Marshall Stability

The utilization of Crumb Rubber i.e. the rubber obtained from the waste tires of vehicles in the construction of flexible pavement is gaining importance day by day. It is also significance mentioning that, the modifier raw-material has been sourced from disposed crumb rubber. This not only allows us to collect modifier raw material at very low cost, but also provides a solution towards ecological menace posed by increased use of rubber. In the present study, an attempt has been made to use Crumb Rubber, blended using wet process. Marshal method of Bituminous mix design was carried out for varying percentages i.e. 8%, 10%, 12% and 14% of Crumb Rubber to determine the different mix design characteristics. The Dense Bituminous Macadam (DBM) mix was prepared using Marshall Method of bituminous mix design. The DBM was prepared with conventional VG-30 grade bitumen, VG10 grade bitumen added with varying percentages of Crumb Rubber. Marshall’s mix design was carried out by changing the mod...

The purpose of this study is mainly to find out th e optimum temperature by which the bituminous concrete mix temperature is reduced through the war m mix asphalt technology. Warm mixing with additive is becoming popular because of mixing at lower tempera ture which reduces the fuel usage and emission of hazardous gases consequently decreases the mixing a s well as compaction temperature of mix. Reduction of 20o C to 40o C have documented, such reduction have the obvious benefits of cutting fuel consumption and decreasing the production of greenhouse gases. Also , there will improvement on performance of pavement . In present study, warm mix design of Bituminous Concre te, Rediset-organic additive is used as adhesion wi th used as a binder viscosity grade-30(VG-30). The Optimum Bitumen Content (OBC) using a binder will obtained by the Marshall Test. Then after Optimum dosage of Red iset and Temperature are found i.e., the temperatur e at which Rediset perform effectively. Also, comp...

The goal of this research is to determinate and to analyze the physical and mechanical behavior of one of the most used asphalt mixtures in Colombia, the dense hot mix type MDC-2. A comparison is made of one conventional asphalt mixture with different modified ones via the “wet technique” in different percentages (25% of rubber and 75% of leather). These modifying materials are obtained from wasted materials of the Colombian Military Forces. In addition, the goal is to find out the optimum content of asphalt and modifying materials in order to achieve the best performance and behavior of the mixture when it reaches a dense/hot temperature measuring properties such as strength, deformation and durability. This measurement was done using the Marshall Method which allows the quantification of the most important properties such as the stability, the flow and the Marshall Stiffness.

This study attempts to examine the behavior of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) concrete when selected waste materials, namely carbonized wood saw dust, PET and hot mix asphalt waste, are introduced and recommend suitable replacement percentages. The recommended replacement and addition rates were established by considering the Marshall properties. The results of the study reveal that, the wood saw dust carbonized in oxygen-less condition can be used to replace the traditional filler in HMA concrete up-to 2.74% of the total aggregate weight. In this study PET fibers of 30 mm length were used and up-to 2% of the total aggregate weight Marshall Properties showed an increasing trend. As the third part of the study old HMA concrete removed from 2 year old highway was tested suitability. With addition of reduced amount of bitumen satisfactory Marshall Properties were achieved. The cost reductions of 9.5% and 16.6%, compared to HMA made from virgin materials, were achieved for the case of adding car...

Cracking in the flexible pavement is a serious problem that reduces the service life of the roads pavement unless they are treated with great care. Since flexible pavement is very weaker in tension than in compression, it is usually necessary to consider the tensile stresses and some type of additives to improve asphaltpavement performance, and one of the most effective ways of improving asphalt pavement performance is to reinforce asphalt mixtures by incorporating natural fibers. The main objective of this study is to use palm fiber, which is locally available, in hot mix asphalt mixtures. To achieve this objective, the Marshall test and indirect tensile strength test were conducted on four asphalt mixtures with different types of natural fibers (Coconut, Corn, Palm, and Sisal), added in varying percentages 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5% and different lengths of fiber 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 cm. Based on the analyzed results, it can be concluded that the use of palm fiber increased the Ma...

Rutting is the permanent deformation in pavement usually occurring longitudinally along the wheel path. Permanent deformation or rutting in bituminous mixes depends on numerous factors such as aggregate gradation, shape and size of aggregate, quantity and quality of binder, volumetric properties of mix such as air voids and Voids in Mineral Aggregates (VMA), film thickness, temperature, construction practices and environmental conditions. Rutting resistance potential of any bituminous mix depends on the properties of its constituents. In this study crumb rubber and waste plastic is used to modify constituent’s properties. Crumb rubber is used to modify bitumen generally termed as crumb rubber modified bitumen (CRMB). Waste plastic is used to form a coating around aggregates. Bituminous mix with CRMB and plastic coated aggregates having proper proportions of crumb rubber and waste plastic gives better results as compared to mixes having any one of the two waste materials. Thus in the...

This research examined the strength properties of hot mix asphalt (HMA) containing a blend of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and virgin aggregates with granite dust was replaced with coconut shell ash. Physical test was carried out on the RAP and virgin aggregates. Chemical and geometrical test was done on the coconut shell ash (CSA). All preliminary test conducted in accordance with relevant standards showed adequacy for use in production of HMA. Marshall method of mix design was adopted for the HMA production. Asphalt Institute blending charts was used to determine the quantity of RAP to be incorporated into the mixture. The bitumen content was varied from 4.5-7.5% (at intervals of 0.5%). The coconut shell ash was varied from 25% to 100% (at interval of 25%). A maximum stability of 6.8kN was recorded at 5% bitumen content which is a little increment in strength when compared to the maximum stability of 6.7kN obtained at the control. The microstructural analysis of the hot mix asphalt done on the optimum coconut shell ash replacement showed a rough surface texture needed in flexible pavement construction and when comparison is done between the control sample and optimum replacement samples, it shows an improvement in the interlocking arrangement of aggregates resulting in a denser mixture for the modified hot mix asphalt. The study recommends a blend of a 70% RAP and 30% virgin aggregates with 50% coconut shell ash at 5% bitumen content for an improved strength performance of HMA

Large amounts of sulfur is produced in gas production refineries. From these, only small amounts are used in various applications and the rest remain unused. Sulfur deposits not only impose heavy economic costs, but these impart numerous adverse effects on the environment. The application of sulfur in asphalt mixes is rather simple. It requires minor changes to asphalt plants in order to produce a sulfur asphalt mix. However, according to previous researches, it was recognized that bituminous mixes containing sulfur are susceptible to moisture damage and show early stripping problems. Moreover, at mixing and laying stages of sulfur asphalt mixes, excessive H2S emission could be harmful for the operators. In this research a sulfur polymer additive, named Googas, was used to produce sulfur polymer mixes that had little H2S emission and provided some plastic properties to mixes. In order to improve performance of asphalt mixes containing Googas, three additives, namely; Crumb Rubber, Z...

Cracking in the flexible pavement is a serious problem that reduces the service life of the roads pavement unless they are treated with great care. Since flexible pavement is very weaker in tension than in compression, it is usually necessary to consider the tensile stresses and some type of additives to improve asphaltpavement performance, and one of the most effective ways of improving asphalt pavement performance is to reinforce asphalt mixtures by incorporating natural fibers. The main objective of this study is to use palm fiber, which is locally available, in hot mix asphalt mixtures. To achieve this objective, the Marshall test and indirect tensile strength test were conducted on four asphalt mixtures with different types of natural fibers (Coconut, Corn, Palm, and Sisal), added in varying percentages 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5% and different lengths of fiber 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 cm. Based on the analyzed results, it can be concluded that the use of palm fiber increased the Ma...

Porous pavements are used to allow infiltration of water for increasing ground water storage. Bio char (Charcoal) is a low cost adsorbent used for the removal of heavy metals and other contaminants. This project examines the possibility of using bio char in porous asphalt mixes and efficiency of the asphalt layer modified with charcoal in removing contaminants from typical storm water. Bio char is added by partial replacement of fine aggregates of size less than 2.36 mm. Preliminary Marshall tests indicated that bio char content of about 1to 2 % is not seriously affecting the properties of porous asphalt mix. Marshall test without charcoal has given the optimum binder content as 5 %. Therefore for the study, samples for Marshall tests were prepared keeping the optimum binder content as 5 % and varying the charcoal content as 1, 1.5 & 2 %. From the drain down, air void, flow and stability requirement it was seen that 1.5 % of charcoal is the optimum. Subsequently for the water qualit...

In India major part of roads are flexible in nature which deteriorate rapidly during their design life owing to high traffic intensity, overloading of commercial vehicle, improper drainage system etc. resulting in early initiation of distress condition. These governing factors emphasizes on the necessity of roads with better stability and engineering design. In a country like India with its adverse climatic condition roads made of conventional bitumen fail to impart the required stability hence modification of bitumen as binder is the need of the hour. Ceratain admixtures can be used to partially replace the conventional bitumen to improve desired mechanical characteristics for particular road mix in dense bitumen macadam layer. So replacing the virgin polymer by such recycled polymers in bituminous blends is a promising alternative environmentally favorable, offering a sustainable life-cycle for some petroleum-derivative polymers. This investigation deals with two major groups of r...

Plastics are useful product but their disposal as a waste had become a serious problem, especially in India. Recycling of plastic waste into useful products is one of the solution for its disposal. Plastic can be used in the bituminous (asphaltic) pavement construction which may help in reducing the permanent deformation in the form of rutting the Pavement surface and also, its use in bituminous binders helps in the protection of our environment. PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) is a form of plastic waste which is now being used as packaging material for a wide range of products and also in the packing of carbonated beverages. In this study, the effects of PET on various properties of the bitumen are discussed in details. PET was added @ 2.5% increment to the bitumen from 0% to 15% and various tests such as ductility test, penetration test, specific gravity test, softening point, flash and fire point and thin film oven test (TFOT) were performed. From the results of our study, it was inferred that the modified bitumen inherits better performance when compared to the virgin bitumen. The most effective percentage of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) waste in our study was seen between 10 to 12.5% by weight of the bitumen, beyond 12.5%properties like ductility of bitumen gets reduced. Hence, PET could be used more effectively up to the percentage of 12.5%.

The disposal of plastic waste contributes to pollution and global warming, creating severe ecological problems. The various research studies investigate alternative approaches to addressing these problems by incorporating plastic waste into bituminous mixtures for pavement construction. The study concentrates on waste plastic, biomedical waste, rubber waste, electronic waste, silicon waste, etc., in order to improve the properties of bitumen and promote the development of sustainable infrastructure. The research identifies the optimal percentage of plastic waste substitution for bitumen by undertaking Marshall Stability tests and other tests. The results indicate that the use of waste materials in road construction increases its strength and durability, and simultaneously reduces cost of construction. In addition, the study emphasizes the improvement in the properties of the bitumen mixture, providing a viable waste management solution for handling and packaging processes. The use of these waste plastics as a partial substitute for bitumen demonstrates promising results, resulting in the conservation of resources. These novel approaches contribute to the development of environmentally friendly road infrastructure by resolving the challenges posed by rising plastic waste and fostering sustainable practices.

In continuance to providing a reliable and cost-efficient road construction material that would aid the development of sustainable pavements while also eradicating agricultural wastes to protect the environment, Cassava Peel Ash (CPA) modified asphalt mixture is seen to be one of the most viable options. This study aimed to determine the suitability of Cassava Peel Ash (CPA) in hot mix asphalt for improved pavement performance. Using response surface methodology, a central composite design was employed for the mix design parameters, namely coarse aggregate (CA), fine aggregate (FA), mineral filler (MF), bitumen content (BC), and cassava peel ash (CPA). CPA was used as a partial replacement for filler and varied between 0% and 20%. The BC varied between 4% and 8%, the MF varied between 15% and 20%, the FA varied between 10% and 14%, and the CA varied between 46% and 52%. The interactive effect between the mix design parameters on the volumetric properties of the asphalt mixtures was ...

The phenomenon of high tide that occurs in the coastal areas of Indonesia, especially on the island of Java which often results in floods or often called tidal floods. Tidal flooding is a flood event caused by the overflow of sea tides into coastal land. Often the overflow reaches on some roads located in coastal areas so that roads located in those coastal areas are damaged. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research to investigate the effects caused by stagnant water on road pavement. The study used two standard methods of immersion in high tide and water in the laboratory. This study aims to determine the durability performance of the soaking mixture continuously (continuously) and periodically (intermittently). Soaking specimens (test objects) in a tide with a time variation of 12 hours; 24 hours; 48 hours; and 72 hours. While periodic soaking is carried out by soaking the specimen (test object) for 12 hours, then removed and allowed to stand for the next 12 hours for 3 days...

The condition of the National road performance index of Bangka Belitung Province in 2020 decreased to 97.35% (584.49 km) and unstable conditions to 2.65% (15.9 km in the damaged category). One way to improve the stability of national roads is by preserving roads and bridges, namely Road Rehabilitation. In the road and bridge preservation work, a mixture of hot asphalt and asbuton was used, namely Asphalt Concrete-Wearing Course (AC-WC) with Buton rock asphalt, the type of buton asphalt used in this study is Asphalt pen. 60-70 with Buton Rock Asphalt (BRA B 5/20). This study aimed to determine the comparative analysis of the use of Buton Rock Asphalt (BRA B 5/20) in Bangka Island with General Specifications 2018 Rev.02 (Case Study: Road and Bridge Preservation). This research used literature study method. The result showed the application of the use of Buton Rock Asphalt (BRA B 5/20) in the case study of the road and bridge preservation package following the general specifications of...

To reuse/recycle the plastic waste in order to reduce its negative impact on environment. Construction material, converting waste plastic into fuel, household goods, fabric and clothing are some of the sectors where waste plastic is emerging as a viable option. Out of these, construction material modified with plastic waste has garnered lot of attention.Plastic waste serves as a dual purpose. It reduces the amount of plastic waste going to landfills or litter and secondly lessens the use of mined construction materials, thereby mitigating the negative impact of construction industry on environment.Inclusion of plastic waste as a binder, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, modifier or substitute of cement and sand in the manufacturing of bricks, tiles, concrete and roads has been comprehensively reviewed. The addition of plastic waste shows influence on strength properties, water absorption, durability, etc. Thus disposal of plastic waste is a menace and becomes a serious problem globally due to their non biodegradability and unaesthetic view .on the basis of the experimental results ,The addition of plastic with aggregate will results in improving the Marshall stability and resistance to water damage, as well as they can contribute to relieve some of the environmental problems caused by classical plastic waste disposal means.

Large amounts of sulfur is produced in gas production refineries. From these, only small amounts are used in various applications and the rest remain unused. Sulfur deposits not only impose heavy economic costs, but these impart numerous adverse effects on the environment. The application of sulfur in asphalt mixes is rather simple. It requires minor changes to asphalt plants in order to produce a sulfur asphalt mix. However, according to previous researches, it was recognized that bituminous mixes containing sulfur are susceptible to moisture damage and show early stripping problems. Moreover, at mixing and laying stages of sulfur asphalt mixes, excessive H2S emission could be harmful for the operators. In this research a sulfur polymer additive, named Googas, was used to produce sulfur polymer mixes that had little H2S emission and provided some plastic properties to mixes. In order to improve performance of asphalt mixes containing Googas, three additives, namely; Crumb Rubber, Z...

Pervious concrete is a relatively new concept for rural road pavement, with increase into the problems in rural areas
related to the low ground water level, agricultural problem. Pervious concrete has introduced in rural road as a road pavement
material.

The present study was an attempt to investigate the effect of fresh and old coal flotation waste (coal waste), used as asphalt filler and additive, on the properties of hot asphalt mixtures in aged and un-aged condition. In this experimental study, fresh and old coal flotation waste, obtained from the Central Alborz Coal Washing Plant, were used to produce filler specimens (100% Wt.) as substitutes for limestone powder and asphalt additive (7% w.t). Finally, the performance of the asphalt mixture containing flotation waste was evaluated using Marshall Stability and indirect tensile tests. The afore-mentioned compounds were used to produce specimens under short-term aging conditions and the results were compared with other results obtained under un-aged condition. The results indicate that flotation waste improved performance of hot mix asphalt under short-term aging conditions.

HMA's rut resistance comes from the asphalt binder and aggregates. Rutting, which causes depressions in hot-mix
asphalt (HMA) pavements along wheel paths, is a common type of distress. Both the loading and recovery phases of asphalt
pavement performance are significantly impacted by the asphalt binder.

In India major part of roads are flexible in nature which deteriorate rapidly during their design life owing to high traffic intensity, overloading of commercial vehicle, improper drainage system etc. resulting in early initiation of distress condition. These governing factors emphasizes on the necessity of roads with better stability and engineering design. In a country like India with its adverse climatic condition roads made of conventional bitumen fail to impart the required stability hence modification of bitumen as binder is the need of the hour. Ceratain admixtures can be used to partially replace the conventional bitumen to improve desired mechanical characteristics for particular road mix in dense bitumen macadam layer. So replacing the virgin polymer by such recycled polymers in bituminous blends is a promising alternative environmentally favorable, offering a sustainable life-cycle for some petroleum-derivative polymers. This investigation deals with two major groups of r...

Hot Mix Asphalt is the integral part of flexible pavement which is the mixture of suitable proportion of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, fillers and the binder. Fillers are of the size of less than 0.075 mm. Fillers are very essential part of Hot Mix Asphalt that fill the voids within the aggregates, provide the stability and other important properties. Various Mineral fillers have been used such as waste glass, marble dust, stone dust, ordinary Portland cement by researchers to enhance the properties of mixes, however there is still need of other material such as Waste Tyre Rubber to be used to further control the properties of the Hot Mix Asphalt. The aim of the research is to investigate the effect of waste rubber tyre powder as mineral filler on the mechanical properties of Hot Mix Asphalt. Using varying percentages of bitumen ranges from 3.0% to 5.0% with the interval of 0.5%, fifteen conventional specimens were prepared to check the properties and to obtain the Optimum Binde...

The fundamental goal of this project is to diminish the dumping of waste in the environment by using waste plastic as a filler in bituminous mixes. This in-hand resource is being used as an asphalt modifier to promote the poor performance of walkways on streets due to brutal climate and high traffic loads, to increase the stability of the asphalt mix, and to diminish the amount of bitumen utilized. A large amount of plastic is being dumbed day by day and only 9.1% is recycled and 75% is being dumped in the environment. Polymers can be added to the bituminous mix to some percentage, which can alter the properties of the conventional mix. Various experiments have been completed on whether waste plastic can reuse productively. The polymers which we are using in this current experimental study are LDPE plastic. The filler also plays a major role in the bituminous mix design. The filler used here in this study is M sand.

Porous pavements are used to allow infiltration of water for increasing ground water storage. Bio char (Charcoal) is a low cost adsorbent used for the removal of heavy metals and other contaminants. This project examines the possibility of using bio char in porous asphalt mixes and efficiency of the asphalt layer modified with charcoal in removing contaminants from typical storm water. Bio char is added by partial replacement of fine aggregates of size less than 2.36 mm. Preliminary Marshall tests indicated that bio char content of about 1to 2 % is not seriously affecting the properties of porous asphalt mix. Marshall test without charcoal has given the optimum binder content as 5 %. Therefore for the study, samples for Marshall tests were prepared keeping the optimum binder content as 5 % and varying the charcoal content as 1, 1.5 & 2 %. From the drain down, air void, flow and stability requirement it was seen that 1.5 % of charcoal is the optimum. Subsequently for the water qualit...

Asbuton is rock asphalt located on Buton Island, Indonesia. The contained asphalt is hard and produces very high viscosities, making it very difficult to facilitate uniform coating of aggregates and to bind asphalt mixtures. These challenges in the process of incorporating Asbuton in asphalt mixtures make it less popular than the petroleum asphalt. The current Indonesia standards require Hot Mix Asphalt incorporating Asbuton (HMAA) to be cured for a few days before it is compacted (scenario 1). The curing duration is aimed to allow softening of the natural asphalt contained in Asbuton. This study investigated a new method of conditioning HMAA (scenario 2). The results showed that the volumetric and Marshall characteristics of HMAA were influenced by the curing time and compaction methods. The findings suggest that the curing method proposed in scenario 2 can be omitted; as such it can speed up the asphalting process. This study found that HMAA can be spread and compacted without curing, with a provision made for the road to be closed from traffic for a minimum of eight days after the compaction is complete.

Pavement engineers are much concerned about making bituminous layers resistant to cracking, distortion, displacement, rutting, and fatigue. Hence behaviour of bituminous layers under compressive and tensile stress is important in pavement applications. The Marshall Stability test is used to assess the compressive properties and Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) test is used to assess the tensile properties of the bituminous mix. Many research studies have been done on Marshall Stability and ITS individually; however, a combination has not been tried yet. In this proposal, an effort has been made to study the behavioural similarity between them. Further research in this field will also ascertain correlation between Marshall Stability values and ITS values for DBM at different binder contents and for different binder grades (VG-30 and VG-40) and will interpret regarding suitability of these tests in the mix design.

Worldwide, sustainability is the pressing need of the hour in the construction industry and towards this end use of waste material in road construction is being increasingly encouraged so as to reduce environmental impact. In the highway infrastructure, a large number of originate materials and technologies have been invented to determine their suitability for the design, construction and maintenance of these pavements. Plastics and rubbers are one of them. Also considering the environmental approach, due to excessive use of polythenes in day to day business, the pollution to the environment is enormous

The numbers of inhabitants in our nation are expanding quickly and because of its plastic waste is additionally expanding every day because of urbanization, advancement exercises and changes in way of life, which is driving broad climate contamination. Subsequently removal of waste plastic is a danger and has become a major issue universally because of the non-biodegradability and a stylish view. Since these are not arranged logically and possible to make ground and water contamination. This waste plastic halfway supplanted the ordinary material to improve wanted mechanical qualities of street blend. In the current paper created strategies to utilize plastic waste for development reason for streets and adaptable asphalts has assessed. Roads constructed in India mostly includes flexible pavement structure load, these pavements are subjected to different kinds of loading which result in affecting the performance of the pavement. Now a day’s waste plastics and widely used in the bitume...

The numbers of inhabitants in our nation are expanding quickly and because of its plastic waste is additionally expanding every day because of urbanization, advancement exercises and changes in way of life, which is driving broad climate contamination. Subsequently removal of waste plastic is a danger and has become a major issue universally because of the non-biodegradability and a stylish view. Since these are not arranged logically and possible to make ground and water contamination. This waste plastic halfway supplanted the ordinary material to improve wanted mechanical qualities of street blend. In the current paper created strategies to utilize plastic waste for development reason for streets and adaptable asphalts has assessed. Roads constructed in India mostly includes flexible pavement structure load, these pavements are subjected to different kinds of loading which result in affecting the performance of the pavement. Now a day’s waste plastics and widely used in the bitume...

The utilization of Crumb Rubber i.e. the rubber obtained from the waste tires of vehicles in the construction of flexible pavement is gaining importance day by day. It is also significance mentioning that, the modifier raw-material has been sourced from disposed crumb rubber. This not only allows us to collect modifier raw material at very low cost, but also provides a solution towards ecological menace posed by increased use of rubber. In the present study, an attempt has been made to use Crumb Rubber, blended using wet process. Marshal method of Bituminous mix design was carried out for varying percentages i.e. 8%, 10%, 12% and 14% of Crumb Rubber to determine the different mix design characteristics. The Dense Bituminous Macadam (DBM) mix was prepared using Marshall Method of bituminous mix design. The DBM was prepared with conventional VG-30 grade bitumen, VG10 grade bitumen added with varying percentages of Crumb Rubber. Marshall’s mix design was carried out by changing the mod...