Life Events

OBJECTIVES: To examine the association of life events and social support in the broadly defined category of depression in late life.
INTRODUCTION: Negative life events and lack of social support are associated with depression in the elderly. Currently, there are limited studies examining the association between life events, social support and late-life depression in Brazil.
METHODS: We estimated the frequency of late-life depression within a household community sample of 367 subjects aged 60 years or greater with associated factors. ''Old age symptomatic depression'' was defined using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview 1.1 tool. This diagnostic category included only late-life symptoms and consisted of the diagnoses of depression and dysthymia as well as a subsyndromal definition of depression, termed ''late subthreshold depression''. Social support and life events were assessed using the Comprehensive Assessment and Referral Evaluation (SHORT-CARE) inventory.
RESULTS: ''Old age symptomatic depression'' occurred in 18.8% of the patients in the tested sample. In univariate analyses, this condition was associated with female gender, lifetime anxiety disorder and living alone. In multivariate models, ''old age symptomatic depression'' was associated with a perceived lack of social support in men and life events in women.
DISCUSSION: Social support and life events were determined to be associated with late-life depression, but it is important to keep in mind the differences between genders. Also, further exploration of the role of lifetime anxiety disorder in late-life depression may be of future importance.
CONCLUSIONS: We believe that this study helps to provide insight into the role of psychosocial factors in late-life depression.

Introduction: Presumptive stressful life events scale (PSLES) is used widely in Indian life-event research. The use of PSLES in the elderly has been rather mechanistic, without giving due emphasis on the unique experiences of the elderly, particularly within the context of contemporary social change of family values in India. This research aimed to critically appraise the relevance of PSLES in the elderly. Methodology: The research was part of a larger project on stress, coping, and religiosity in (faith bases) ashram-dwelling elderly. A single consenting ashram for the elderly (for aged > 60 years) consented to the study. Participants were included if they had stayed for more than 6 months and had no impairment that compromised understanding of the research. We used the PSLES (a checklist method) for evaluating life events. We supplemented our exploration with open-ended interviews to evaluate the relevance and salience attributed to these life-events. Results: Ninety-four elderly participated (response rate was 70.15') with a mean (standard deviation) age of 74.56 (7.39) years, equally represented by either gender, with a mean duration of ashram stay of 10.85 years. Most frequent events reported were death in the family, going on a trip/pilgrimage, personal illness, and changes in biological functions. Discussion: PSLES was developed for adult Indians, and its use in the elderly may need modification due to qualitatively and quantitatively varying life events, such as the importance of nonegocentric stress (loss of job of one's child) versus egocentric stress (own hospitalization) or change of salience of events (e.g., lack of son versus daughter). Conclusion: To improve the relevance of PSLES for life-event research and capture the unique experiences of the elderly, suggested modifications are necessary.

Background: The locus of control (LOC) construct has been associated with onset, course, and severity of anxiety and depression. We investigated the stability of LOC, the bidirectional relationships between LOC and symptom severity of anxiety and depression over nine years, and the influence of intermediate positive and negative life-events on these associations. Methods: Data came from five assessment waves over nine years of 2052 subjects with an anxiety or depressive disorder or healthy controls. First, the stability of LOC (assessed with 5-item Mastery Scale) was tested. Next, associations between LOC, anxiety severity (Beck Anxiety Inventory), depression severity (Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology), and intermediate positive and negative life-events (20-item List of Threatening Experience Questionnaire) were determined with structural equation modeling. Results: LOC was rather stable over nine years (r = 0.62), and scores increased slightly with age (i.e. became more internal). LOC yielded equal stability estimates as symptom levels of anxiety and depression did over nine years. A more external LOC predicted higher anxiety and depression severity, but did not influence the incidence of positive and negative life-events. Higher depression severity and more negative life-events predicted the development of a more external LOC, whereas more positive life-events predicted a more internal LOC. Anxiety severity had no effect on LOC. Limitations: Life-events were assessed with self-report measures. Conclusions: The prospective associations between LOC and meaningful changes in anxiety and depressive symptom severity and experienced life-events may yield important new insights for clinical interventions.

Кресан О.Д. Переживання та усвідомлення життєвих подій у процесі їх наративізації // Ракурси психологічного благополуччя особистості : збірник тез доповідей всеукраїнського науково-практичного семінару "Ракурси психологічного благополуччя особистості", 9 червня 2017 р., Ніжин. / Ред. кол.: Титаренко Т.М. (гол.ред) та ін. – Ніжин : НДУ ім. М.Гоголя, 2017. – 177 с. – С.80–84.

Resumen 397 sujetos de Tenerife. Canarias, valoran el potencial estresante de cada uno de los 61 items de un cuestionario de sucesos vitales, desarrollado a partir del SRRS de Holmes y Rahe. Las diferencias con los valores establecidos en el estudio original de Holmes y Rahe son considerables para algunos items, y demuestra el condicionamiento sociocultu-ral de las escalas de sucesos vitales. La dispersión de puntuaciones alrededor de la media permite diferenciar unos items que denomi-namos culturales. en los que el consenso es muy grande con respecto al valor estresante del suceso, y otros individuales en los que la dispersión es muy grande y no reflejan por tanto una actitud general de la muestra La comparación con estudios en otras culturas permitiría establecer items univer-sales. en los que existiría consistencia transcultu-ral, y otros culturales específicos de cada muestra, para los que no existe esta consistencia. Desgracia-damente los demás estudios publicados con esta es-cala no presentan los datos estadísticos necesarios. Abstract Rating of life events. Adaptation of Holmes and Rahe's SRRS to a spanish population 397 subjects from Tenerife. Canary Islands (Spain) rated rhe potential stressfullness of 61 life events, adapted from Holmes and Rahe SRRS. Some of the ratings were markec'y different from the values assigned by Holmes and Rahe, showing a general absence of cross-cultural consistency of the scale, and a sociocultural conditioning of the ratings. The dispersion of values around the mean allows to the definition of «cultural items» with very narrow dispersion and, therefore, very high consensus among the members of the population studied as to the potential stressfullness of the event.

The trend towards a more secular culture in Western society means that there can be greater flexibility in a wedding ceremony, but couples are often faced with the challenge of preparing a meaningful celebration outside the traditional religious framework. This hands-on, practical guide demonstrates how to approach and prepare a secular wedding ceremony that honours a couple's relationship with honest vows and rituals true to their shared values. In addition, it provides guidance on structuring a ceremony for couples that come from very different cultural or spiritual backgrounds.

Includes the tools necessary for the creation of a ceremony, such as a Ritual Profile Questionnaire, checklists, and many other resources.

Previous research has shown that major life events can have short- and long-term effects on subjective well-being (SWB). The present meta-analysis examines (a) whether life events have different effects on affective and cognitive well-being and (b) how the rate of adaptation varies across different life events. Longitudinal data from 188 publications (313 samples, N = 65,911) were integrated to describe the reaction and adaptation to 4 family events (marriage, divorce, bereavement, childbirth) and 4 work events (unemployment, reemployment, retirement, relocation/migration). The findings show that life events have very different effects on affective and cognitive well-being and that for most events the effects of life events on cognitive well-being are stronger and more consistent across samples. Different life events differ in their effects on SWB, but these effects are not a function of the alleged desirability of events. The results are discussed with respect to their theoretical implications, and recommendations for future studies on adaptation are given.

Background: High neuroticism is prospectively associated with psychopathology and physical health. However, within-subject changes in neuroticism due to life experiences (LEs) or state effects of current psychopathology are largely unexplored. In this 2-year follow-up study, four hypotheses were tested: (1) positive LEs (PLEs) decrease and negative LEs (NLEs) increase neuroticism; (2) LE-driven change in neuroticism is partly long-lasting; and (3) partly independent of LE-driven changes in anxiety/depression; and (4) childhood adversity (before age 16 years) moderates the influence of NLEs/PLEs on neuroticism scores in adult life. Method: Data came from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety [NESDA, n = 2981, mean age 41.99 years (s.d. = 13.08), 66.6% women]. At follow-up (T₂) we assessed PLEs/NLEs with the List of Threatening Experiences (LTE) over the prior 24 months and categorized them over recent and distant PLE/NLE measures (1-3 and 4-24 months prior to T₂ respectively) to distinguish distant NLE/PLE-driven change in trait neuroticism (using the Dutch version of the Neuroticism-Extroversion-Openness Five Factor Inventory, NEO-FFI) from state deviations due to changes in symptoms of depression (self-rated version of the 30-item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology, IDS-SR30) and anxiety (Beck Anxiety Inventory, BAI). Results: Distant NLEs were associated with higher and distant PLEs with lower neuroticism scores. The effects of distant LEs were weak but long-lasting, especially for distant PLEs. Distant NLE-driven change in neuroticism was associated with change in symptoms of anxiety/depression whereas the effect of distant PLEs on neuroticism was independent of any such changes. Childhood adversity weakened the impact of distant NLEs but enhanced the impact of distant PLEs on neuroticism. Conclusions: Distant PLEs are associated with small but long-lasting decreases in neuroticism regardless of changes in symptom levels of anxiety/depression. Long-lasting increases in neuroticism associated with distant NLEs are mediated by anxiety/depression.

Funerals are among the most important life events in Western society, and fashioning a personalized ceremony for yourself or for a loved one is often the most meaningful way to celebrate the life of the deceased. For those wanting non-religious or secular funeral ceremonies, this step-by-step guide begins by identifying what you want from the funeral and showing how you can make it happen.

With sections on society's views of mortality, our need for rituals and crafting the actual ceremony, this guide provides the tools and philosophy to understand, plan and tailor a funeral for individuals. Includes all the tools necessary for the creation of a ceremony, such as a Ritual Profile Questionnaire, checklists, and many other handy resources.

La relevancia del estrés en medicina se ha hecho evidente a lo largo de tres grandes etapas históricas. La primera se inicia con los trabajos de Walter Cannon, la segunda culmina con los descubrimientos de Hans Selye y la tercera se estabiliza con la aparición de la medicina psicosomática, también llamada medicina conductual. Al primer periodo debemos la demostración del vinculo entre emociones y procesos vitales; al segundo, la popularización del término y la descripción del Síndrome General de Adaptación; al tercero, el concepto de estrés psicosocial y el descubrimiento de factores moduladores, que, como el tipo de personalidad, el locus de control o el estado afectivo, potencian, inhiben o modifican la interacción entre factores externos y factores internos de estrés. La Psicosomatica del Estres se presenta en cinco apartados: 1) La biología de las emociones,
2) Las enfermedades de adaptación,
3) El equilibrio homeostasis-alostasis y Ley General del Estres
4) El “efecto acontecimientos vitales”
5) los factores moduladores de estrés.

Life satisfaction is prospectively associated with the occurrence of several major events in work and family life. Analyzing longitudinal data from three nationally representative panel studies (Ns between 2,321 and 18,692), we found that higher life satisfaction is associated with a higher likelihood of marriage and childbirth, and with a lower likelihood of marital separation, job loss, starting a new job, and relocating. These effects held even after controlling for gender, age, socio-economic status, and the Big Five, and were highly consistent across the three samples. Discrete-time survival analyses indicated that for most of these events, temporary rather than stable mechanisms account for the prospective effect of LS. Together, these findings provide evidence that life satisfaction is an important predictor of major life outcomes.

Life events checklists are one of the most recognisable cultural artefacts that promote discourses around stress. They are also one of the most puzzling and ultimately paradoxical, since they are profoundly flawed with respect to what they claim to measure and the actual meaning of the data they purport to generate. What purpose is served by asking us to reflect upon 'the worst in the world'? Could the purpose of the checklist simply be to constitute the reader as the subject of stress?

Background: Severe life events are acknowledged as important etiological factors in the development of clinical disorders, including major depression. Interview methods capable of assessing context and meaning of events have demonstrated superior validity compared with checklist questionnaire methods and arguments for interview approaches have resurfaced because choosing the appropriate assessment tool provides clarity of information about gene-environment interactions in depression. Such approaches also have greater potential for understanding and treating clinical cases or for use in interventions.

Objective: (1) To argue that life events need sophisticated measurement not satisfactorily captured in checklist approaches. (2) To review life-events measures and key findings related to disorder, exemplifying depression. (3) To describe an ongoing study with a new online measure and to assess its psychometric properties and the association of life events in relation to disorder and educational outcomes.

Methods: The Computerised Life Events Assessment Record (CLEAR) is under development as a tool for online assessment of adult life events. Based on the Life Events and Difficulties Schedule interview, CLEAR seeks to assess life events to self and close others, link these to other events and difficulties, and utilize calendar-based timing, to improve upon checklist approaches.

Results: The CLEAR study is in the preliminary stages and its results are expected to be made available by the end of 2015.

Conclusions: There is currently no sophisticated technological application of social risk factor assessment, such as life events and difficulties. CLEAR is designed to gather reliable and valid life-event data while combating the limitations of interviews (eg, time consuming and costly) and life-event checklists (eg, inability to accurately measure severity and independence of life events). The advantages of using such innovative methodology for research, clinical practice, and interventions are discussed.

[Purpose] Spirituality is important to promote quality of life of the people including the elderly. The purpose of the present paper is to reveal factors affecting spirituality of the local elderly. [Methods] Questionnaire survey was conducted in a city in metropolitan area. Out of 7996, 1578 answers were collected (19.7%). Two items on the big events relating to spirituality and the encouraging or empowering items in the daily life were analyzed by text mining. [Results] The frequent words used for spiritual events were “grandchild”, “death”, and “hospitalization”. The frequent words for encouraging items were “grandchild”, “family”, and “friends”. The word use tendency was common between high and low lever spirituality [Discussion] Frequent words are often related to human relationship. In order to promote spirituality and quality of life of the elders, medical professionals must pay attention to their surrounding human relationship.

Keywords: spirituality, the local elderly, life events, encouragement, empowerment, human relationship

ObjectivesTo study the relationship between negative life events and demographic and clinical variables in youth with bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and bipolar disorder not otherwise specified (NOS), as well as to compare the rates of life events in youth with bipolar disorder, depressive and/or anxiety disorders (DEP-ANX), and healthy controls.MethodsSubjects included 446 youth, aged 7 to 17 years, meeting DSM-IV criteria for bipolar I, bipolar II, or an operationalized definition of bipolar disorder NOS, and were enrolled in the Course and Outcome of Bipolar Illness in Youth study. Subjects completed the Life Events Checklist. Sixty-five DEP-ANX and 65 healthy youth were obtained from previous studies using similar methodology. The study was conducted from October 2000 to July 2006.ResultsOlder age, lower socioeconomic status, living with nonintact family, non-Caucasian race, anxiety, and disruptive disorders were associated with greater number of total negative life events. Specifically, increased independent, dependent, and uncertain negative life events were associated with lower socioeconomic status, nonintact family, and comorbid disruptive disorders. Increased independent negative life events were additionally associated with non-Caucasian race and comorbid anxiety disorders. Increased dependent and uncertain negative life events were also associated with older age. DEP-ANX youth reported a similar rate of negative life events as bipolar youth, and both groups had more negative life events than the healthy controls. Bipolar youth reported fewer total and dependent positive life events compared to DEP-ANX and healthy youths.ConclusionsSimilar to DEP-ANX youth, bipolar youth are exposed to excessive negative independent and dependent life events which may have implications in the long-term outcome and negative consequences associated with this disorder.

Aims
To examine gradual change in debt problems, divorce and income among men in Finland before and after a first conviction for driving under the influence (DUI).

Design and Setting
A register-based longitudinal study conducted in Finland between 1999 and 2013.

Participants
A nationally representative sample of 70 659 Finnish males born between 1918 and 1983, and a subsample of males (n = 1782) who had their first DUI conviction during 2005–2012.

Measurements
Descriptive statistics showing the socio-demographic and economic determinants of DUI. The main analysis was based on a longitudinal, within-individual setting. The impact of DUI on debt problems, divorce and income was analysed using random effects regression models.

Findings
DUI offenders were more likely to be younger and to have lower education and income than the non-DUI group. Criminal convictions were also more common among DUI offenders. Debt problems, divorce and loss of income were more likely after the DUI incident than before. The already increasing level of debt problems accelerated after the incident and divorce rates increased after the DUI incident, whereas the decrease in income was gradual over the whole observation period.

Conclusions
Among men in Finland, DUI offences are more common among vulnerable social groups. The first drunk-driving conviction among men in Finland constitutes a significant life event that appears to increase the likelihood of financial problems and divorce.

In this paper we present an investigation of life event classification on social media networks. Detecting personal mentions about life events, such as travel, birthday, wedding, etc, presents an interesting opportunity to anticipate the offer of products or services, as well to enhance the demographics of a given target population. Nevertheless, life event classification can be seen as an unbalanced classification problem, where the set of posts that actually mention a life event is significantly smaller than those that do not. For this reason, the main goal of this paper is to investigate different types of classifiers, on a experimental protocol based on datasets containing various types of life events in both Portuguese and English languages, and the benefits of over-sampling techniques to improve the accuracy of these classifiers on these sets. The results demonstrate that a Logistic Regression may be a poor choice to deal with the original datasets, but after over-sampling the training set, such classifier is able to outperform by a significant margin other classifiers such as Naive Bayes and Nearest Neighbours, which do not benefit as well from the over-sampled training set in most cases.

How would religion and a life event carrying an existential threat (LEET) jointly impact a person’s life goals of becoming wealthy and successful in one’s career? Goal reprioritization, socioemotional selectivity, and gerotranscendence theories predict a shift away from material goals following a LEET, independent of the effect of religion. However, terror management theory (TMT) predicts that the effect of death thoughts depends on one’s prevailing cultural values. As religion can be regarded as a culture, it is possible that Christians’ and non-believers’ material life goals would be differentially altered by LEET. Data from 1,259 young Chinese adults reveal no main effect of LEET, but a strong effect of religion. Moreover, there was an interaction effect between LEET and religion on material life goals: LEET weakened material goals for Christians but not for non-believers. These findings suggest that TMT is more suitable than the other theories for predicting life goal changes.

Кресан О.Д. Психологічні аспекти переживання життєвих подій учасниками АТО // Технології розвитку інтелекту : електрон. наук. фахове вид. / Лаб. нових інформ. технологій Ін-ту психології ім. Г. С. Костюка НАПН України. – 2016. – Том 2, № 3 (14).

Differences between objective and subjective scoring
of life events. 61 life events were evaluated by objective and subjective
criteria. Significant differences were obtained for 11 ítems.
Separation, illness in the family, and problems with
neighbors scored higher on the subjective scale, while
induced abortion, promotion, personal success, changes
in habits, work and political opinion and vacations away
from home scored higher on the objective scale. On base
of the data, we tentatively define a double standard for
assessing stressfulness of life events which we have termed
sociocultural normative and inner reactivity.
RESUMEN
Una lista de 61 sucesos vitales fue administrada a dos
grupos de sujetos para la valoración de la importancia
relativa de cada ítem. El grupo que valoró
subjetivamente (N = 104) y el que valoró objetivamente
(N - 397) difirieron significativamente en los resultados
obtenidos para once ítems.
Separación, enfermedad de un miembro de la familia
y problemas con los vecinos fueron considerados como
más estresantes en la valoración subjetiva que en la objetiva.
mientras que aborto provocado, ascenso, éxito personal,
cambios de costumbres, trabajo e ideas políticas y
vacaciones fuera de casa recibieron mayor puntuación en
la escala objetiva que en la subjetiva.
Una interpretación tentativa de los resultados es la
existencia de un doble baremo de valoración que denominaremos
normativa sociocultural y reactividad interna.

Instability and conflict are pervasive features of the transition from adolescence to early adulthood, as young people learn to manage an expanding array of academic, social and familial commitments. Recently, theorists have suggested that developments in young people’s peer relationships may either compound or alleviate the adverse impacts of these broader life changes. In this paper we examine this proposition with respect to young people’s emerging educational and occupational pathways, using longitudinal data from a large cohort of 7,000 secondary school students in Queensland, Australia, participating in the Our Lives research project. We do so by assessing the academic impact of peer relationship events during high school, such bullying, friendship problems, falling in love, and breaking up with someone. Our results indicate that bullying and romantic involvement during adolescence can exert a negative influence on young people’s secondary school exit scores and post-schooling career pathways. However, we also find that close, resilient friendships - in which status and identity conflicts are more easily tolerated and resolved - may help to offset the adverse effects of these other events. Finally, we review the implications of these findings for young people’s educational and occupational trajectories in the longer-term.

Differences between objective and subjective scoring
of life events. 61 life events were evaluated by objective and subjective
criteria. Significant differences were obtained for 11 ítems.
Separation, illness in the family, and problems with
neighbors scored higher on the subjective scale, while
induced abortion, promotion, personal success, changes
in habits, work and political opinion and vacations away
from home scored higher on the objective scale. On base
of the data, we tentatively define a double standard for
assessing stressfulness of life events which we have termed
sociocultural normative and inner reactivity.
RESUMEN
Una lista de 61 sucesos vitales fue administrada a dos
grupos de sujetos para la valoración de la importancia
relativa de cada ítem. El grupo que valoró
subjetivamente (N = 104) y el que valoró objetivamente
(N - 397) difirieron significativamente en los resultados
obtenidos para once ítems.
Separación, enfermedad de un miembro de la familia
y problemas con los vecinos fueron considerados como
más estresantes en la valoración subjetiva que en la objetiva.
mientras que aborto provocado, ascenso, éxito personal,
cambios de costumbres, trabajo e ideas políticas y
vacaciones fuera de casa recibieron mayor puntuación en
la escala objetiva que en la subjetiva.
Una interpretación tentativa de los resultados es la
existencia de un doble baremo de valoración que denominaremos
normativa sociocultural y reactividad interna.

Background: To test whether emotional arousal mediates the moderator effect of non-verbal cognitive ability on the association between cumulative contextual risk (number of proximal and distal adverse life events) and adolescent problem behaviour. Method: Data from a UK community sample of secondary school aged children were used. The study sample comprised 207 children with a mean age of 13.44 years (SD = 1.45). Problem behaviour was assessed with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, non-verbal cognitive ability was assessed with Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices Plus, and emotional arousal was measured with the Acting Out Emotions Scale of the Emotion Awareness Questionnaire. Adjustment was made for gender, age, family structure, and socio-economic disadvantage. Results: Non-verbal cognitive ability mod- erated the effect of cumulative contextual risk on overall problem behaviour, and emotional arousal medi- ated this moderator effect. That is, risk predicted emotional arousal, which predicted overall problem behaviour, but emotional arousal was more strongly related to overall problem behaviour among children of low non-verbal cognitive ability than among children of high non-verbal cognitive ability. Conclusions: These findings are important for both theory development and intervention design. They advance theory because they suggest that non-verbal cognitive ability buffers the effect of risk on overall problem behaviour by strengthening control over emotions. They have implications for intervention design because they suggest that interventions carried out to enhance children's emotion regulation skills in the presence of multiple adversity might be more effective if they target children who score low on non-verbal cognitive ability.

This is a technical paper based on the study and observation on photos in their digital dimensions. Today’s photo speaks more of a person’s life rather some formal events. They are spontaneously created viewed and shared, even forgotten. In this paper we tried to understand its phenomenal impact in our rapidly changing social life and the photo itself.

Introduction: University employees are increasingly pressured to perform, which potentially lead to increased job stress. Stressful life events increase the risk of developing depression and lead to reduced productivity. Objectives: This study aims to determine the prevalence of depression and its predictors among the employees of a public university. Methods: In this cross-sectional study over a period of 4 months, validated Malay version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale, Job Stress Scale and Social Readjustment Rating Scale were utilized for measurement of depression, job stress, and stressful life events, respectively. Results: A total of 300 employees of a public university attending the staff clinic were recruited. The prevalence of depression was 12.7%. Using multiple logistic regression analyses, the presence of major life events had an adjusted odds ratio of 2.30 with depression. Other socio-demographic and job-related factors were non-significant. Conclusion: Pr...

ABSTRACT. This study examined the relationship between life satisfac-tion and physical status, emotional health, social support and locus of control in the frail elderly. A random sample of 99 low-income, frail el-derly living in the community was interviewed. Almost 40 % of partici-pants reported high levels of life satisfaction. Multiple regression analysis identified four significant predictors of life satisfaction: Perceived physical health, social support, emotional balance, and locus of control. Physical health emerged as the most significant predictor of life satisfaction ac-counting for 14 % of the variance. Social support, emotional balance and lo-cus of control each accounted for an additional 6 % of the variance in life satisfaction. All four predictors explained 32 % (R =.57) of the total vari-ance in life satisfaction. Implications for practice and recommendations are discussed. [Article copies available for a fee from The Haworth Document Deliv-

Although life stressors have been implicated in the aetiology of various forms of psychopathology related to non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), particularly depression and suicidal behavior, they have rarely been examined in relation with NSSI. The objective of the current study was to assess the association between life stressors and NSSI in adolescent inpatients. Adolescent inpatients (n = 110) completed measures of life events, NSSI, and depressive symptoms at 3 time-points over a 9-month period. Higher rates of life stressors were significantly associated with greater NSSI. This finding held even after covarying concurrent depressive symptoms and gender. Life stressors may have a unique role in the pathogenesis of NSSI. Directions for future research and clinical implications are discussed.

The goal of this study was to explore the influences of proximal and distal life events on mental status in later life. Additionally, life events were categorized into positive and negative experiences. Data from 208 older adults over 80 years of age from the Georgia Centenarian Study were included in this study. Results from a series of blockwise regression analyses indicated that the number of distal negative life
events that older adults had experienced was a predictor of older adults’ better mental status. Oldest-old adults’ age, education, social supports, and social provision were also associated with their cognition. Cumulative negative life events may protect people in cognitive function as implicated by our results.