Paradigms

Algunos autores consideran que los llamados cambios paradigmáticos ocurren en la disciplina administrativa y en las ciencias sociales en general. Por lo tanto, resulta conveniente determinar si en aquellas han sucedido fenómenos de este tipo. Para el abordaje del tema se toman como base algunos planteamientos de Kuhn en su obra La estructura de las revoluciones científicas. Se concluye que las ciencias sociales, y por ende la disciplina administrativa, no se desenvuelven bajo la dinámica de la alternancia entre viejos y nuevos paradigmas. En lugar de ello, estas áreas del conocimiento son campos de estudio multiparadigmáticos que se caracterizan por estar sujetas a grandes discusiones y debates entre los paradigmas en pugna. El ensayo está ordenado como sigue: en primer lugar, se explica la concepción de Kuhn respecto a la ciencia. Luego se realiza una exposición de su noción de paradigma, así como la interpretación del concepto según otros autores. Acto seguido, se describe el significado original de los cambios paradigmáticos. Estos temas se abordan, en cuarto lugar, para las ciencias sociales. Finalmente, se trata de explicar la manera en que las cuestiones mencionadas podrían ser expuestas desde la disciplina administrativa.

In discussing the place of diverse qualitative research within psychological science, the authors highlight the potential permeability of the quantitative-qualitative boundary and identify different ways of increasing communication between researchers specializing in different methods. Explicating diversity within qualitative research is facilitated, initially, through documenting the range of qualitative data collection and analytic methods available. The authors then consider the notion of paradigmatic frame and review debates on the current and future positioning of qualitative research within psychological science. In so doing, the authors argue that the different ways in which the concept of paradigm can be interpreted allow them to challenge the idea that diverse research paradigms are prima facie incommensurate. Further, reviewing the ways in which proponents of qualitative research are seeking to reconfigure the links between paradigms helps the authors to envisage how communication between research communities can be enhanced. This critical review allows the authors to systematize possible configurations for research practice in psychology on a continuum of paradigm integration and to specify associated criteria for judging intermethod coherence.

Citation:
Buck, Christopher. “Ninian Smart (1927–2001).” British Writers, Supplement XXIV. Ed. Jay Parini. Farmington Hills, MI: Charles Scribner’s Sons/The Gale Group, 2018. Pp. 269–283. ISBN-13: 978-0684325156. (Release date: September 8, 2017.)

ABSTRACT

ACADEMICS IN RELIGIOUS STUDIES have a long- standing joke. Question: “What is the difference between Ninian Smart and God?” Answer: “God is everywhere. Ninian Smart is everywhere but here!” (Ninian Smart on World Religions, p. xxi). That one-liner about Smart’s ubiquity attests not only to the reach of his publications but also to his international influence in the emergence of the scholarly field of religious studies—first and foremost in Britain and, more widely, in North America, Australia, and New Zealand. Almost single-handedly, Ninian Smart “founded the academic study of religion in Britain” and “gave intellectual structure and shape to the field in the rest of the English-speaking world, especially the U.S.A.,” according to Jacob Neusner (“Remembering Ninian Smart,” pp. 355–356). Yet Smart was far more than an academic. In writing books about philosophy and world religions, he was steeped in deep thought, immersed in higher thinking. Human and social values were his subject matter. He compared cultures, religions, philosophies, and political ideologies such as Marxism and Maoism. His own thinking about Buddhist enlightenment, Confucian order, Taoist freedom, Hindu liberation, Christian salvation, and so forth produced a wonderful, if not exotic, synthesis. He could see the full picture, understand human dilemmas, and propose global orientations in solutions that were simple, yet profound. A gentleman and a scholar in every sense, Smart was a down-to-earth man but a noble soul, with a grand vision of the world and the direction he believed that it needed to take. …

Despite his Scottish flourishes—eating his porridge with salt and pepper, and occasionally donning his kilt and tartan—Ninian Smart was humanitarian and universal. He presented a vision and version of Christianity that could seriously engage with the fact of religious pluralism and operate in an entirely secular mode as well. Smart was fond of joking: “Comparative religion will make you comparatively religious” (quoted in Strenski, “Ninian Smart and the Overcoming of Philosophy,” p. 369). He recognized wisdom and insight in various religious and cultural settings, and he broke free entirely of parochial presumptions. In that regard, he was both theologian and academic. Ninian Smart, almost single-handedly, was instrumental in institutionalizing the academic study of religion. The entire discipline is indebted to his leadership and legacy.

Now available in the Gale Virtual Reference Library (GVRL) database.

RESUMO
A catequese, especialmente a partir da Reforma Protestante, foi conduzida por paradigmas que emergiram das necessidades de cada tempo. Com o cisma protestante, a fé católica se viu impelida a desenvolver uma catequese capaz de afirmar sua identidade (cristã-católica) frente ao florescimento e crescimento da Igreja protestante. Surge, aqui, a catequese doutrinária, alicerçada nos catecismos (primeiro paradigma). Esta será abalada pelo advento da razão moderna, que traz consigo novas demandas. Frente a essas demandas, emerge um novo paradigma catequético (segundo paradigma) que, buscando responder os anseios do homem moderno, não parte mais da doutrina, mas da concretude existencial dos sujeitos. Todavia, nenhum desses paradigmas, já consolidados, mostra-se suficiente para atender às necessidades da catequese frente às reivindicações do homem contemporâneo. Surge, assim, o terceiro paradigma catequético, ainda em construção, que busca um retorno à pedagogia "original da fé", a pedagogia da iniciação, da proposta, capaz de proporcionar uma experiência pessoal do Ressuscitado, transformando as vidas e as ações dos indivíduos contemporâneos e de suas comunidades. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Paradigmas. Cristandade. Modernidade. Pós-modernidade. Catequese.

ABSTRACT
The catechesis, especially after Protestant Reformation, was conducted by paradigms that emerged from the needs of each age. With the Protestant Schism, the catholic faith had seen itself impelled to develop a catechesis able to assert its identity (Christian-Catholic) compared to the emergence and growth of the Protestant Church. The doctrinal catechesis arises, based in catechisms (first paradigm). This will be shaken by the advent of Modern Philosophy reason, which brings with it new demands. In front of these demands, emerges a new catechetical paradigm (second paradigm) which, seeking to answer the desires of Modern man, no longer starts from the doctrine, but from the existential concreteness of subjects. However, none of these paradigms, already consolidated, seems sufficient to answer the catechesis needs for the demands of contemporary man. Thus arose the third catechetical paradigm, still under construction, which seeks a return to the "original faith" pedagogy, the initiation and proposal pedagogy, able to provide a personal experience of the Risen One, transforming the lives and actions of contemporary individuals and their communities.
KEYWORDS: Paradigms. Christianity. Modernity. Postmodernity. Catechesis.

Christopher Buck, “A Symbolic Profile of the Baha’i Faith.” Journal of Baha’i Studies 8.4 (1998): 1–48.

ABSTRACT
Advanced study of the Bahá’í Faith must still deal with basics. While considerable progress has been made in historical research on Bábí and Bahá’í origins, much foundational work in Bahá’í Studies remains to be done at the level of text. Based on primary sources, this study will present a “symbolic profile” of Bahá’í consciousness, to the extent that it is shaped by the writings of Bahá’u’lláh and ancillary texts. To order and classify the symbols, this profile will employ Ninian Smart’s dimensional model of religion, using the present writer’s acronym, DREEMS (Doctrinal, Ritual, Ethical, Experiential, Mythic, Social). Sherry Ortner’s key symbols paradigm, consisting of thought-orientating “root metaphors” and action-inciting “key scenarios,” completes the profile, while John Wansbrough provides insight into the formation of a new religious ethos through a process of symbolic transformation. This study will highlight some of the predominant Bahá’í symbols, to which others will surely be added.

In his analysis of the Bahá’í symbolic vision, Alessandro Bausani writes:
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An expression like: ‘the dove of eternity sings on the branches of the Túbá tree’ (the name of a tree symbolic of Muslim paradise) is susceptible of three levels of interpretation: (a) realistic level: in a pretty garden on a verdant tree a dove sings fascinating melodies; (b) mystic-symbolic level: in the Gardens of Paradise, outside of this lowly world, saints and blessed ones sing the praises of God; (c) realistic-symbolic level: Bahá’u’lláh at an exact moment in our time sends forth into the world a renewing spirit that will recreate it and give it form again in unitary visible forms, revealing his Writings in a definite place in the earth (the vicinity of Mt. Carmel). The spatial and temporal concreteness therefore, remains but makes itself translucent with eternity. (Bausani, “Some Aspects of the Bahá’í Expressive Style” 43)
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This expression, “translucent with eternity,” is instructive, particularly with respect to the symbol’s opacity. A symbol is opaque until it is understood. It need not even be explicable. It is sufficient for it to be intuited. For the one to whom the symbol makes inspirational sense, the symbol is translucent, at once a way of looking at present reality, and at the same time affording a glimpse of the potential future, of a possible collective scenario, of the ideal real, the translucent shadows of the spiritual world to which a Bahá’í is ontologically and morally committed.

These symbols take on a life of their own. In the inner world of spiritual consciousness, Bahá’u’lláh speaks of “subtle mysteries.” These are described as the “fruits of communion” with God in the garden of the heart.

“By My life, O friend,” Bahá’u’lláh writes, “wert thou to taste of these fruits, from the green garden of these blossoms which grow in the lands of knowledge, beside the orient lights of the Essence in the mirrors of names and attributes—yearning would seize the reins of patience and reserve from out thy hand, and make thy soul to shake with the flashing light, and draw thee from the earthly homeland to the first, heavenly abode in the Center of Realities, and lift thee to a plane wherein thou wouldst soar in the air even as thou walkest upon the earth, and move over the water as thou rushest on the land.” (Bahá’u’lláh, The Seven Valleys and the Four Valleys 3–4)

A series of potent images impels the believer to recreate waking life. Like dream-logic, Bahá’í symbolism is the logic of a vision of the world at peace, given its initial moral and spiritual impetus by Bahá’u’lláh. This poetic vision is a resource. It instills faith. If such faith is creative, it expresses itself in action. In this way, faith shapes social reality.

Globally the application of data mining in healthcare is great, because the healthcare sector is rich with tremendous amount of data and data mining becoming very essential. Healthcare sector collect huge amount of data in daily basis. Transferring data into secure electronic systems of medical health will saves lives and reduce the cost of healthcare services as well as early discovery of contiguous diseases with advanced collection of data. This study explore the awareness and readiness to implement data mining technology within healthcare in Tanzania public sector . This study is triangulated adopted online survey using Google doc and offline survey using presentation techniques through different hospital and distributed the questionnaires to the healthcare professionals. The issues explored in the questionnaire included the awareness of data mining technology, the level of understanding of, perception of and readiness to implement data mining technology within healthcare public ...

This dissertation considers type noun constructions (TNCs) in Norwegian and Swedish. Type noun constructions are constructions which contain a word that originally denoted ‘type/kind/category’. TN(C)s and their development have been studied in several languages, such as English (e.g. Aijmer 2002, Traugott 2008, Brems 2011), Russian (Kolyaseva and Davidse 2018) and the Romance languages French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese and Italian (e.g. Mihatsch 2010, 2016, Voghera 2013). As seen in studies of TNCs in other languages, the North Scandinavian TNCs have developed many new non-compositional meanings and functions and have several idiosyncratic morphosyntactic properties. Based on a variety of Norwegian and Swedish corpora of written and spoken language, this study gives an overview of the morphosyntactic properties and meanings and functions of the Norwegian and Swedish TNCs with the TNs slags, sorts and typ(e). The study further explores the motivation behind the particular development of these constructions. It considers how we can use ideas of the nature of the construct-i-con to account for particular morphosyntactic properties of the specific constructions and how they differ in the closely related languages Norwegian and Swedish. Cross-linguistic influence between similar constructions in different European languages are also considered, as well as how this can be accounted for in a usage-based cognitive construction grammatical framework. It is reasonable to assume that the cross-linguistic similarities between constructions with TNs also are related to inherent properties of TNs that made them susceptible to particular kinds of changes. Their general, abstract and relational meaning is considered important as well as how the categorising potential make them susceptible for use in contexts with certain frequent associations and inferences.

This thesis accounts for the nature of historical u-umlaut from the Proto-Nordic period to Modern Icelandic, within the wider Insular Nordic, i.e., Icelandic and Faroese, context. Generative linguists have argued for u-umlaut as synchronically active, positing an on-line process of derivation via which ordered symbolic rules are applied to a supposed underlying form containing /a/, ultimately yielding a surface form in [œ(:)], cf., e.g., underlying Dpl. #barnum# > #börnum#, Ice. börnum 'children'. To account for instances of surface [œ(:)] where no unstressed /u/ follows, the same linguists posit an active morphophonological rule, which, for example, serves to differentiate related forms in terms of meaning and/or syntactic function, cf., e.g., NAsg. barn 'child' ~ NApl. börn. However, the historical analysis presented here demonstrates that derivation of surface [ö(:)] from "underlying" /a/ would have been a phonologically unnatural process for centuries, while the conditioning environment, the back vowel unstressed /u/, would have some how had to have front underlying /a/ in order to derive front [œ(:]]. The other solution is to assume that u-umlaut was inactive for centuries and suddenly reactivated again with the fronting of unstressed /u/. Both positions, it is argued, are untenable. Thus, the conclusions drawn assume that alternation stemming from Proto-Nordic u-umlaut was already morphologically conditioned before the time of the earliest Icelandic written texts, with this position being supported by Runic evidence. In other words, while paradigmatically-conditioned a~ö-alternation is well and truly alive in Modern Icelandic, the process that rounded /a/ to [œ] has been inactive for over a millennium.

RESUMO: Como forma de perceber as mudanças ocorridas na área de Ensino de Ciências e Matemática, foram levantados os documentos emanados pela CAPES entre os anos de 2000 e 2013. Foram agregadas discussões de diversas sociedades científicas acerca do tema. Para subsidiar este estudo, foram traçadas relações com a teoria de Thomas Khun, em relação a paradigmas, comunidade científica, entre outros relacionados. Por meio da elaboração de uma linha temporal para a área de Ensino de Ciências e Matemática, foi possível perceber que esta emergiu de práticas ocorridas desde os anos 60, tendo sua delimitação enquanto área própria somente no ano 2000, quando se deslocou da área de Educação, e foi reestruturada no ano de 2011 para área de Ensino. Acredita-se que a área irá consolidar-se, pois com o aumento quantitativo e qualitativo dos programas de pós-graduação, mais pesquisadores comprometidos irão contribuir para o estabelecimento da identidade da área de Ensino de Ciências e Matemática no Brasil.

The emergence of the area of Science and Mathematics Teaching like a scientific community: a documentary study

ABSTRACT: In order to understand the changes in the area of teaching of Science and Mathematics, were raised by the documents from CAPES between the years 2000 and 2013 more discussions were aggregated from scientific societies on the subject. To support this study, relationships were drawn to the theory of Thomas Kuhn, for paradigms, scientific community, and other related. We make a timeline for the area, it was revealed that emerged from practices that have occurred since the 60s, while having its own area boundary only in 2000, when it moved from the area of Education and was restructured in 2011 to the area of teaching. It is believed that the area will consolidate, because with the increased quantity and quality of graduate programs, most committed researchers will contribute to the identity of the area of teaching of Science and Mathematic in Brazil.

Over the last twenty years, modern economic geography has been increasingly fragmented, particularly concerning its themes, on the one hand, and its schools of thought, perspectives and paradigms, on the other. Although there have been arguments in favor of engaged pluralism between the latter, what we see in reality is mainly fragmented pluralism, which is particularly problematic for the identification with the sub-discipline and the exchange with neighboring social disciplines. In order to solve this problem, in our view, we need an Integrative Paradigm of Economic Geography. In this paper, we sketch the contours of such a paradigm, which consists of a core, namely economic activities in space, place and scales and their drivers, and three inter-related ontological foundations, namely networks, evolution and institutions.

Bu çalışmanın amacı Cumhuriyet’in ilanından günümüze kadar geçen süreçte ölçme ve değerlendirme alanında yapılan çalışmaların ortaya konulması ve bu çalışmalar sonucu ortaya çıkan paradigma değişimlerinin dönemin değişen Kimya Ders Programlarına ve ders programları yoluyla 9.sınıf Kimya veya eski adıyla Lise-1 Kimya ders kitaplarına etkilerinin incelenmesidir. Bu çalışmada ihtiyaç duyulan verilere, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden biri olan doküman incelemesi yoluyla ulaşılmıştır. Çalışmada veri toplama amacıyla, 1930, 1934, 1938, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1970, 1971, 1985 ,1992, 1996, 2007 ve 2013 yıllarında hazırlanan 13 Kimya ders programını temsil eden 10 Kimya ders kitabı incelenmiştir. Ayrıca Kimya ders programlarına ait bilgiler alanyazın taramasıyla kütüphanelerden ve internetten elde edilen bilgilerden sağlanmıştır. Bu çalışma bize ölçme ve değerlendirme alanında yapılan çalışmaların siyasi, ekonomik ve felsefi nedenleri olduğunu ve bu temel nedenlerin ölçme ve değerlendirme yöntemlerinde paradigma değişimlerine sebep olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu paradigma değişimleri de ders kitaplarının gerek konu anlatım şekillerini gerekse kimya ders kitaplarında yer alan soru tip ve içeriklerini etkilemiştir.

Over the last 2 decades, the peacebuilding and development nexus has grown as a critical area of scholarship and practise. At the same time, the conflict landscape has evolved in complexity, incorporating fragility, violence, and humanitarian crisis, presenting ever greater challenges for analysis, framing, and effective policy and practise responses. This article reflects on the paradigmatic shifts in the peacebuilding-development nexus and the paradigms that are rising as they more meaningfully diagnose and offer responses to our complex, interrelated crises. The article argues that the complexity facing our fields demands inter-paradigm learning, pluralism, and synergy, and the political will to adapt and act in accordance with the transformative measures required to tackle the structural and systemic nature of these crises.

This paper examines the academic literature on Project Management in relation to the hard and soft paradigms, two broad tendencies for thought and action that have had considerable impact on the development of a variety of comparable fields. A critical reading of the literature confirms strong links between the hard paradigm and Project Management. However, it is also demonstrated that undercurrents exist in the literature, which suggest a growing acceptance of the soft paradigm. Models of the field are presented through which the influence of these paradigms on the field can be understood, and a way is suggested in which further developments in the use of the soft paradigm in Project Management could be progressed.

Evolutionary cosmologists, notably Lee Smolin and Roberto Mangabeira Unger, have recently formulated an evolutionary theory of physical science, extending to physics the Darwinian principle of "descent with modification". In so doing, they provide a novel perspective on the laws of physics and the origin and nature of the Universe which might result in a revolutionary scientific paradigm. Taking seriously the evolutionary nature of reality involves a recognition of the singularity of events at all scales, and of the reality of time as the grounding dimension of the universe. There is a great narrative being told here, one highly consonant with the integrational perspective on history and science provided by the proponents of Big History. One might argue, though, that there is an insufficient narratological awareness in the theories of evolutionary physicists and cosmologists. Narrative is a prime instrument to deal with emergence and singularity, but the concepts of narrative and narratology are missing in the conceptual toolkit of the theory. This paper spells out some narratological implications and concomitances of this evolutionary theory of physical reality and of its new conception of ontological singularity.

Keywords: Evolution, Cosmology, Narrative, Contingency, Singularity, Representation, Complexity, Ontology, Paradigms, Evolutionism, Lee Smolin, Roberto Mangabeira Unger, Big History, History

El artículo analiza diferentes caracterizaciones de paradigmas de la ciencia y a partir de estas caracterizaciones se ocupa del desarrollo de paradigmas en Física hasta el siglo XIX (modernismo) y desde el siglo XX (postmodernismo). Se identifican las condiciones de producción de estos paradigmas y se avanza hacia una propuesta paradigmática compleja sin-tética de la Física actual con un interés metodológico y didáctico. ABSTRACT The paper discusses different characterizations of paradigms in science and from these characterizations addresses the development of paradigms in Physics until the nineteenth century (modernism) and from the twentieth century (postmodernism). Production conditions of these paradigms are identified and progress towards a proposal paradigmatic complex synthetic of current Physics, with a methodological and didactic interest. Los paradigmas en la Física, retardos difusionales e implicaciones didácticas

The continuous training of teachers has proved a cornerstone for changing teaching from a mere activity to a profession. A teaching career is regulated by a special methodology which implies three stages: definitive, second grade and first grade. These are supported by the continuous training of teachers in terms of educational policy and activities. The various levels of change that have emerged from the educational reform processes after 1989 did not leave the continuous training of teachers untouched. This paper refers to the continuous training of Mathematics and Science teachers through the project “Continuous training network for teachers to use multimedia, virtual instruments web 2.0 in the curricular area of Mathematics and the Natural Sciences (Proweb)”. This paper discusses the activities and results with regard to the counties of Gorj, Dolj, Olt, Caraş-Severin and Mehedinţi, for which the “Constantin Brâncuşi” University of Târgu Jiu, România had responsibility for continuous training (Project POSDRU/157/1.3/S/141587).

Keywords: continuous training of teachers, competencies, values, attitudes

The way an army thinks about and understands warfare has a tremendous impact on its organization, training, and operations. The central ideas of that understanding form a nation's way of warfare that influences decisions on and off the battlefield. From the disasters of the War of 1812, Winfield Scott ensured that America adopted a series of ideas formed in the crucible of the Wars of the French Revolution and epitomized by Napoleon. Reflecting American cultural changes, these French ideas dominated American warfare on the battlefields of the Mexican-American War, the American Civil War, the Spanish-American War, and World War I. America remained committed to these ideas until cultural pressures and the successes of German Blitzkrieg from 1939 - 1940 led George C. Marshall to orchestrate the adoption of a different understanding of warfare. Michael A. Bonura examines concrete battlefield tactics, army regulations, and theoretical works on war as they were presented in American army education manuals, professional journals, and the popular press, to demonstrate that as a cultural construction, warfare and ways of warfare can be transnational and influence other nations.

In this chapter, I examine inter-paradigm levelling in the verbal classes of Griko and explore the triggers for this type of change. In the case of inter-paradigm levelling in Griko, probabilities of internal and external origin are nicely balanced; not only internal but also external motivations can lead to inter-paradigm levelling. I argue that endogenous forces (internal developments) seem to be active in this type of change, but -contrary to the tradition following the Neogrammarians- I claim that inter-paradigm levelling cannot be seen as a systematizing process originally triggered only by phonological operations. Productivity should also be taken into account. On the other hand, language contact enhances a change already observed in the system. I opt for a non-dichotomous view, according to which both endogenous and exogenous factors work hand in hand.

The historical contexts of the sciences can arise from a few strategic choices of the phenomenal premises, best illustrated in the modern history of the science of mechanics. Scientists of mechanics tended to prioritize certain structural intuitions as axiomatic notions, which were gradually established as historical paradigms. A striking example of this would be the Newtonian explanation of the tidal phenomenon, which has been bequeathed since the early modern period and prevails to date. However, the axiomatic-structural intuitions in the science of mechanics as well as in other mathematical sciences are basically pictorial intuitions; they necessarily emerge in pictorial representations. The following treatise is an attempt to demonstrate how scientific images were derived from certain preferred or prioritized structural intuitions of mechanical phenomena – such as Gravitation and Tides – and how they paradigmatically established the axiomatic foundations of these phenomena and avouched them historically.

Purpose This paper aims to increase related knowledge across personal, social and ecological dimensions of sustainability and how it can be applied to support transformative learning. Design/methodology/approach The paper provides a reflexive case study of the design, content and impact of a course on eco-justice that integrates relational learning with an equity and justice lens. The reflexive case study provides a critical, exploratory self-assessment, including interviews, group discussions and surveys with key stakeholders and course participants. Findings The results show how relational approaches can support transformative learning for sustainability and provide concrete practices, pathways and recommendations for curricula development that other universities/training institutions could follow or learn from. Originality/value Sustainability research, practice and education generally focuses on structural or systemic factors of transformation (e.g. technology, governance and po...

Pakistani banking industry is at transforming stage, making investment in technology to upgrade its infrastructure for implementation of cashless banking in the country. This study examines the impact of cashless banking on profitability of Pakistani banking industry. To measure cashless banking in the country proxies of Automated Teller Machines Transactions (ATMT), Point of Sales Transactions (POST), Call Center Banking Transactions (CCT) and Mobile Banking Transactions (MOBT) are used to examine their impact on aggregate Return on Equity (ROE) of the banking industry. Ordinary Least Square (OLS) multiple regressions are used to obtain the results and data from 2 nd quarter of 2007 to 4 th quarter of 2014 is used. The results show that POST and MOBT are positively significantly related to ROE, CCT and ATMT are negatively significantly associated with profitability. Recommendations are made that banks should educate their customers to use of internet banking services, because it re...

If we place a general perfect market evolution model under externality neutrality assumptions, we can extract the environment under which a dominant component perfect markets operate, which allows for the possibility of forever growth and no collapse. However, if we place it under a framework of no externality neutrality assumption, then the model shows limits to growth and the possibility of collapse. And if the risk of collapse is real, the dominant component market model can either be saved or it can collapse if it cannot be saved. The saving mechanism allows for either a full fix or just a patch, but it all depends on whether or not there are paradigm shift knowledge gaps as well as political and academic will. If the market cannot be saved, it will flipped perfectly or imperfectly to opposite and inverse opposite forms, and if possible they will flip towards a market form that still allow them to keep at least some of the core values they had before the flip. The above holds true for any dominant component based market, and this paper focus its attention on the perfect red market model, which makes the following questions relevant: How does a general perfect red market paradigm evolution model is expected to work? The cases of expanding red markets, of saving red markets from collapse, and the case of the fall of red markets due to binding environmental sustainability pressures.

Resúmen
Si colocamos un modelo general de evolución de mercado perfecto bajo supuestos de neutralidad de externalidades, podemos extraer el entorno en el que operan los mercados perfectos de componentes dominantes, lo que permite la posibilidad de un crecimiento permanente y sin colapso. Sin embargo, si lo ubicamos bajo un marco de supuesto de no neutralidad de externalidades, entonces el modelo muestra límites al crecimiento y la posibilidad de colapso. Y si el riesgo de colapso es real, el modelo de mercado de componentes dominantes puede salvarse o colapsar si no puede salvarse. El mecanismo de salvación permite una solución completa o solo un parche, pero todo depende de si existen o no lagunas en el conocimiento del cambio de paradigma, así como voluntad política y académica. Si el mercado no se puede salvar, cambiará perfecta o imperfectamente a formas opuestas e inversamente opuestas, y si es posible, cambiarán hacia una forma de mercado que aún le permita mantener al menos algunos de los valores centrales que tenían antes del cambio. Lo anterior es válido para cualquier mercado basado en componentes dominantes, y este documento centra su atención en el modelo de mercado rojo perfecto o capitalismo socialmente amigable perfecto, lo que hace que las siguientes preguntas sean relevantes: ¿Cómo se espera que funcione un modelo general de evolución del paradigma del mercado rojo perfecto? Los casos de expansión de los mercados rojos, de salvar los mercados rojos del colapso y el caso de la caída de los mercados rojos debido a las presiones serias de sostenibilidad ambiental.

This document contains paradigms of different types of verbs in three Senhaja Berber varieties (Ketama, Taghzut, and Seddat), and shows morphological marking of (conjugated and not conjugated) adjectives and participles for comparison. The paradigms show that the PNG marking depends on the shape of the verb (C-final vs. V-final; C-initial vs. V-initial), aspect (Aorist, Perfective, Imperfective), and other factors, such as the presence of verbal clitics and particles. In Ketama, prefix of 2S, 3FS and 2P is t- in the Aorist following particle a, but it is h-~a- in Perfective and Imperfective. 1S suffix is usually -a, while verb stems ending on u-/i- have -ġ. Ventive clitic d causes the final -ġ of 1S to re-appear (-aġ). It also leads to full assimilation of some PNG affixes (2S suffix -ḏ when VENT is postverbal, and 2S/3FS/2P prefix when VENT is fronted). With V-initial verbs, there is ḏ between the preverbal particles (IRR a, FUT š-a, NEG u) and verb forms lacking a PNG prefix (1S and 3P). This ḏ must be a reinterpretation of ḏ of IRR a(ḏ) which became generalized to Perfective (Negative).
Prefix of 3MS varies in Senhaja depending on the contexts and variety: Ketama i/y-; Taghzut i/y-, ḏ-, ḏy-; Seddat i/y-, ḏ- or ø (zero). The element ḏ (originally part of the irrealis particle) became reinterpreted as a 3MS marker in specific contexts in Taghzut and Seddat.
Ketama and Taghzut preserve traces of ancient stative PNG (carried out by suffixes only) used with some quality words (Berber adjectives). In Seddat, cognate words are conjugated normally. In Ketama, such forms are not marked for person, and are therefore no longer verbal. In Taghzut, such words can behave as in Ketama (“system a”: unconjugated adjectives), but there also exists a possibility to mark them for person (“system b”: conjugated adjectives), using suffixes only. In all Senhaja varieties, such words do not have the usual aspectual distinctions. The status of these words falls somewhere between verbs and adjectives.

Cross-linguistic strategies for mapping lexical and spatial relations from body partonym systems to external object meronymies (as in English 'table leg', 'mountain face') have attracted substantial research and debate over the past three decades. Due to the systematic mappings, lexical productivity and geometric complexities of body-based meronymies found in many Mesoamerican languages, the region has become focal for these discussions, prominently including contrastive accounts of the phenomenon in Zapotec and Tzeltal, leading researchers to question whether such systems should be explained as global metaphorical mappings from bodily source to target holonym or as vector mappings of shape and axis generated " algorithmically ". I propose a synthesis of these accounts in this paper by drawing on the species-specific cognitive affordances of human upright posture grounded in the reorganization of the anatomical planes, with a special emphasis on antisymmetrical relations that emerge between arm-leg and face-groin antinomies cross-culturally. Whereas Levinson argues that the internal geometry of objects " stripped of their bodily associations " (1994: 821) is sufficient to account for Tzeltal meronymy, making metaphorical explanations entirely unnecessary, I propose a more powerful, elegant explanation of Tzeltal meronymic mapping that affirms both the geometric-analytic and the global-metaphorical nature of Tzeltal meaning construal. I do this by demonstrating that the " algorithm " in question arises from the phenomenology of movement and correlative body memories—an experiential ground which generates a culturally selected pair of inverse contrastive paradigm sets with marked and unmarked membership emerging antithetically relative to the transverse anatomical plane. These relations are then selected diagrammatically for the classification of object orientations according to systematic geometric iconicities. Results not only serve to clarify the case in question but also point to the relatively untapped potential that upright posture holds for theorizing the emergence of human cognition, highlighting in the process the nature, origins and theoretical validity of markedness and double scope conceptual integration.

This article provides an introduction to the 20th Anniversary Special Issue of the Journal of Classical Sociology. It begins with some brief observations on the key developments that have shaped the disciplinary core of sociology over the past decades. It goes on to reflect on the role of classical sociology in Europe and beyond, drawing attention to its continuing presence in British and Anglo-American intellectual circles. Far from existing in a bubble of academic ivory towers, the paradigms emerging from disputes in the social sciences in general and in sociology in particular are profoundly shaped by wider historical trends – notably those influenced by different forms of collective action, as illustrated in the impact of social movements on the university sector in the late 1960s. In light of recent calls for ‘the decolonization of academia’, we ask to what extent sociology can, and should, strive to go beyond the hegemony of the ‘Western’ canon. Having given a succinct overview of the 20-year history of JCS, we elucidate the different formats of the material published in the journal, stressing the importance of editorial flexibility. On a more substantive note, we point out that the thematic scope of the work published in JCS has been wide-ranging and inclusive – not only because of its editors’ broad conception of ‘classics’ and ‘classicality’, but also because of the interdisciplinary spirit permeating the journal. This commitment, as we explain, manifests itself in the wide range of thinkers and topics discussed – from a multiplicity of perspectives – in the journal. We also grapple with noteworthy challenges posed by the academic publishing industry in the early 21st century, including the difficulties arising from peer-review processes. Finally, we express our gratitude to those who have contributed to this 20th Anniversary Special Issue and emphasize the journal’s commitment to defending the legacy of classical sociology.