Nullity

Since the Nineties of the last century, new cases of nullity of EU origin have been introduced into our system which, on the one hand, are different in comparison with those provided by the Civil Code and, on the other hand, have some common elements with the cancellation of the contract provided by the same Code.
These are the so-called nullities of protection, conceived by the legislator with the aim of rebalancing the position of relative weakness concerning consumers in the first place. According to the civil law, such new nullities are in an intermediate area between the two classic forms of invalidity (nullity and voidability), since they often have common features with one (such as the ex officio detection of defects and the lack of the limitation period for an action) or the other (such as the legitimacy limited only the so-called 'weak' part).
In this context, particularly important is the question of whether the relative nature of the nullity can prevail even in the absence of a derogation under art. 1421 of the Civil Code. That is, if the rule of relative legitimation is applicable, except for the hypotheses expressly provided for by law, whenever the contracting parties have an 'asymmetrical' position. Protective nullity, in this way, would extend its sphere of application beyond the act of consumption, including the civil and trade act.

The validity as an essential element of contract is the basis for achieving the economic purpose set out in in it. Without validity there is no legal way to enforce the contractual content. In addition to the identity of the theoretical foundations of the legal institution of validity, significant differences can be observed between Romanian and Hungarian law. Those differences justify the performance of a comparative legal study beside several other specific reasons. The first of the this special reasons is the cross-border economic relations and the Hungarian legal society in Romania, which can play a ‚bridge' in this matter. The real need for professional cooperation between members of the same mother tongue lawyers results summaries of the conceptual issues based on comparative legal studies. For theoretical, scientific and practical purposes the study outlines the basic issues of the nullity and avoidance of a contract, the partly different basic positions of the two legal systems, the grounds for annulment and the legal consequences.

The procedural sanction is one of the key elements of the criminal procedure legal norm, which establishes enforcement of coercive measures in case of violation of the legal provisions. The sanction determines the type and character of liability, outlines its limits, it represents a remedy for the removal of certain legal consequences when the procedural acts and actions have been committed by violation of the law. Procedural nullities fulfill two fundamental functions. First of all, nullities ensure the procedural legality and on the other hand remove those acts that were done by violation of the law, presumed or proven to be harmful to the interests of the participants in criminal proceedings. Any person can complain against the measures and acts of criminal prosecution bodies if this has caused an injury to his/her legitimate interests. Criminal and judicial prosecution bodies do not always take the necessary measures to establish the objective truth in criminal cases, being one of the most widespread violations. Nullities cover both procedural acts and documents. Any violation of procedural rules concerning the content of the criminal proceedings, such as the general provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code, are liable to be declared invalid because they have simultaneous enforcement to the rules governing criminal proceedings. There are other sanctions applied for inappropriate performance of the acts recognized by the law, but mentioning that these sanctions are incidental only by reference to nullities.

O ato normativo inconstitucional é nulo. Quando é declarada a inconstitucionalidade de um ato normativo, os atos revogados por aquele serão automaticamente restabelecidos, já que não revogados validamente. Esta é a essência do chamado efeito repristinatório, que não se confunde, apesar da similitude semântica, com a repristinação. O efeito repristinatório será aplicado de forma automática na declaração de inconstitucionalidade de ato normativo. Ocorre no controle de constitucionalidade em geral, resta saber se, no controle difuso, deverá ser adotada a cautela de ser observado o contraditório a respeito, especialmente por força dos artigos 9º e 10º do Código de Processo Civil atual.

La Ley 640 de 2001 establece la conciliación extrajudicial como requisito de procedibilidad antes de acudir a la jurisdicción civil en procesos declarativos. A través de una metodología cualitativa, el presente artículo tiene como objetivo determinar si los vicios en las decisiones societarias son asuntos susceptibles de conciliación y si se debe agotar la conciliación prejudicial como requisito de procedibilidad para la acción de impugnación de decisiones sociales. Lo anterior para responder a la pregunta de investigación: ¿se debe agotar la conciliación como requisito de procedibilidad para la acción de impugnación de decisiones sociales?

Frente a este tema, la jurisprudencia en Colombia ha sido cambiante, adoptando dos posiciones contrarias. La tesis predominante es que la conciliación no es requisito de procedibilidad toda vez que la nulidad y la ineficacia de las decisiones sociales no son materia conciliable por tratarse de asuntos indisponibles en los que está comprometido el orden público.

No obstante, no debe desconocerse que la nulidad puede sanearse por ratificación de las partes (artículo 1742 del Código Civil) y la ocurrencia de las causales de ineficacia puede ser acordada por las partes (artículo 133 de la Ley 446 de 1998). Por lo tanto, a juicio de las autoras de este artículo, sí son asuntos susceptibles de conciliación y debería agotarse la conciliación extrajudicial.

Article approaches the issue of the principle of legality in case of ordering by judiciary authorities on acts or measures of process, in pursuit of criminal prosecution. The author examines which of the judiciary authorities, the prosecutor or the police investigator shall have the power to dispose on the acts or measures of the process and by what procedural act. The author also takes the view of the sanction failure to comply with art. 203 Criminal Procedure Code.

Romanian Abstract: Având in vedere faptul că tratatul internaţional este un act juridic ce exprimă acordul de voinţă al părţilor manifestat in scopul producerii de efecte juridice, iar in structura voinţei intră două elemente: consimţământul si cauza, pentru valabilitatea tratatului este imperativ ca exprimarea consimţământului unui subiect de drept internaţional public de a fi parte la un tratat internaţional trebuie să nu fie afectată de nici un viciu de consimţământ. Prezentul articol isi propune să realizeze o scurtă analiză a viciilor de consimţământ – cauze de nulitate ale tratatelor internaţionale in lumina dispoziţiilor Convenţiei de la Viena din 1969 cu privire la dreptul tratatelor.English Abstract: Considering the fact that the international treaty is a juridical document expressing the will agreement of the parties manifested in order to produce juridical effects, and the will structure contains two elements: the consent and the cause, for the treaty validity it is imper...

En este estudio se reflexiona, desde la teología sacramentaria, sobre los términos canónicos de validez-nulidad en relación con consagración de la Eucaristía y se considera el caso de que se viole la prohibición establecida en el can. 927, teniendo muy en cuenta el hecho y el significado de la intención que prevalece en el sacerdote que consagre en esas circunstancias.

On the one hand, this article presents the new administrative process for the declaration of nullity of priestly ordination which was issued by the Congregation for Divine Worship and Discipline of the Sacraments towards the end of the year 2001, with the intention of substituting the existing norms of 1931, updating them in the light of the new Code; on the other, it offers a study of the causes for which such nullity may be sought. The presentation of the new process includes, as well as the translation of the Latin text, some brief additional commentaries in order to better understand it. The study of the causes for which one may allege nullity include the themes of the matter and form used, the minister and the subject capable of administering and receiving the sacrament, the necessary conditions for ordination to be received with due freedom and right intention, highlighting the aspects of violence, grave fear and other causes of a psychological nature.

The paper offers an ontological analysis of negative states of affairs in Ingarden’s ontology. The debate about negative states of affairs has revolved around establishing their existential status, in particular whether they are heteronomous or autonomous. On the one hand, Ingarden is often perceived as a reductionist who claims that negative states of affairs enjoy a very weak mode of being: they are purely intentional entities. On the other hand, according to Ingarden, they are ontologically dependent on positive states of affairs, which are autonomous. While Ingarden’s pos¬ition is vague, it is hard to accept the idea that negative states of affairs should have both heteronomous and autonomous aspects. Those problems arise when Ingarden moves from ontological to epistemological domain. I maintain that the understanding of negative states of affairs as purely intentional is simply a result of following the epistemological way of thinking and is in conflict with some of his ontolog...

Nullity is the civil legal sanction which determines the ineffectiveness of the juridical act, by depriving it of those effects that do not comply with the legal provisions enacted for its lawful conclusion. The sanction is applicable to both civil legal acts, among which the company contract, and legal entities, including trading companies, however, with different grounds and effects. In time, the legal doctrine has created a special category of commercial law nullities, with distinct features from those of common law nullities. In the new Civil code, the causes and effects of the company's nullity have been taken in toto from the trading legislation and applied to all legal entities, irrespective of their legal status, which in turn has led to fierce controversies. The Article begins with a general overview of the causes and effects of the civil legal act's nullity, including that of the company contract. The second part tackles the isssue of trading companies' nullity...

The paper offers an ontological analysis of negative states of affairs in Ingarden’s ontology. The debate about negative states of affairs has revolved around establishing their existential status, in particular whether they are heteronomous or autonomous. On the one hand, Ingarden is often perceived as a reductionist who claims that negative states of affairs enjoy a very weak mode of being: they are purely intentional entities. On the other hand, according to Ingarden, they are ontologically dependent on positive states of affairs, which are autonomous. While Ingarden’s pos¬ition is vague, it is hard to accept the idea that negative states of affairs should have both heteronomous and autonomous aspects. Those problems arise when Ingarden moves from ontological to epistemological domain. I maintain that the understanding of negative states of affairs as purely intentional is simply a result of following the epistemological way of thinking and is in conflict with some of his ontological statements.

keywords: ontology, existential moment, state of affairs, negative state of affairs, mode of being, individual object, intentional object, Ingarden, Meinong, Reinach

"Filozofia Nauki" 2014/4

A graph G is singular of nullity η if the nullspace of its adjacency matrix G has dimension η. Such a graph contains η cores determined by a basis for the nullspace of G. These are induced subgraphs of singular configurations, the latter occurring as induced subgraphs of G. We show that there exists a set of η distinct vertices representing the singular configurations. We also explore how the nullity controls the size of the singular substructures and characterize those graphs of maximal nullity containing a substructure reaching maximal size.