global Trends and National Context”. Altus Global Alliance. 19-21 octubre 2005, La Haya-Holanda. 12 p.  CIDEPOL-Policía de Investigaciones de Chile, Santiago, enero, 2005, 20 p.

Two weeks ago, the world witnessed a murder of an innocent Black man, George Floyd, what many, including Jesse Jackson, called a “public lynching” in broad daylight, at the hands of a white policeman. It was a brutal killing by the manner in which Minneapolis policeman, Derek Chauvin, pressed his knee into Floyd’s neck, slowly and viciously forcing the life out of Floyd for almost 9 minutes. While Chauvin’s fellow officers, by not coming to Floyd’s aid, were complicit to the crime. There was no need for Chauvin to have subdued Floyd in such a cruel and purposeful way until Floyd could no longer breathe, especially since Floyd had already been restrained. Nor, did Floyd have any weapon. Nor had he committed any crime warranting such force. In a video captured by a teenager, Floyd could be heard stating he could not breathe, and calling out for his deceased mother. Since 2014, there have been other police killings of African-Americans with no consequences for the police officers involved.

The paper sets out the experience of two women who have, despite obstacles, persisted in raising with authorities their complaints of misconduct by police officers. The efforts by the women include official complaints to authorities charged with investigating complaints against police officers. These complaints have produced less than satisfactory results.
The efforts also include civil litigation. The civil litigation has been resisted by authorities.
Although the two women have had some success as a result of their efforts, the responses by state authorities have raised more questions than they have answered.

This paper aims to build on and contribute to earlier studies on use of force by the police, and examines both officer and suspect force levels during altercations. Prior attempts to study non-lethal force have only recently begun to examine the multiple levels of force that may be used within a single encounter, advocating the use of a “force factor” approach. This study examines 4,303 “use of force” reports from the two agencies in Florida for a five-year period. Similar to prior studies which utilized data gathered by observation, this current study finds that law enforcement officers are operating at a force deficit; officer levels of force are consistently less than suspect resistance levels. Data examined through police reports have certain inherent limitations, including the bias of the reporting officer. Analyses of these reports make it impossible for researchers to determine the length of each portion of a conflict. While verbal commands, threats, handcuffing, and takedowns may be important forces to review, they are not well represented in the data collected.These findings have critical implications for law enforcement by continuing to examine conflicts where police force is utilized, showing the importance of officers to be prepared to use decisive force at the point where verbal techniques and force de-escalation have failed. This paper is valuable to scholars and police practitioners because it continues to expand the scholarly review of police use of force, utilizing existing force continua to analyze the data, and taking into account levels of suspect resistance.

Communication and culture are most often studied independently in many fields. In contrast to other fields, communication scholars place communication at the center of analysis and view it as both creator and manifestation of culture. In this line of thought, culture and cultural change in any organization can be analyzed based on the communication practices and choices of people in that organization. The central purpose of this study is to examine the cultural change in a large police department (Newark Police Department) after the implementation of a popular planned organizational change model known as Compstat, which has been implemented by numerous police organizations in the USA over the last decade. For this purpose, 26 interviews were conducted with police officers. In addition, the main components of this model, Compstat meetings, were observed for six months to examine manifestation of the cultural change in the communication practices. The study revealed that there is certainly a cultural change in this police department after the implementation of Compstat model. While accountability, information sharing, 'can do mentality' and flexibility seem to be emerging values in this organization, the claims of Compstat to bring creativity, innovation, risk-taking and organizational learning were not observed at the desired level. Design of communication in the Compstat meetings should be reconsidered to bring a genuine, meaningful dialogue that allows for the development required for organizational learning, creativity, and innovation. KURUMLARDA KÜLTÜREL DEĞİŞİM VE İLETİŞİM: PLANLI BİR DEĞİŞİM MODELİ OLARAK COMPSTAT ÖRNEK OLAYI Özet İletişim ve kültür genellikle bir çok disiplinde birbirinden bağımsız olarak çalışılmaktadır. Diğer disiplinlerden farklı olarak, iletişim alanında çalışan aka-demisyenler, iletişimi analizlerinin merkezine almakta ve kültürü inşa eden ve gösteren bir kavram olarak görmektedirler. Bu düşünceye paralel olarak, her-hangi bir kurumun kültürü ve kültürel değişiminin o kurumda çalışan kişilerin iletişim pratikleri ve iletişim seçimlerine bakarak analiz edilebileceği söylen-ebilir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, ABD'de son on yılda bir çok polis teşkilatı tarafından uygulamaya konulan Compstat isimli planlı değişim modelinin uygu-lanması sonrasında, büyük bir il emniyet müdürlüğünde (Newark Polis Depart-manı) yaşanan kültürel değişimi analiz etmektir. Bu amaca uygun olarak, algıla-nan kültürel değişimi anlamaya yönelik 26 mülakat gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ayrıca, kültürel değişimin iletişim pratiklerine yansımasını anlamak adına, Compstat modelinin temel bileşeni olan Compstat toplantıları 6 ay boyunca gözlemlen-miştir. Bu çalışma, Compstat modelinin uygulanması sonrasında bu emniyet müdürlüğünde kesin biçimde bir kültürel değişim yaşandığını ortaya koymak-tadır. Hesap verebilirlik, bilgi paylaşımı, yapabilme mentalitesi ve kurumsal esneklik bu kurumda ortaya çıkan yeni kültürel değerler olurken, Compstat'ın yaratıcılık, yenilik, risk alma ve kurumsal öğrenme gibi iddiaları istenen seviyede görülmemiştir. Compstat toplantılarındaki iletişim dizaynının, yaratıcılık, yeni-lik, ve kurumsal öğrenme gibi değerlerin gelişmesi için gerekli olan gerçek ve anlamlı diyologlara izin verecek şekilde yeniden düşünülmesine ihtiyaç vardır. Anahtar Sözcükler: İletişim, kültür, kültürel değişim, kurumsal değişim, Compstat. 164

This paper contains the evolution of the Perceptions Index Corruption of Public Security Institutions in Mexico (PICPSI), for the period 2009-2012, and shows that in the year 2010, this increased significantly. This index quantifies the perception of the level of corruption that police officers (states and municipal) perceived with respect to police officers of all the institutions of public security in its three levels of Government. It also includes 3 indexes of perception of corruption called components of the PICPSI and their behavior by State, changes in their values and national ranking.

El presente paper contiene la evolución del Índice de Percepción sobre la Corrupción en las Instituciones de la Seguridad Pública de México (IPPCSP), para el periodo 2009-2012, y muestra que en el año 2010, éste se incrementó significativamente. Este índice cuantifica la percepción del nivel de corrupción que los oficiales de policía (municipal y estatal) perciben respecto a los oficiales de policía de todas las instituciones de la seguridad pública en sus tres niveles de gobierno. También se presentan 3 índices de percepción de la corrupción llamados componentes del IPPCSP y su comportamiento  por entidad federativa, los cambios  en sus valores y el ranking que han ocupado en la escena nacional

ABSTRACT
This article provides the reader with a literature review with the aim of finding out about the origin and  system of  police  accountability  in  England  and  Wales.  It  is  hoped  that  the  article  will  help  to
identify  some  important  conceptual  considerations  that  ought  to  betaken  into  account  by  any professional  and  responsible  police  departments  seeking  to  embrace  accountability  in  its  policing procedures.

This  article  explores  the  sensitive  issue  of  police  accountability  to  civilian  oversight  bodies  in
controlling  police  excesses.  At  the  centre  of  the  discourse  lies  the  tacit  acknowledgement  that  the enormous  power  and  authority  invested  in  the  police  does  lead  to  corruption  and  excesses  unless adequate checks and balances are installed. 

Keywords:  Police  Accountability,  Police  Ethics,  Police  Integrity,  Policing  the  Police,  Civilian
oversight bodies of Police.

تقدم هذه الوثيقة تصورا لأهم المبادئ التي تعمل بمقتضاها أجهزة الشرطة في المجتمع الديمقراطي من واقع قراءة وثائق ومدّونات وتشريعات دول الاتحاد الأوروبي فيما تطرحه من مقوّمات عمل الشرطة. وتعرض الوثيقة خمسة مبادئ أساسية تحدد الإطار الديمقراطي لعمل الشرطة لكي يصبح مؤهلا لخدمة الشعب وهى:التمسك بسيادة القانون، والدور الاجتماعي للشرطة، وحماية حقوق المواطنين وحرياتهم، ودور الشرطة في مواجهة الفساد، وقواعد التنظيم الجيد والإدارة الفعالة لجهاز الشرطة.

This writing, "Creative Community Policing Initiatives in Columbia, South Carolina," appears as Chapter 4 in Dennis Stevens' edited book, Policing and Community Partnerships.  To meet the public safety needs of increasingly diverse neighborhoods in cities across the nation, creative and innovative community policing initiatives seem to be required to curb and to prevent crimes and related problems and to bridge the gap between the police and citizens through community involvement in policing activities. Community policing is guided by the values of building partnerships, people helping people, and community organizing. In this light, community policing initiatives in Columbia, South Carolina, are characterized by the concept of "shared responsibility." In this chapter, therefore, the creative and innovative community policing initiatives in Columbia, South Carolina, are examined. This discussion thus focuses on questions as they relate to the community initiatives of the Columbia Police Department and the City of Columbia, South Carolina.

Firearms are so ingrained in American culture that, following the inciting shooting in Thomas’s 'The Hate U Give', the only unquestioned element is the weapon itself. Thomas places great emphasis on officer Cruise’s actions being excessive, unjustified, and driven entirely by race-prejudice; but perhaps she does not delve deeply enough into the matter at hand, and instead focuses solely on other elements of social culture, whilst ignoring deep-seated gun culture issues within America.

This study empirically examines the everyday problem of corrupt policing and other related abuses in Nigeria, and how these deviant behaviours engender public cynicism towards the law. In any democratic society, police officers are expected to be accountable for their actions and inactions. But the perennial problem in Nigeria is that the police are not accountable to anyone. The history of Nigeria policing is littered with accounts of deviance, malevolent attitudes towards the public and failures of the police organization in detecting or disciplining errant officers. Using a sample of 462 participants from a cross-sectional survey, this study examines whether actual or vicarious experiences of police deviance are likely to predict public cynicism towards the law. This current study corroborates previous assertions that the relationship between the police and the public in Nigeria is poor and that police deviance engenders cynicism towards the law. Implications for policymaking and...

La evaluación de la integridad policial se origina en la literatura de la integridad policial y tiene como bases para su medición el uso de situaciones o escenarios de corrupción.

Esta prueba se fundamenta en el análisis aplicado por Carl B. Klockars y Sanja Kutnjak Ivkovic del Instituto Nacional de Justicia de los EE.UU.*, con información proveniente de una extensa encuesta aplicada a los oficiales de policía en los Estados Unidos de América.

Entre los principales resultados de esta prueba se detectó que eventos tan comunes como trabajar en un negocio propio de seguridad por parte de un oficial de policía fuera del horario de laboral (servicio policial) y el hecho de recibir tazas de café y/o comidas gratis, nunca fueron vistos por los oficiales de policía como actos de corrupción policial.
Sin embargo la aplicación de esta prueba detectó que los eventos que implican quebrantar las reglas, romper con la disciplina y la legalidad son considerados como delitos graves que requieren la aplicación de sanciones (castigos).

John William Nixon was one of the most controversial figures to have walked the streets of Belfast in police uniform. He is also one of the least studied.  This dissertation provides an in-depth analysis of Nixon’s rise and fall as a police officer in both the Royal Irish and Royal Ulster Constabularies. Thereafter it briefly examines his transition into local and national politics. It also sheds light on some of the darkest moments in Belfast’s bloody history and deliberates on Nixon’s connection to them. Furthermore, the roots of his infamy are teased out through primary source material and historiography concerning his life. By weaving through conflicting evidence and presenting what is known about Nixon it has been possible to present the only academic biography on him in a manner that both guides the reader and provide them with scope to draw their own conclusions.

En los últimos años hemos visto la expansión de políticas de transparencia y datos abiertos en diversos gobiernos de la región, bajo la corriente de Gobierno Abierto. Gobiernos de todo el mundo han elevado sus niveles de transparencia, en gran parte gracias a la presión impuesta por la sociedad civil, el periodismo y la ciudadanía en general. Sin embargo, la transparencia de los datos no es lo mismo que la transparencia en los procesos de gobierno. Un gobierno puede abrir información sobre sus gastos o contrataciones, pero eso nada nos dice sobre cómo se llevó a cabo ese proceso o si se cumplieron las partes del “contrato”. Generar mayores niveles de transparencia en los procesos de un gobierno (asignación de subvenciones, contrataciones, licitaciones, etc.) significa elevarnos un escalón más en el camino hacia una mayor accountability. En el siguiente trabajo se analizan las implicancias del blockchain sobre las actividades de gobierno, en especial para la transparencia y el Gobierno Abierto. Para ello, analizaremos la experiencia llevada a cabo en la ciudad de Bahía Blanca (Argentina), en la cual se ha utilizado esta tecnología para dar mayor transparencia y confianza a la entrega de subsidios culturales del municipio. El paper realiza un análisis conceptual sobre blockchain y sus implicancias, para luego describir las características de la prueba piloto, sus impactos y aprendizajes. Este trabajo ha sido llevado a cabo en el marco del Fellowship OEA en Gobierno Abierto para las Américas, del año 2017.

In recent years we have seen the expansion of transparency and open data policies in various governments of the region, under the Open Government trend. Governments around the world have raised their levels of transparency, largely thanks to the pressure imposed by civil society, journalism and citizens. However, the transparency of data is not the same as transparency in government processes. A government can open information about its expenses or contracts, but that tells us nothing about how this process was carried out or whether the clauses of the "contract" were fulfilled. Generating greater levels of transparency in the processes of government (allocation of subsidies, contracts, tenders, etc.) means raising one step further on the road towards greater accountability. In the following paper we analyze the implications of the blockchain technology on government activities, especially for transparency and open government. We will analyze the experience carried out in the city of Bahía Blanca (Argentina), in which this technology has been used to give greater transparency and confidence to the delivery of cultural subsidies from the municipality. The paper makes a conceptual analysis about blockchain and its implications, to then describe the characteristics of the pilot test, its impacts and learning. This work has been carried out within the framework of the OAS Fellowship in Open Government in the Americas, 2017.

This case study is an analysis of the effectiveness of Project "Double Barrel" in the Municipality of Rosario, La Union. The case study used the descriptive method of research with the use of a self-made validated questionnaire and documentary analysis. The case study is limited to August 16-17, 2016.

Law Enforcement Use of Force is one of 10 major topics that impacts the  forensic sciences as it pertains to the intersection of crime, psychology, and law, that has been at the forefront of why I am a PhD student in Walden University’s “FPSY” program. The use statistical methods in profession of forensic psychology, but as a consumer, citizen, and scholar-practitioner, it will be important for researchers or practitioners to convert a critical consumer of research with the empowerment to read, interpret, and evaluate the strength of claims made in scholarly material or daily news. Thirteen sources that were chosen in this order, to represent the design of the literature review as they pertain to the main topic law enforcement use of force and correlate to current dilemmas or trends impacted by police departments across the U.S. and each source has a corresponding theme that precedes the article title, then the author(s) in parentheses, and the conclusion will focus on possible alternatives from case studies reflecting what is recommended concerning alternatives in reduction of unnecessary police use of force: Theme 1: New Mexico Case Law: Mental Illness, City of Albuquerque & Feds Reach a Deal (Sandlin, 2005; Santos, 2014; Johnson, 2014). Theme 2: Police Academy Students, Supervisor-officer Vs. Sergeant-officer, Electronic Control Devices with the Use of Force (Fekjaer, 2014; Ingram, 2013; Lin and Jones, 2010). Theme 3: Police Encountering the Mentally Ill Population, Stigma of Mental Illness, Police Corruptive Behavior (Scantlebury, Fairhurst, Booth, McDaid, Moran, Parker, Payne, Scott, Torgerson, Webber, and Hewitt, 2017; West, Yanos, and Mulay, 2014; Carr, 2017). Theme 4: Self-Care for Police Mental Well-being, Case Law on Police Rights and Violence, Qualified Immunity Vs. Excessive Force (Bullock and Garland, 2018; Greene, 2015; Davis and Davis, 2017). For the conclusion, the discussion will center on: Use of force reduction or alternatives (Prenzler, Porter, and Alpert, 2013); The impact of the mental health effect and economic impression affecting city government: law enforcement and public health as an emerging field (van Dijk and Crofts, 2017); Helping persons with mental illness, with partnerships between police and mobile crisis units (Lord and Bjerregaard, 2014).

Democrazia è parola mimetica, spesso asservita alla retorica dei potenti. Tra i fenomeni disturbanti nascosti dal mantello mimetico della democrazia c’è la coercizione, agita con la minaccia, la punizione e l’uso della forza fisica. Anche in uno Stato di diritto, l’apparato di coercizione che può essere dispiegato contro i cittadini è imponente. Nell’esercizio di un simile potere, le autorità devono autodisciplinarsi per non oltrepassare il limite della legittimità, pena il rischio di trasformare la coercizione in violenza. Il libro analizza questo crinale scosceso portando il lettore in una stanza di tortura, mettendolo di fronte agli abusi delle forze di polizia, invitandolo nei reparti psichiatrici che praticano la contenzione meccanica, e infine chiamandolo a misurarsi con i costi umani generati dal neoliberismo. Un percorso assistito dalla convinzione che i contributi offerti dalla psicologia sociale aiutano a comprendere e gestire i conflitti tra libertà e coercizione in democrazia.

A teaching manual for a course in Undercover  and Informant Handling Tactics, written first for the State of New York than translated into Portuguese for a State Department course presented to the Brazilian Federal Police.  Based on courses and manuals prepared for the Drug Enforcement Administration.

This is a copy of the formal complaint to the United Nations and enclosures authored by various individuals over the years.

The United Nations Press Release and Warning on this matter is listed here
https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/04/1008392

Conflict of Interest. Arrested by the Metropolitan Police in 2014 for publication of public material. Cleared by the CPS with no evidence presented in 2015. Civil Litigation ongoing.

Abstract:
A democratic country like India, “Rule of Law” is basic structure of the Constitution. Role of police are very crucial in the promotion and protection of the Rule of Law. Community policing is a need of time today while maintaining the law and order by police authorities. It will help to increase satisfaction level of public if; there is Participation and involvement of public in the functions of police.

This paper argues that armed policing is institutionally racist, specifically in countries that have undergone colonisation like New Zealand. The argument is that more democratic policing models are characterised by their largely unarmed status, because the consent of citizens to be policed is essential under these circumstances. Policing by consent allows the public the democratic right to access a criminal justice system. However, the introduction of firearms to routine policing can indicate the State’s acceptance that a bullet can be used to circumvent democratic processes, such as a trial, which challenges the rights of the public as citizens. While Britain has typically utilised policing by consent for its citizens it is notable that an armed militarised approach was taken in its colonial territories. New Zealand started out as a militarised armed police designed to suppress the indigenous population. Once this was mostly achieved, unarmed policing by consent became the policing model of choice. In more contemporary times the unarmed status of the police in New Zealand is being challenged. The Police Association appears determined to overturn the more democratic policing by consent model and revert to something that more closely resembles the armed colonial policing model.

Though visual surveillance is nearing ubiquity, its gaze is not as universal in consequence as in capacity. Populations are categorized for special attention, and determinants of socio-economic status and other indicators of inequitably distributed assets influence these categories. In consequence, police use surveillance to selectively enroll the chronically disadvantaged in the criminal justice system. Intersections of homelessness, perceived mental illness, and visible minority status predict chronic suspicion and proximity to policing, and historically the administration of everyday life and routine violence by police experienced by these populations escaped broader public view. Until recently, police maintained a more exclusive access to surveillance technologies, but new imaging, information, and communication technologies have produced broader civilian access to their surveillant affordances. The ubiquity of CCTV, dashboard-mounted, and on-officer wearable cameras have produced proliferating visual documentations of policing, and cellphone video now enables civilians to produce, distribute and otherwise control the exhibition of police violence. Is control over visual surveillance symmetrical in its consequences? Using feminist methods (situational analysis) to collect and manipulate textual and ethnographic data, and analyzing these using critical whiteness studies and critical theory of police, my research investigates claims that civilians documenting police violence can provoke institutional change in policing.

Police sexual misconduct (PSM) is a serious problem that hinders Idaho police officers’ ability to serve their communities through a vision of integrity. PSM refers to a wide range of unsafe, corrupt, and oftentimes illegal behaviors that not only challenge values held by individual and
professional standards, but also adversely impact the policing profession and the communities it serves. Though PSM has been extensively discussed in the literature, a significant gap in the current knowledge base remains as to how to effectively resolve PSM.  Specific and measurable research questions and sub questions are identified along with details related to the proposed qualitative research design, sampling methods, sample characteristics, data collection methods, and data analysis methods.  Issues of validity, potential ethical problems, and limitations of the study are also addressed and comprehensively analyzed with detailed and specific examples.

Keywords: Rural police organization and culture, police sexual misconduct, Idaho

It is extremely important for all citizens in Australia to have a high opinion, trust
and respect for the police force that serves them. This article examines
organisational justice that is a constituent ingredient of trust and legitimacy in
the public police, included in the theme of procedural justice featured in a recent
issue of this journal. The topic of organisational justice is important to the
occupational health and well-being of the police service, and therefore, the occupational
commitment and dedication of the workforce. Thus, whether the
predominant culture of the police force includes positive and supportive
organisational justice will lead directly to the quality of service to its community.
The paper covers four important integral issues relating to organisational justice
that exist in many police organisations which are: management style; “managerialism”;
occupational health and safety; and infringement of police officers’
human rights. Good standards of organisational justice feed into good operational
practices, respect for human rights, procedural justice and fairness when
police officers are dealing with members of the public. From the examination of
these major issues, which are not exhaustive, the reader can judge the level of
readiness to support organisational justice within public police organisations.
Keywords: accountability; organisational justice; policing in Australia; procedural
justice