Labor

Цифровые технологии меняют современное общество, скорость и масштаб изменений возрастают, что вызывает необходимость для права реагировать на происходящие процессы и перестраиваться в соответствии с новыми реалиями. Трудовое право как часть правовой материи не может остаться в стороне, особенно если учитывать, что цифровые технологии меняют производство, сервис, управление организациями, то есть меняют сферу труда. Чтобы понять в каком направлении будут идти дальнейшие изменения, стоит подробнее присмотреться к основным цифровым технологиям, проникающим практически во все сферы общества, все отрасли экономики и именуемым «сквозными». Их влияние оказывается наиболее сильным, и эта тенденция сохранится на будущее. Соответственно, изменения в трудовом праве во многом будут определяться распространением на практике этих технологий.

Modern challenges require us to rethink the definitions of work, rest and break time and reflect them in existing legislation. Legislation existing today does not ensure full regulation and definition of working time. It is a must for the definition of working time to include the following formulation: Working time is the part of calendar time, during which an employee is under the disposal of an employer (despite being or not being present at the workplace (which is considered as the legal address of an employer) because any place where an employee performs their working activities and fulfills work obligations must be defined as the working place. Rest and break time are not included in working time.

The obligation of an employer to record the working time is in direct correlation with the discussion of any topic related to the amount of work, which means that in such cases the burden of proof should be on an employer, not an employee.

The St. Louis Regional Information Technology Labor Market Report delivers insights and analysis of Information Technology (IT) skills and competencies most in demand by St. Louis area employers to help answer the question: What does business need? This research is designed to assist key stakeholders involved in economic and workforce development, St. Louis business, educational, and employment services communities in the development of education and training programs to ensure that the region’s workforce is well-prepared and equipped to meet business’ IT demands.

The aim of the research was to examine and analyze the relationship between social and demographic variables and respondents' opinions on the relationship of managers to the organization and other employees. Also the aim was exploring the relationship employees have with their superiors, as well as respondents' opinions on the possible impact of the "power distance" and "risk and uncertainty avoidance" dimensions on the processes of creating and developing mutual relations. The research was conducted on the territory of the Republic of Serbia in the last quarter of 2020 on a sample of a total of 140 respondents. The methods used for the statistical data processing were descriptive statistics methods and single and multi-factor analysis using the ANOVA. The results of the research indicate that managers in the organizations in which the respondents are employed are more task-oriented than people-oriented and that they do not have a daily exchange with employees. Also, of the total number of respondents in this survey, more than half of respondents believe that it is difficult to develop independent entrepreneurship in the Republic of Serbia, two thirds of respondents worry about safety and duration of employment, and the same percentage believe that most employees in Serbia do not resign from work for the fear of not finding the same or similar job in their profession. Furthermore, the results of this research indicate that the labor market in the Republic of Serbia has qualified human resources that are able to respond to the demands of the modern digital environment.

Through an ethnography of the C4 Rice Project's sorghum experiment in the Philippines, this article analyzes particular practices in experimental rice fields and how rice researchers understand their work through specific material practices and engagements with the plants. Returning to the critiques of disembodied science, the author looks at the particular, situated, and subjective labor that researchers do in the fields to argue that these relationships offer different and richer ways to understand scientific knowledge production and practices. Drawing out a distinction between working on plants (the human as producer and plant as passive raw material) and working with plants (a process of humans and plants working together in a situated and particular relationship), the article offers an different approach to Marx's concept of labor by incorporating nonhumans as active and relational actors in the labor process. Labor, then, can be seen as a creative relationship between humans and nonhumans situated in particular times and places.

In Coconut Colonialism, Holger Droessler examines the Samoan response through the lives of its workers. Ordinary Samoans—some on large plantations, others on their own small holdings—picked and processed coconuts and cocoa, tapped rubber trees, and built roads and ports that brought cash crops to Europe and North America. At the same time, Samoans redefined their own way of being in the world—what Droessler terms “Oceanian globality”—to challenge German and American visions of a global economy that in fact served only the needs of Western capitalism. Through cooperative farming, Samoans contested the exploitative wage-labor system introduced by colonial powers. The islanders also participated in ethnographic shows around the world, turning them into diplomatic missions and making friends with fellow colonized peoples. Samoans thereby found ways to press their own agendas and regain a degree of independence. Based on research in multiple languages and countries, Coconut Colonialism offers new insights into the global history of labor and empire at the dawn of the twentieth century.

What is the political theorist to make of self-characterizations of Silicon Valley as the beacon of civilization-saving innovation? Through an analysis of "tech bro" masculinity and the closely related discourses of tech icons Elon Musk and Peter Thiel, we argue that undergirding Silicon Valley's technological utopia is an exploitative work ethic revamped for the industry's innovative ethos. On the one hand, Silicon Valley hypothetically offers a creative response to what Max Weber describes as the disenchantment of the modern world. Simultaneously, it depoliticizes the actual work necessary for these dreams to be realized, mystifying its modes of domination.

Edited by Erika Polson, Lynn Schofield Clark, and Radhika Gajjala, this companion, brings together scholars working at the intersection of media and class, with a focus on how understandings of class are changing in contemporary global media contexts.

From the memes of and about working-class supporters of billionaire "populists", to well-publicized and critiqued philanthropic efforts to bring communication technologies into developing country contexts, to the behind-the-scenes work of migrant tech workers, class is undergoing change both in and through media. Diverse and thoughtfully curated contributions unpack how media industries, digital technologies, everyday media practices—and media studies itself—feed into and comment upon broader, interdisciplinary discussions. They cover a wide range of topics, such as economic inequality, workplace stratification, the sharing economy, democracy and journalism, globalization, and mobility/migration.

Outward-looking, intersectional, and highly contemporary, The Routledge Companion to Media and Class is a must-read for students and researchers interested in the intersections between media, class, sociology, technology, and a changing world.

Labor productivity of Vietnamese economy in general and Vietnamese construction industry in particular is low in comparison with other countries. There are many reason causing this low productivity in Vietnam. Boosting labor productivity is becoming an urgency and is attracting much attention from both domestic and foreign researchers. This paper focuses on a series of factors affecting labour productivity on construction sites in Vietnam. The research aims to evaluate and rate the extent of impact of each factor on labour productivity in Vietnam. The Relative Importance Index (RII) is used to measure the impact of these factors on labor productivity of construction workers on site in Vietnam based on the results of a survey collected all the necessary data. Totally, 43 factors are identified and classified into eight groups affecting the labor productivity of construction workers on sites in Vietnam while ten most influential factors have been determined that will provide the basis for the construction firms to provide effective solutions to achieve and increase the productivity of construction workers. By referring to the outcomes of this study, Vietnamese construction contractors will be able to come up with workable solutions which will contribute towards a better performance of construction workers. On that basis, the productivity of construction firms and national economy will be improved correspondingly.

In her 1990 text “homeplace (a site of resistance),” bell hooks argues that for black women throughout history, the making of home cannot be extricated from the struggle against racism and forging of community. This paper explores how artists who occupy tenuous subject positions as immigrants, people of color, and female engage with home-making. Instead of examining home as an object, I engage with home-making as an action that is shifting and provisional. Using philosophical, sociological, and anthropological constructs of “home” as points of departure, I turn toward the domestic projects of visual artists Amanda Williams, Mona Hatoum, and Doris Salcedo. In Color(ed) Theory (2015), Amanda Williams repaints and reconstructs vacant urban homes in such a way that demonstrates the persistent presence of the human even beyond its bodily inhabitation of home’s hallowed halls. Mona Hatoum’s installations Homebound (2001) and Mobile Home (2005) fold the alien and violent into domestic objects that defy being fixed to domestic architectures. Doris Salcedo’s La Casa Viuda (1995) and other untitled sculptures transform doors, dressers, and wardrobes with concrete, dust and bone in response to the flights of Colombian women from their homes and vacillate between tracing memories of the past and
being haunted by premonitions of violence, evacuation, and ruination with the ongoing passage of time. In the works of these three artists, the binary between homely and unhomely comes apart, and homemaking becomes the act of inhabiting or embodying something that shifts, accommodating for a wider range of experiences in how one constitutes self in relation to one's environments.

A first-of-its-kind study of the working-class culture of resistance on the Honduran North Coast and the radical organizing that challenged US capital and foreign intervention at the onset of the Cold War, examining gender, race, and place. March 2021

Across media, the consistent themes Mladen Stilinović (1947–2016) explored in his art were existential and political: language, economy, pain, and death. This essay focuses on the artist’s related, decades-long engagement with the notion of ‘work’, particularly a series of photographs titled Umjetnik radi (translated as ‘Artist at Work’) from 1978 that show Stilinović lying in bed. I argue that these images are often passed over too quickly, especially when they have been interpreted as gestures of resistance to capitalist production. I draw on Stilinović’s projects on the subjects of work, idleness and laziness, texts from the history of European literature and philosophy on the subjects of work and non-work, and passages from the history of East European state socialism, to perform a slower analysis of Umjetnik radi that offers work as an ontological operation, and the difference between work and non-work as indeterminate.

Proper management of resources in construction projects can yield substantial savings in time and cost. As construction is a labor-intensive industry, this paper focuses on labor efficiency and how this can be measured as accurate as it could be. In this paper a new method in labor efficiency measuring is suggested and it"s called the Hybrid Method. In general the known ways to measure the labor efficiency are The Activity Sampling Methods which are timely manner methods. The main function of the Activity Sampling is applying the statistical tools to draw conclusions from random observations of construction activities. The main three methods are: Field Ratings, Productivity Ratings, and Five-Minute Ratings. Each one of these methods has its own weaknesses but the new method which suggested in this paper combines the best of the three methods. Therefore the researcher will have one equation which will allow him to saves effort, time and provides more accurate and reliable results.

(Citation: Abukhalaf, A. H. I. (2021). Labor Efficiency Measurement: The Hybrid Method. ResearchGate. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.19612.21121)

Nestled in the Himalayan foothills of Northeast India, Darjeeling is synonymous with some of the finest and most expensive tea in the world. It is also home to a violent movement for regional autonomy that, like the tea industry, dates back to the days of colonial rule.

In this nuanced ethnography, Sarah Besky narrates the lives of tea workers in Darjeeling. She explores how notions of fairness, value, and justice shifted with the rise of fair-trade practices and postcolonial separatist politics in the region. This is the first book to explore how fair-trade operates in the context of large-scale plantations.

Readers in a variety of disciplines—anthropology, sociology, geography, environmental studies, and food studies—will gain a critical perspective on how plantation life is changing as Darjeeling struggles to reinvent its signature commodity for twenty-first-century consumers. The Darjeeling Distinction challenges fair-trade policy and practice, exposing how trade initiatives often fail to consider the larger environmental, historical, and sociopolitical forces that shape the lives of the people they intended to support.

Book chapter in WORK, SOCIETY, AND THE ETHICAL SELF
Chimeras of Freedom in the Neoliberal Era, available from Berghahn Books https://www.berghahnbooks.com/title/HannWork

Rather than accept formal commodity-like contractual definitions of ‘free’ labor, this chapter reflects on the ambivalence in Mauss’s concept of “prestations totales” (‘total services’) to reconsider the ‘voluntary character’ of work. It discusses Vanuatu’s colonial and unfree labor history, as well as the impact of overseas labor migration on attitudes to work in contemporary Vanuatu. It shows how the meaning and value of ‘free work’, both in terms of working without payment, or working autonomously, depends on the worker’s standpoint within their social and political relations, and how they confront their social obligations.

Changing our relation to the environment in a democratic way implies questioning models and methods of socioecological relations-including work relations. This article critically discusses the notion of a "just transition" toward democratic sustainability as developed at the intersection between climate justice and labor politics. We invite an expansion of ideas of socioenvironmental and labor justice based on Jacques Ranci ere's "method of (in)equality," which problematizes justice theories and the politics of identitarian-group recognition. Our argument is that since both ecological and social crises are produced via inequalities a just transition can be a transition out of the logic of unequal relations-rather than just out of fossil fuels. We posit that socioecological justice in political action can be based on the assumption of equality, the "scandalous" democratic principle according to which political agency belongs to subjects without them having to prove any particular subjectivity worthy of recognition. We thus invite connecting sustainability discourses with a critique of the processes through which subjects become subaltern in the first place, being ascribed unequal positions mostly via violent means such as dispossession and subordination.

RESUMO
Este artigo demonstra os pontos de articulação entre o Direito do Trabalho e as reflexões sobre o trabalho humano propostas na Doutrina Social da Igreja. Parte do contexto da revolução industrial em fins do século XIX, contexto em que se deu a publicação da Rerun novarum (1891), encíclica do papa Leão XIII, que tratou das condições do trabalho. Analisa os documentos pontifícios posteriores, até a encíclica comemorativa dos cem anos do documento leonino, a Centesimus annus do Papa João Paulo II, que abordam a questão do trabalho e suas condições, como ponto fundamental da questão social e elemento constituinte da pessoa. Posteriormente, o artigo apresenta as novas formas de escravidão moderna e como as leis trabalhistas brasileiras, desde a Constituição Federal de 1988, objetivam erradicar, assim como penalizar situações análogas a esta ou de exploração laboral. Apresenta ainda os desafios atuais, trazidos pela globalização e sua influencia sobre o mundo do trabalho. Enfoca os avanços na área jurídica brasileira, no que diz respeito aos direitos dos trabalhadores, e os anseios da sociedade quanto a eficácia do Estado para garantir tais direitos.
PALAVRAS CHAVE: Trabalho. Doutrina Social da Igreja. Direito

ABSTRACT
This article demonstrates the pivot point between labor law and reflections on human work that were proposed in the Social Doctrine of the Church. Part of context of industrial revolution in the late XIX century, context in which they gave the publication of Rerum Novarum (1891). Encyclical of pope Leo XIII, which addressed work conditions. Also examines the subsequent papal documents, until commemorative encyclical of centenary of Leo document, the encyclical Centesimus annus of Pope John Paul II, that analyzed the question of labor and its conditions, like a fundamental point of social question and constituent element of the person. Subsequently, the article presents new forms of modern slavery and the Brazilian labor laws that aim to, since the Constitution of 1988, eradicating any form of slavery as well as penalizing situations similar to this or labor exploitation. Also presents the current challenges, brought by globalization and its influence on the world of work. still focuses, advances in Brazilian legal area with regard to workers' rights and the yearning of society as the effectiveness of the State to ensure such rights.
Keywords: Labor. Social Doctrine of the Church. Right.

During the years 1848-1917, religious leaders in San Francisco, California responded to prostitution in a variety of ways. Protestant leaders sought to address causes of prostitution and to "reform" prostitutes. Catholic leaders attempted to remove prostitutes from public view. Jewish leaders addressed prostitution both in terms of public health and also in answer to fears about illegal international slavery operations. Responses in Chinatown included both innovations on popular religious practices from China that afforded prostitutes a recognized place in temple life, as well as Protestant missions that sought to "reform" prostitutes in ways that were partially adopted by Chinatown residents themselves. These responses varied in the degree to which they directly sought to change public policy. When direct engagement was attempted, religious leaders were frequently surprised at their inability to have an impact on city and state policies. This development can be seen as an illustration of secularization in San Francisco. Furthermore, I suggest that San Francisco religious leaders’ lack of authority regarding prostitution can be explained in terms of local developments in labor and gender roles that occurred in the wake of the California Gold Rush. In order to understand religious leaders’ responses to prostitution more fully, I will consider three questions throughout this study. First, how did each leader perceive prostitution? Secondly, what were leaders’ goals in responding to prostitution? And third, how successful were they in accomplishing those goals? I will examine these goals in terms of the degree to which they directly engaged local or state government. Toward this end, I propose three categories of engagement: supplementing the state, extending the state, and challenging the state.

It’s no secret that the 1% exercises enormous control over the US government. While this control is usually attributed to campaign donations and lobbying, Levers of Power argues that corporate power derives from control over the economic resources on which daily life depends. Government officials must constantly strive to keep capitalists happy, lest they go on “capital strike”—that is, refuse to invest in particular industries or locations, or move their holdings to other countries—and therefore impose material hardship on specific groups or the economy as a whole. For this reason, even politicians who are not dependent on corporations for their electoral success must fend off the interruption of corporate investment. Levers of Power documents the pervasive power of corporations and other institutions with decision-making control over large pools of capital, particularly the Pentagon. It also shows that the most successful reform movements in recent US history—for workers’ rights, for civil rights, and against imperialist wars—succeeded by directly targeting the corporations and other institutional adversaries that initiated and benefitted from oppressive policies. Though most of today’s social movements focus on elections and politicians, movements of the 99% are most effective when they inflict direct costs on corporations and their allied institutions. This strategy is also more conducive to building a revolutionary mass movement that can replace current institutions with democratic alternatives.

Assyrian imperialism is closely associated with the practice of mass deportation. This practice has been explained by recourse to many different motivations. But can we hope to pinpoint the logic informing deportation rather than merely identifying its advantages? This paper surveys the evidence of deportation in the Levant in the period 745–620 b.c.e. Focusing on deportation in this circumscribed time and place enables a more concentrated account of its use. Deportation is generally argued to have served three broad ends: bolstering the supply of human resources in the Assyrian heartland, meeting particular strategic needs, and dealing with dissent. This paper finds that despite the many uses of deportation, it was first and foremost a punitive instrument intended to curb resistance to Assyrian hegemony. This punitive dimension constituted the foundation of Assyrian deportation in the Levant in the age of Assyrian hegemony.

This paper questions the binary of material and immaterial labor in the information era. Instead, we propose a “circuits of labor” model, a holistic framework that helps connect various concepts and traditions in the study of labor and ICT (information and communication technology). Inspired by du Gay et al’s “circuit of culture”, we argue conventional frameworks need to be synthesized and updated to reflect fundamental changes and persisting issues of labor in our contemporary era, of which the iPhone is emblematic.

... The Hampden Community Archaeology Project (HCAP) is a public archaeology project in a former textile mill neighborhood in Baltimore, Maryland. ... Our research project, the Hampden CommunityArchaeology Project, begins and ends as a public, community-based project. ...

The digital revolution has not only transformed multiple aspects of social life – it also shakes sociological theory, transforming the most basic assumptions that have underlain it. In this timely book, Ori Schwarz explores the main challenges digitalization poses to different strands of sociological theory and offers paths to adapt them to new social realities. What would symbolic interactionism look like in a world where interaction no longer takes place within bounded situations and is constantly documented as durable digital objects? How should we understand new digitally mediated forms of human association that bind our actions and lives together but have little in common with old-time 'collectives'; and why are they not simply ‘social networks’? How does social capital transform when it is materialized in a digital form, and how does it remould power structures? What happens to our conceptualization of power when faced with the emergence of new forms of algorithmic power? And what happens when labour departs from work? By posing and answering such fascinating questions, and offering critical tools for both students and scholars of social theory and digital society to engage with them, this thought-provoking book draws the outline of future sociological theory for our digital society.

The Arab revolutions of 2011 promised to usher in the greatest democratic transformation since 1848, but in the end, almost all the uprisings failed spectacularly. To understand this defeat, this essay seeks to reintroduce a class analysis of the Arab Spring and examines how the regional turn to neoliberalism in the 1990s and 2000s shaped the patterns of revolutionary mobilization and, ultimately, sealed the revolutions’ fates.

Conclusion The research on the exit-voice hypothesis, both in the United States and abroad, shows convincingly that most of the variance in the negative union effect on job satisfaction can be accounted for by job quality, industrial relation climate, and wages. Union members see their jobs as less attractive than do nonunion workers in terms of skill requirements, task complexity,

Structural adjustment and market liberalization policies of the past 15 years have accelerated deagrarianization in sub-Saharan Africa. Peasant producers have veered away from production of traditional export crops and commercial staple foods in rural areas remote from roads and urban markets. Non-agricultural income diversification has been substituted in the search for much-needed cash earnings. Citing recent village survey evidence, this paper argues that the economic restructuring of African smallholders’ work lives has been accompanied by deep-rooted social change. Divisions of labor and decision-making power within peasant households havealtered and wealth differentiation between households has deepened. Depeasantization of the countryside is currently taking place, as rural household members of both genders ‘‘scramble’’ for viable livelihoods.

In this article, I examine the codification of an Italian work-related illness caused by mobbing, a type of psychological harassment that emerged at the moment neoliberal policies transformed Italy's historically protectionist labor market. I trace how the medicalization of mobbing has expanded workers’ access to compensation, resources, and discursive tools for criticizing neoliberal labor conditions, even as it has produced new structures of surveillance. I unravel the neoliberal politics of a state that protects workers’ health yet governs worker–citizens through an apparatus of medical experts. I find that workers’ labor problems are experienced and managed as bodily problems in ways important to remaking Italian citizenship. [neoliberalism, state, labor, biopolitics, citizenship, bodies, Italy]

This research paper will be an analysis of the differences of language, cultural and historical barriers between the third and fourth generation descendants of the Californios and the Mexican Revolution immigrant refugees in the 1900’s to the end of the 1920’s in greater Los Angeles and San Francisco Bay Area.

In 1850’s, thousands of Californios, Mexican citizens living in the Alta California Territory, had a country’s boundary cross them, and they became American citizens when the United States annexed this part of the former Mexican Empire. This paper will ask “How did crossing this new cultural and physical boundary of the Northwest Territory affect their Mexican descendants fifty years later?” During the time of the Mexican Revolution, 1910-1924, there were no restrictions on Mexican immigration at this time and many Mexican nationals were fleeing México and crossing a physical boundary, the United States - Mexican Border. How did this open border policy affect Mexicans in California at this time? Are these two groups similar? Or do they clash having been raised in different countries the last 50 years? What changes occurred in California make the groups similar or different? How do the descendants of the Californios view themselves ethnically at this time, Mexican, Spanish? Are both groups bilingual or exclusively monolingual English or monolingual Spanish? Is one group fully assimilated and the other is not or are they bridged by a common culture and history?