Monopoly

To cite:
Wilkins, A. 2017. Rescaling the local: Multi-academy trusts, private monopoly and statecraft in England. Journal of Educational Administration and History, 49 (2), 171-185

For the past six years successive UK governments in England have introduced reforms intended to usher in less aggregated, top-down, bureaucratically overloaded models of service delivery as well as secure conditions for greater school autonomy.  Yet the ‘hollowing out’ of local government has not resulted in less bureaucracy on the ground or less regulation from above, nor has it diminished hierarchy as an organising principle of education governance.  In some cases, monopolies and monopolistic practices dominated by powerful bureaucracies and professional groups persist, albeit realised through the involvement of new actors and organisations from business and philanthropy.  In this paper I adopt a governmentality perspective to explore the political significance of large multi-academy trusts (MATs) – private sponsors contracted by central government to run publicly funded schools – to the generation of new scalar hierarchies and accountability infrastructures that assist in bringing the gaze of government to bear upon the actions of schools that are otherwise less visible under local government management.  On this account, it is argued, MATs are integral to statecraft and the invention and assemblage of particular apparatuses for intervening upon specific organisations, spaces and peoples.

The early broadcast era and our current platform era bear some striking resemblances, but one parallel looms large: In the 1940s, we lost a key battle to build a potentially liberating and wondrous medium—and we are on the cusp of doing so again. Then as now, commercial operators defined the terms by which we could use our core communication and information infrastructures. While reaping tremendous profits from the public airwaves, a few corporate firms became the sole providers for much of the nation’s media.

Article analyses the conditions under which resources can be sources of SCA”, with the internal accumulation of assets, capabilities, organizational processes, firm attributes, information, knowledge; controlled by a firm that enable to conceive and implement strategies that improve its efficiency and effectiveness.

The telecom regulator in Guyana, with the backing of the Government, introduced competition in the mobile market sector in the year 2006. However, the fixed-line market and the international telecom sector in Guyana has been dominated by a 40-year (monopoly) license that holds exclusivity over landline voice, data connectivity (internet) and international voice and data access.
The telephone company, GT&T has, over its life, made contributions to the national economy while creating the opportunity for its own expansion and growth as well as the international expansion of its parent company.
This quantitative correlational study analyzed the results of a web based and face-to-face survey to quantify the value of the telecoms monopoly (i.e. fixed-line market and international telecom sector) to Guyana, a developing country.
This research found that there is no significant relationship between telecom monopoly in the country and Guyana’s economy. The study has shown that the impact of liberalization will neither negatively impact the economic well-being of the national economy of Guyana nor that of the incumbent, GT&T.
This study also supported the hypothesis that there is significant impact of telecoms market liberalization on the satisfaction of the telecoms subscribers in Guyana. The study further concluded that there is significant difference in the satisfaction experienced from telecom services between the male population and the female population of Guyana.
This study also concludes that customers’ acceptance of and satisfaction with liberalization is directly correlated to their satisfaction with the company’s products, its customer care and quality of service – which are usually the factors that influence customers’ willingness to pay higher prices with the converse being true for lower prices.

Using objective measures of investor protections in 170 countries, I establish that the level of investor protection matters for cross-country differences in GDP growth: countries with stronger protections tend to grow faster than those with poor investor protections.

During the history of mankind imperialism basically was in the forms of politics and economy.
But due to the information revolution media emerged as the central mean and cause of domination not only for politics and economy but culture as well. During the twentieth century media emerged as the forth and central pillar of the society in the world and as usual again dominated by the western countries and was centralized at the few hands of transnational media groups especially USA. Media imperialism emerged from the west and it created entirely new phenomenal dominance of media to control, mange and change the culture of developing countries of the world. Then at national level few media groups created a media monopoly. Then at national level few media groups created a media monopoly so developing countries of the world are under the media war fare. But the advent of social media has neutralized this dominance to certain extend and gradually competing the rage of media imperialism of the west. This paper focuses on this aspect that, how social media is enabling the third world countries to set and maintain their own cultural agenda instead of only following the western media .After the traditional media i.e. newspapers, radio and television, a new form of media emerged in the form of social media due to the latent but robust product of internet. This social media is acquiring strength day by day and now has become a potential competitor of traditional electronic and print media

This chapter brings into focus various structural threats to journalism, including monopoly control over media, the loss of public interest protections, digital divides, and the “Facebook problem”. The chapter also provides an overview of why media policy matters for journalism and how different ownership structures affect media content. The chapter concludes with an in-depth discussion of Facebook’s relationship to journalism and the different schools of thought regarding how we should rein in monopolies.

Los tenedores de bonos de la Deuda Inglesa aceptaron la entrega de títulos de propiedad de terrenos baldíos en la provincia de Esmeraldas, en cuyas extensiones podían aprovechar los recursos naturales, exportarlos y beneficiarse económicamente. Para llevar adelante el convenio indicado, en 1855 se firmó la constitución de la empresa Ecuador Land Company Limited. Sus representantes en el Ecuador se encargarían de tomar posesión de los terrenos, instalar las colonias para los potenciales inmigrantes e iniciar la explotación de los recursos naturales, entre los que se consideraba importante a la tagua. El ensayo contiene los hechos más significativos que ocurrieron en el proceso de funcionamiento de la compañía y de las empresas subsidiarias o arrendatarias.

En referencia a los monopolios propiamente dichos, no parece que la empresa inglesa concentró la exportación de tagua, porque este recurso salía también de Manabí y de otros puntos de la Costa ecuatoriana. Lo que sí está documentado, es la eficiente productividad de este recurso en manos de la empresa extranjera, a juzgar por los valores que se declaran anualmente.

El interés inglés, en las colonias hispanoamericanas a comienzos del siglo XIX, respondía a un deseo político y económico. En el primer caso, contribuir a la conformación de naciones y estados independientes con los cuales establecer vínculos que permitieran la expansión de la revolución industrial que se hallaba en auge en los países europeos, particularmente en Gran Bretaña. En el aspecto económico, el financiamiento de las guerras de la independencia de los países de Sudamérica permitió la apertura de un mercado de capitales que a la larga ató a los países como el Ecuador, durante más de un siglo, hasta pagar la llamada Deuda inglesa. Los dos factores, al final, quebraron el monopolio comercial del Imperio Español y permitieron el auge del Imperio Británico. Los gobernantes ecuatorianos, por sus propias iniciativas o por medio de terceros, accedieron y atendieron los intereses de los tenedores de bonos de la Deuda.

There are tens of thousands of registered optical services providers in the US, however prices fail to be competitive. This paper explores the world of monopolistic behaviours in an industry that affects most of the world at some point: eye wear. It studies one of the biggest eyewear providers in the world, Luxottica, and makes the case that its industry dominance not only inconveniences the consumer, but the industry as a whole.

The Frankfurt School has been very influential in our understanding of the production and reception of modern mass media. Walter Benjamin, in his 1935 essay “The World of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction,” outlined how technological change in modern times fundamentally altered the relationship of artist-audience and art-politics. A decade later, Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno argued more pointedly that the economic capabilities of modern capitalism had harnessed the technology of cultural production so completely as to allow for almost no freedom of artistic production outside its framework. For Benjamin and Horkheimer & Adorno, film, in particular, and its expressions in Nazi Germany and Hollywood in particular was the new medium that illustrated their theories, although they also considered others such as radio, architecture, and mass market magazines as well. In this paper, I will show how their ideas can also be applied successfully to the new medium of our day, the Internet, to shed light on one of the most important issues in contemporary media and politics in the US: net neutrality.

The theory of costs is a cornerstone of economic thinking, and figures crucially in the study of human action and society. From the first day of a principles-level course to the most advanced academic literature, costs play a vital role in virtually all behaviors and economic outcomes. How we make choices, why we trade, and how we build institutions and social orders are all problems that can be explained in light of the costs we face.

This volume explores, develops, and critiques the rich literature on costs, examining some of the many ways cost remains relevant in economic theory and practice. The book especially studies costs from the perspective of the Austrian or “causal-realist” approach to economics. The chapters integrate the history of economic thought with contemporary research, finding valuable crossroads
between numerous traditions in economics. They examine the role of costs in theories of choice and opportunity costs; demand and income effects; production and distribution; risk and interest rates; uncertainty and production; monopsony; Post-Keynesianism; transaction costs; socialism and management; and social entrepreneurship.

Together, these papers represent an update and restatement of a central element in the economic way of thinking. Each chapter reveals how the Austrian, causal-realist approach to costs can be used to solve an important problem or debate in economics. These chapters are not only useful for students learning these concepts for the first time: they are also valuable for researchers seeking to understand the unique Austrian perspective and those who want to apply it to new problems.

IB Economics Extended Essay May 2016:

The assumption that international school tuition centers experience high barriers to entry and have the possibility of earning abnormal profits suggest that this industry might result in welfare loss within the Hong Kong economy. Hence, I am interested to find out “What market structure best represents international school tuition centers in Hong Kong?”

Surveys were conducted with international school students. Results indicate that the industry has a CR3 = 85.8% with NTK, ITS and HKExcel as the three dominant firms, relying on non-price competition. In order to discover how these firms established brand loyalty and what are the different rules and barriers to entry involved, interviews were conducted with former and current employees of the dominant centers. Locations of the tuition centers were also investigated. Geographical patterns suggested that Hotelling’s Law is applicable to this industry, therefore suggesting an oligopolistic nature. However, the PED for tuition services seems to be elastic and the prices charged for the courses across the three main firms show minimal evidence of price rigidity or competition, suggesting that the industry shows features of a monopolistic competition. Little evidence of collusive behavior implies that the industry has minimal risk of being prosecuted under the Competition Ordinance.

Overall, the international school tuition center industry is an oligopolistic market showing features of a monopolistic competition. However, this imperfect competitive market demonstrates that there is market failure. Since tuition is taking resources away from mainstream education, financial resources going into tuition can perhaps be redirected into school education so the quality of school-based education can improve.

In this article, we employ a Veblenian framework to analyze three dimensions of corporate financialization: the expansion of the balance sheet, the rising importance of intangible assets and the growing levels of financial payouts. Our focus is the pharmaceutical sector, which is strongly dominated by a handful of large corporations known as Big Pharma. In our empirical analysis of the financial accounts of 27 of the largest global pharmaceutical corporations for the years 2000–2018, we find evidence of a shift in Big Pharma’s business model from one focused on productive capacity (reflected by fixed capital and R&D) to one focused on intangible assets (reflected by patents, brands and goodwill). The modus operandi of Big Pharma is one that increasingly resembles that of a private equity fund that generates returns for shareholders that are supported by monopolized knowledge through intellectual property rights, capitalized future earnings potential and rising debt burdens. Our framework facilitates the study of the different elements of financialization and how they do (or do not) co-evolve over time, within and between industries, and between countries or global regions. 

Keywords: monopoly, Thorstein Veblen, intangible assets, shareholder value, corporate finance


From the Publisher:

Big Data and Big Analytics are a big deal today. Big Data is playing a pivotal role in many companies' strategic decision-making. Companies are striving to acquire a 'data advantage' over rivals. Data-driven mergers are increasing. These data-driven business strategies and mergers raise significant implications for privacy, consumer protection and competition law. At the same time, European and United States' competition authorities are beginning to consider the implications of a data-driven economy on competition policy. In 2015, the European Commission launched a competition inquiry into the e-commerce sector and issued a statement of objections in its Google investigation. The implications of Big Data on competition policy will likely be a part of the mix.

Big Data and Competition Policy is the first work to offer a detailed description of the important new issue of Big Data and explains how it relates to competition laws and policy, both in the EU and US. The book helps bring the reader quickly up to speed on what is Big Data, its competitive implications, the competition authorities' approach to data-driven mergers and business strategies, and their current approach's strengths and weaknesses.

Written by two recognized leading experts in competition law, this accessible work offers practical guidance and theoretical discussion of the potential benefits (including data-driven efficiencies) and concerns for the practitioner, policy maker, and academic alike.

First chapter is attached.

Trump’s election laid bare structural flaws in our news and information systems. As mainstream news media sensationalized and trivialized what was at stake in the elections, social media amplified misinformation and propaganda. These media pathologies paved the way for the triumph of a demagogue. While criticism of such problems has escalated since the election, the underlying policies that enabled them have largely escaped scrutiny.

O futebol é o esporte que movimenta e mobiliza grande parte da população brasileira e também a mundial. Este estudo vai a fundo sobre os bastidores do futebol no Brasil e sobre como ocorrem as negociações para adquirir os direitos de transmissão do futebol na televisão, tanto aberta quanto fechada, em episódios tanto da origem do Clube dos 13 em 1987 até a sua implosão em 2011.

Esta monografia analisa o contexto histórico da relação entre futebol, política e jornalismo/televisão, ao decorrer dos anos, utilizando de diferentes autores para levar a conclusão, de como a Rede Globo se consolidou como a emissora detentora dos direitos de transmissão do futebol brasileiro nos últimos 30 anos. Nesta monografia, foram utilizadas obras que servirão de referência para aplicar o estudo de caso, revisão de literatura e bibliografia. Será também abordado a análise do discurso em conteúdo jornalístico proposto pela emissora e métodos de investigação para poder compreender tal monopólio.

Contratos entre Rede Globo, Confederação Brasileira de Futebol e Clube dos 13, alguns destes investigados pelo Cade (Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica), leva em consideração a legitimidade destes documentos, partindo para interesses pessoais e econômicos. Esta monografia trata de um tema pouco explorado nos bastidores do jornalismo brasileiro e na área acadêmica, vindo a poder ser utilizado como base referencial a futuras pesquisas.

Las plantaciones de caña, por las exigencias de su cultivo, se establecieron en valles subtropicales de la Sierra y en muchas áreas de la Costa. La industrialización de la caña se consolida a finales del siglo XIX, cuando empiezan a llegar al Ecuador, procedentes de Europa, los trapiches accionados por fuerza hidráulica. Estas maquinarias, procedentes de Inglaterra y Francia, llegaban por mar hasta Guayaquil y luego eran trasladadas a lomo de mula hasta las haciendas. En esta etapa de los albores de la industrialización, se inscribe la hacienda El Progreso de Manuel J. Cobos (Galápagos, 1870), productor de azúcar con mano de obra de la colonia penal existente en las islas. En el territorio continental, el más antiguo de los ingenios del Ecuador es el de San Carlos, fundado en la provincia del Guayas en 1887. En el siglo XX y con disponibilidad de una tecnología más desarrollada, se fundaron los ingenios Valdéz, Monterrey Tababuela, y Aztra.

La producción azucarera en la historia del continente y en el Ecuador tiene sus variables estructurales, económicas y sociales. Bajo estos criterios se analiza los procesos de producción, comercio e impactos económicos y sociales en el contexto internacional y local. En este último caso, se debe destacar que el componente laboral del ingenio Aztra fue víctima de la represión policial con un saldo de por lo menos 100 obreros fallecidos, durante la huelga por reclamo de mejores salarios y condiciones de vida, hecho histórico ocurrido durante un gobierno militar en 1977.

Pasar Persaingan Tidak Sempurna : Pasar persaingan tidak sempurna adalah pasar atau industri yang terdiri dari produsen-produsen yang mempunyai kekuatan pasar atau mampu mengendalikan harga output di pasar. Letak pasar persaingan tidak sempurna adalah diantara dua kutub pasar yang mempunyai perbedaan yang sangat ekstrim. Pasar persaingan tidak sempurna berada di tengah pasar persaingan sempurna dan pasar monopoli,

Ethiopian Airlines is a privately managed airline owned by the nation of Ethiopia. The flag carrier is among the most successful airlines in Africa (Aglionby, 2016; Ethiopian Airlines, n.d.). Regulated under the Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority (ECAA), Ethiopian Airlines is part of a group of government-owned companies in the broader Ethiopian Aviation Group (ECAA, n.d.). The group consists of the Airport Enterprise and the Airlines Group, along with all the smaller entities within. Although the airline is privately managed, due to its government ownership, there are some legal and regulatory advantages which have made Ethiopian Airlines successful (Aglionby, 2016; Berhanu, 2013). Through the organization of the Aviation Group, the government can provide a legal monopoly. While many aspects of Ethiopian Civil Aviation regulations and laws are similar in wording and nature to the United States, in many ways their methods and motives are quite different.

Increasingly, a range of 'things' (e.g. infrastructure, data, knowledge, bodies, etc.) are configured and/or reconfigured as assets, or capitalized property. Accumulation strategies have changed as a result of this assetization process, which characterizes a particular form of technoscientific capitalism. Rather than entrepreneurial strategies based on commodity production, technoscientific capitalism is increasingly underpinned by rentiership, or the appropriation of value through ownership rights (e.g. intellectual property), monopoly conditions, and regulatory or market devices and practices (e.g. investment dispute courts, exclusivity agreements, etc.). While rentiership and rent-seeking are often presented as negative phenomena (e.g. distorting markets, unearned income) in both neoclassical and Marxist literatures – and much in-between – it is my intention in this paper to unpack rentiership as an increasingly constitutive political-economic process underpinning technoscientific capitalism. Rather than being framed as a problematic 'side-effect' of capitalism, I argue that rentiership can help us to understand how different forms of value extraction are constituted by and come to constitute different forms of technoscience. This has significant analytical, political, and normative implications for understanding the relationship between science, innovation, and business (e.g. how do rentier rationales configure research agendas, how does innovation enable rentiership, what are the consequences for social equity, etc.).

articles and studies about competition law, corporate law, trademark and patent law.
Commenti al codice dell’impresa e delle Società, Pacini Editore, Pisa 2018, a cura e diretto dal Prof. Avv. Giuseppe Fauceglia (ISBN-10: 8869952487 ISBN-13: 978-8869952487): In tema di marchio, Commenti agli artt. 2569- 2574 del codice civile. In tema di espropriazione di quote S.r.l., Commento all’ art. 2471 del codice civile. In tema di pegno, usufrutto e sequestro di quote S.r.l., Commento all’ art. 2471 bis del codice civile. In tema di concorrenza, Commento all’ art. 2595 del codice civile. In tema di concorrenza sleale, Commento all’ art. 2598 del codice ci-vile. In tema di obbligo a contrarre del monopolista, Commento all’ art. 2597 del codice civile.

Este artigo tem o intuito de relacionar o custo social do monopólio à regulação através da literatura já consolidada até o momento. Concomitantemente, o artigo tenta através da forma analítica identificar o que foi verificado teoricamente no que diz respeito ao custo social do monopólio.Basicamente mostra que o custo privado do monopólio é menor do que o custo social uma vez feita à regulação.

Elon Musk may not be sitting on Twitter's board, but he remains its largest shareholder-and that's bad news. If we allow the marketplace of ideas to be conflated with the capitalist market, wealthy white men like Musk will continue to have much louder voices—amplified by their tens of millions of Twitter followers, their obscene wealth, and their unquestioned fealty to
market libertarianism.

Increasingly, governments are experimenting with ways to provide public goods by involving the private sector in the planning, financing, building and operating of a range of services, facilities, infrastructure, etc. In the geographical literature on neoliberalism this entanglement of the state and markets has been loosely conceptualized as a process of marketization. This concept describes the insertion of markets or market forces into the state and public sector. In this paper we unpack this concept by highlighting the need to think about a range of marketization processes at play across a range of geographies.

This paper aims to examine, through microeconomics models, the influence of China's FDI and China-Albania Trade on the economic development of Albania. I analyze those two components because certain studies consider them vital factors in stimulating the economic growth of developing countries, especially in GDP growth. Nonetheless, the GDP growth by those gears cannot describe the real impact that has occurred on developing countries and does not answer some very essential questions that are relative to economic progress, such as: who is the most significant influencer in the Albanian market from foreign investors, and to what extent is the market concentration. China can be a real example to reach a wide-ranging perspective of the economic growth in Albania relative to China's FDIs and trade. But does this influence promote positive and efficient outcomes for economic development? Using microeconomics models, I have explained and identified some monopoly and monopsony elements in particular market sectors that can be of more profound concern for the market development of Albanian. The China FDIs and China-Albania Trade may result in some negative economic scenarios for Albania's economic welfare, domestic market, and international trade. The only possible way to override these adverse effects for every foreign firm with monopoly elements is the government intervention to control and measure the market power of FDI and to find an alternative way to protect its resources and workforce, which are competitive advantages for Albania's economy.

The resilience of the Spanish empire during the Early Modern period is currently largely ascribed to its capacity to foster and reproduce collaborative relationships between the political superstructure and a plethora of local and transnational actors across the globe. As a consequence, while the contribution of private actors -chiefly the social elites- to the viability of the empire has attracted new interest, the image of the Spanish monarchs as absolutist and omnipotent rulers has also been challenged. Cooperation and negotiation have effectively become major interpretative keys to interrogate an empire that is currently envisioned more like a constellation of multiple decisional centers, invested with certain degree of autonomy, than as a centralized and hierarchical polity led from Madrid.

Despite the fact that the Spanish empire is currently regarded more as a collective partnership than merely a dynastic project, the agency and contribution of private actors at shaping the empire's policies still remains in the background. Somehow, the central role traditionally attributed to the «state» in the framing imperial policies has not substantially changed. Indeed, the questions most assiduously broached in the historiography are focused on grasping and assessing the different strategies and mechanisms that the state developed and used in order to cooperate with private actors and thus achieve its own goals. This essay turns that viewpoint on its head. Instead of prioritizing how the state established cooperative strategies with non-state actors in order to satisfy its needs, as the contractor state perspective does for instance, the approach employed here focuses on how private agents collaborated with the state in pursuit of their own personal and private goals. In so doing, this essay aims at casting some light on the role that private actors had, not only in the management and the reproduction of the Spanish empire, but at shaping it in an active rather than in a passive way.