Mismatch

Sleep is essential to cognitive function and health in humans, yet the ultimate reasons for sleep—i.e. 'why' sleep evolved—remain mysterious. We integrate findings from human sleep studies, the ethno-graphic record, and the ecology and evolution of mammalian sleep to better understand sleep along the human lineage and in the modern world. Compared to other primates, sleep in great apes has undergone substantial evolutionary change, with all great apes building a sleeping platform or 'nest'. Further evolutionary change characterizes human sleep, with humans having the shortest sleep duration , yet the highest proportion of rapid eye movement sleep among primates. These changes likely reflect that our ancestors experienced fitness benefits from being active for a greater portion of the 24-h cycle than other primates, potentially related to advantages arising from learning, socializing and defending against predators and hostile conspecifics. Perspectives from evolutionary medicine have implications for understanding sleep disorders; we consider these perspectives in the context of insomnia, narcolepsy, seasonal affective disorder, circadian rhythm disorders and sleep apnea. We also identify how human sleep today differs from sleep through most of human evolution, and the implications of these changes for global health and health disparities. More generally, our review highlights the importance of phylogenetic comparisons in understanding human health, including well-known links between sleep, cognitive performance and health in humans.

The paper presents extensively, from a theoretical point of view, the concepts of leader and follower and their extensions, leadership and followership, as well as the role of leaders and followers in crowd coordination and common action. The main approach of the concepts is that of evolutionary psychology, as this theoretical framework indicate that both leadership and followership are evolutionary adaptations, their properties and characteristics being also found among other species of animals that manifest sociality. The attempt to pinpoint the evolutionary origin of both leadership and followership, and the common features that animals and humans share in terms of leaders and followers is a necessary undertaking for explaining leadership in organizations and, possibly, in improving the quality of leadership.

The present study seeks to lay the foundations for a firmly-grounded understanding of Written Corrective Feedback (WCF) as a Formative Assessment (FA) tool through student writing. More specifically yet, it is concerned with examining the intricate correlation between Moroccan English Language Teachers' (ELT) attitudes and practices with respect to the way they understand and apply FA by means of WCF on students' written productions. To that end, the study seeks to investigate this issue in the light of the following guiding questions: What beliefs do Moroccan ELT teachers hold about FA and WCF? How do these teachers provide WCF to their students during the writing lesson? To address these questions, we have opted for a mixed method approach that includes questionnaires for 110 teachers, document analysis of 30 writing productions and a follow-up semi-structured interviews with teachers. Date has been interpreted through an Explanatory Sequential Design. Inspired by Lee's (2009) analytical model and Perumanathan (2014) study, major findings have been presented regarding mismatches. These findings have revealed strong mismatches between teachers espoused beliefs concerning WCF, as a formative assessment tool, and their actual classroom practices. Finally, the study sets some implications for teachers, supervisors underlining the implementation of WCF in classroom practices.

In this article, we investigate the role of several types of educational mismatch in explaining labour market transitions of workers with secondary and higher education. We focus on transitions from employment to unemployment and on job changes, to assess whether mismatch is a temporary or a permanent phenomenon. In the first case, as suggested by matching models, mismatch will be eliminated through job-to-job transitions. In the second case, it might be permanent and caused by employment discontinuity and deskilling processes. By using information from the Italian Survey of Professions (ICP) and the Survey on Labour Participation and Unemployment (PLUS), we calculate three measures of vertical mismatch. This allows comparing the outcomes from self-reported and revealed match measures in order to assess the robustness of the results. In addition, we use a measure of horizontal mismatch and evaluated the effect of Routine Bias Technical change (RBTC) in terms of unemployment risk, through a Routine Task Index (RTI) calculated on Italian data. Results indicate that mismatched workers are at risk of long-term unemployment. More specifically, among workers with higher education, the risk is due to mismatches in the field of studies whereas for secondary educated workers, over-education is the main cause of unemployment risk. The effect of the RTI is often not significant. This adds evidence to the problem of skill gap in Italy, as educational choices are not aligned to market needs. In this respect, both demand side and supply side policies are needed to allow firms to better use this human capital.

Evolutionary analysis exists in sociology from the time of its origin. Over nearly 200-year period, this approach has had ups and downs. Now evolutionary analysis has a new chance for a revival. It was made possible through the changes that have taken place in recent decades in biological and social disciplines initiated by the studying of sociobiological factors in human behavior. In sociology these changes were reflected in the development of neurosociology, evolutionary sociology, and social studies of genomics. Some sociologists continue the tradition of sociobiology, based on the assumption that modern humans reproduce behavioral, emotional, cognitive adaptations that our ancestors obtained in the conditions of the African savanna, and which are not obligatory so useful in the present new environment (mismatch hypothesis). Testing this hypothesis allows us to combine disparate sociological ideas about social inequality and potentially reveal general regularities of any processes associated with it. In turn, new sociological method – cross-species analysis – provides a tool to look into the animal world and look at the emotionality, megasociality of humans as part of natural evolution. Finally, reorientation towards the search for the ultimate causes of social inequality and social stratification, embedded in the heart of evolutionary analysis, allows sociologists to discover unknown areas and enhance existing ideas.

В социологии эволюционный анализ существует со временем ее возникновения. За почти двухсотлетний период он пережил взлеты и падения, и сегодня получил новый шанс на возрождение. Это стало возможным благодаря переменам, которые происходят в последние десятилетия в области биологических и социогуманитарных дисциплин в связи с изучением социобиологических факторов человеческого поведения. В социологии изменения выразились в развитии нейросоциологии, эволюционной социологии, социальных исследований геномики. При этом, часть социологов исходит из предположения о воспроизводстве современным человеком поведенческих, эмоциональных, когнитивных адаптаций, которые приобрели наши предки в условиях африканской саванны, но которые необязательно являются столь же полезными в современных условиях (гипотеза несоответствия). Проверка данной гипотезы позволяет объединить разрозненные социологические представления о социальном неравенстве и потенциально выйти на общие закономерности любых ассоциированных с ним процессов. В свою очередь, новый метод социологического исследования – межвидовое сравнение – открывает возможности заглянуть в мир животных и посмотреть на эмоциональность, мегасоциальность человека как часть эволюции. Наконец, заложенная в сердце эволюционного анализа переориентация на поиск конечных причин социального неравенства и социальной стратификации, позволяет социологам открыть новые области исследований и углубить существующие представления.

The present article reports on an evaluative study undertaken on a language course so as to indicate its strengths and weaknesses with the purpose of improving future ones. Third-year undergraduate students of Applied Linguistics at the Higher Institute of Languages of Tunis are supposed to receive grammatical instruction from a course labelled 'Communicative Grammar' (CG) following the theory of Communicative Language Teaching. In order to provide an account of the extent to which the current teaching practice conforms to the theory behind it, the main research instrument used in this study is document analysis. Analysis of the aims stated in the syllabus and the objectives of the course book revealed a significant mismatch between theory and practice. It showed that discrepancies exist especially in terms of content as the linguistic information specified in the syllabus and contained in the course book are not consonant with the type of content postulated by Communicative Grammar. Inadequacies exist also at the methodological level, mainly because the activities used throughout the course include linguistic activities instead of communicative tasks. Since this mismatch is attributed mainly to the teachers' academic ability, the article ends with some recommendations of suggestions that can be adapted to meet the daily challenges of improving learning in the classroom.

America faces new sets of challenges in solving how markets will be able to create jobs for a growing economy, automation, and complex society. Proposals to alleviate this issue have
concerned generating incentives for American companies to discontinue manufacturing goods
overseas, while others propose universal incomes that they argue are inevitable for the future of
the American economy. These concerns for employment trends, while significant in their own
right, fail to address how mismatched labor will impact the economy. Further, the imagery
surrounding mismatch veils the truth of what everyday Americans face both in their
experiences and expectations for work. How will mismatch work experiences impact the
organizations for which sustain these markets?
This dissertation is an ethnographic study of mismatched workers, and the impact it has on both workers and organizations. Two different types of mismatched workers emerge in this study: misfits who seek job match, and resigned workers who embrace career change. Whether they embrace or resist their work outcomes shapes their orientations to work while employed at the organization. This study is a case of how mismatched work can be inefficient for both
organizations and workers. For misfits, the experience of being both a mismatched worker and a job seeker does not allow time to pursue goals outside of their full-time employment. Instead of resigning to sales work, the misfit worker seeks to bridge together their goals with their job,
resulting in a redefining of work tasks that benefit their personal career gain. The impact that the
worker has on the organization is tremendous, resulting in a loss of employee loyalty (i.e., high
employee turnover) as well as less productive time on organizational tasks. In the case of this
study, the organization failed to maintain among the competition because of recurrent hiring
patterns that produced mismatch. This kind of labor does not allow individuals to apply their
desired skills and interests to a process that seek to maintain, while they influence the experience of work for others at the organization.

We take a critical look at the widespread assumption that organizational learning is associated with a mismatch between expectations and outcomes. While mismatch is central to studying organizational learning, we argue that continuity is equally important. Learning under continuity requires an investment of effort, mindfulness and preparedness for change, even if no perceptible change occurs. Although the organizational literature has to some extent dealt with learning under continuity, putting it more firmly on the organizational learning agenda is necessary. A central element of a more explicit focus on learning under continuity, we argue, is to take a temporal view of organizational learning that includes agency at organizational level. We discuss how, from a temporal view, learning under continuity entails the (1) assessment of present courses of action; (2) exploration of future courses of action; and (3) re-interpretation of past courses of action.

Sleep is essential to cognitive function and health in humans, yet the ultimate reasons for sleep-i.e. 'why' sleep evolved-remain mysterious. We integrate findings from human sleep studies, the ethnographic record, and the ecology and evolution of mammalian sleep to better understand sleep along the human lineage and in the modern world. Compared to other primates, sleep in great apes has undergone substantial evolutionary change, with all great apes building a sleeping platform or 'nest'. Further evolutionary change characterizes human sleep, with humans having the shortest sleep duration, yet the highest proportion of rapid eye movement sleep among primates. These changes likely reflect that our ancestors experienced fitness benefits from being active for a greater portion of the 24-h cycle than other primates, potentially related to advantages arising from learning, socializing and defending against predators and hostile conspecifics. Perspectives from evolutionar...

The photocurrent produced by a multijunction III-V  cell is limited by the component cell of the union which  yields  the  lowest  photocurrent.  The  induced  energy  losses  are quantified  by  the  Energy  Matching  Factor
(EMF), defined as the ratio between the energy produced by a III -V multijunction cell and the energy that could be produced if the subcells were current matched at any moment. Accurate EMF estimations generally require accurate measurement of solar spectrum. An  alternative method is to measure the spectrum using three  “isotype”  cells,  or  single-junction  cells  that  have  the  same spectral  response  as  each  of  the  three
component cells in the multi-junction stack. That method is validated against photocurrents calculated from spectral  measurements  (by  spectroradiometer)  and  broadband  direct beam  measurements  (by
pyrheliometer). Those comparisons show agreement  in  the results  above 98% under  clear-sky conditions. The difference between the two independent EMF calculations is within 1% margin. That method enables to
characterize  the  photocurrent  produced  by  a  Concentrating 
Photovoltaics  (CPV)  module  with  a  sufficient accuracy  for  CPV  applications,  on  the  sole  basis  of measurements  of  the direct  beam  radiation  by  a
pyrheliometer and three photocurrents by three isotype cells. The application of this method to the spectral measurements achieved in Madrid in 2009 leads to estimate annual current spectral mismatching losses of some 5-10%.

This article unravels the migrants’ incidence of skill mismatch taking into consideration different migration flows. Mismatch is the situation in which workers have jobs for which lower skill levels are required compared to their education. We use a dataset (from a large multi-country web survey) particularly suited to investigate differences in skill mismatch between native and migrant workers. The main advantages are its ample size and the large variety of country of origin and destination combinations, which allows for detailed analysis of different migration flows. This provides an innovative multi-country perspective, including nations and migrants from all continents. We also identify the relation between overeducation and some of the most widely accepted theoretical explanations for the phenomenon among native workers and test whether it holds for migrants. These results are achieved by fulfilling three research objectives, which are to investigate (1) the factors affecting o...

The literature on spatial mismatch often focuses on a mismatch within cities or local labour markets. This paper looks at the spatial mismatch between local labour markets. Using US data, we study the evolution of inter-regional mismatch between 1980 and 2010 and how this evolution varies across skill levels. Since we expect the spatial structure of supply and demand in the labour market to play a central role at this geographical level, we develop an extension of the spatial mismatch index, as the standard version does not take this spatial structure into account. Our results indicate that spatial mismatch has been increasing over the past decades, an increase that is largely attributable to spatial structure effects. The inter-regional spatial mismatch mainly affects low-skilled jobs and workers: our findings suggest that the degree of the spatial mismatch for low-skilled, relative to high-skilled workers, increased from a ratio of two in 1980 to almost four in 2010.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate how job demands and control contribute to the relationship between overeducation and job satisfaction. Design/methodology/approach – The analysis is based on data for Belgian young workers up to the age of 26. The authors execute regression analyses, with autonomy, quantitative demands and job satisfaction as dependent variables. The authors account for unobserved individual heterogeneity by means of panel-data techniques. Findings – The results reveal a significant role of demands and control for the relationship between overeducation and job satisfaction. At career start, overeducated workers have less control than adequately educated individuals with similar skills levels, but more control than adequately educated employees doing similar work. Moreover, their control increases faster over the career than that of adequately educated workers with a similar educational background. Finally, demands have less adverse effects on sat...

Amblyopia is a childhood eye condition with low vision in one or rarely both eyes, due to suppression at the visual cortex, that persists after rectification of risk factor at eye level. For an amblyopic child, the visual inputs from the amblyopic eye (AE) is suppressed at the brain. This leads to reduced visual acuity and poor or complete loss of stereopsis. Conventional clinical tests such as Worth 4-dot test and Bagolini striated lens test can only detect the presence of suppression but cannot quantify the extent of suppression, which is important for quantifying and identifying the effectiveness of treatments for amblyopia. In this paper, we propose a possible cost-effective and child-friendly method for quantifying the level of ocular suppression in amblyopia. The procedure is based on the fact that for amblyopic subjects, there is an asymmetry in the amount of ocular suppression experienced by the AE and this suppression leads to an inferior performance of the AE in an image recognition task. Preliminary studies performed on six each of control and amblyopic subjects are presented in this paper. We have shown that the absolute value of the deviation of the ratio of accuracies of both eyes in an image recognition task from unity can be used as a measure of the suppression. Paired t-test revealed a significant difference between the means of the accuracies of amblyopic and fellow eyes (p=0.03) in the case of amblyopic subjects. Equivalence test done using ‘two-one-sided t-tests’ procedure shows that the equivalence of the accuracies of left and right eyes for control is statistically significant (p = 0.008, symmetric equivalence margin of 5 percentage points).