Kiev Culture

The article systemizes information about  nds of objects in East European enameling style from the Gomel region (Dnieper basin). All of them were found in the rivers Dnieper and Sozh basins; such objects are unknown by now in the Pripyat area. A series of  nds originating from archaeologically investigated complexes are of particular interest. The objects belong to different kinds: triangular  bulae,  bulae-brooch, penannular  bulae, lunula pendants and spurs. Two cases of co-occurrence of enameled objects with copper provincial Roman coins of the 3rd c. are known. New data  lls considerably the gap existing earlier in the area of spreading the enamels to the south-east of Belarus.

У статті розглядаються музичні зацікавлення студентів Університету св. Володимира у контексті культурного життя Києва та довколишнього регіону протягом 1834-1863 рр. З’ясовано, що найбільшою популярністю в студентському середовищі користувалася інструментальна музика західноєвропейських композиторів. Водночас вихованці університету цікавилися хоровою та українською народною музикою, більше уваги приділяючи народним пісням. Студенти брали активну участь у міському музичному житті в якості слухачів та виконавців. Час від часу вони влаштовували благодійні концерти на користь бідних колег. Гра на музичних інструментах, відвідування концертів були однією з форм студентського дозвілля, які підтверджували високий культурний рівень вихованців університету.

В статье подробно анализируется древнейший памятник книжной культуры Беларуси — Туровское Евангелие. Автор рассказывает об истории находки этого памятника, характеризует его содержание, язык, шрифт, художественное оформление и т. д. Особое внимание уделяется выяснению происхождения этой книги. Отмечается, что Туровское Евангелие является не только древнейшей книгой, найденной на территории современной Беларуси, но и одним из наиболее древних книжных памятников, созданных в Восточной Европе. Художественное оформление и особенности языка книги свидетельствуют о том, что она могла быть создана в середине ХІ в.

The most ancient monument of book culture of Belarus — the Turau Gospel — is analyzed in detail. The history of a find of
this monument, its contents, language, script, decorating, etc. is discussed. Special attention is paid to clarification of the origin of this book. The fact is noted that the Turau Gospel is both the most ancient book found in the territory of contemporary Belarus, and one of the most ancient book monuments created in the Eastern Europe. The decorating and specifi c features of language of the book testify that it could have been created in the middle of the 11th century.

Суша, А. А. Тураўскае Евангелле – самая старажытная кніга Беларусі / Алесь Суша // Беларускі гістарычны часопіс. – 2015. – № 8. – С. 22–32

At the post-Zarubintsy Pochep settlement (sec- ond half of the 1st — early 2nd century AD) (Fig. 1, 1) excavated in the 1950s, were found remains of a bronze-casting workshop (Fig. 2, А, 3) and rare metalworking tools (Fig. 4, 2–4). Among the latter, a unique find is represented by an iron puncheon with an S-shaped working butt (Fig. 4, 4). For a long time these important finds have not attracted proper attention of researchers. In the present article, the ties between the metalworking at the Pochep set- tlement and the style of East European Enamelled Ornaments are discussed (Fig. 5, 7, 8). It is exactly the lamellar ornaments in the latter style (Fig. 5, 1–3) that demonstrate imprints similar to thosewhich the puncheon found in the Pochep settle- ment would have left. The technological parameters of the jewellery tools (Figs. 4, 3, 4) attest that these instruments were imported to the Dnieper region, therefore they presumably came there together with the artisans — natives of cultures of the west Baltic circle. The foreign masters can have come to the Dnieper owing to the migration of groups of Baltic people in the 1st century AD as it was reconstructed by M. B. Shchukin on the basis of late eye brooches from the Dnieper region. The present study adds a weighty argument for the hypothesis that the origins of East European Enamelled Ornaments were in the southern Baltic region.

This article provides data on most of the finds of objects with champlevé enamels from the late Roman
period from the territory of Belarus and adjacent regions of Russia, known from various sources. Detailed
mapping of points by category has been completed. A total of 165 places with finds were noted in all regions
of Belarus, Pskov and Smolensk regions of Russia.
The northern border of the mass distribution of things with enamels of «Dnieper» types is outlined.
The finds are distributed rather unevenly in the territory under consideration, forming concentration zones
(Upper Nioman, the watershed of the rivers of the Dnieper and Western Dvina basins, the Homieĺ and
Mahilioŭ Dnieper and Sozh river region). The chronology of the things we cataloged in the region is very
wide and includes all the time of their existence. Some of the finds in the settlements are quite obviously
associated with the late Zarubintsy-Kiev tradition.
Probably the «carriers of enamels» themselves played an important and, possibly, dominant role in the
Dnieper region and in the most important transit zones on the Baltic-Black Sea and Dnieper-Volga routes.
And it is on the territory considered in this publication that most of these transit areas are concentrated,
which undoubtedly influenced the wide distribution of things of the range of champlevé enamels, which
have become a bright distinctive feature of the costume.

This article examines the materials of a new group of archaeological sites from the end of the 4th till the beginning of the 5th century situated on the northeastern border of the Chernyakhov culture in Kursk Seym region. They were first discov- ered in 2002. Currently, more than 25 settlements are known. The sites were given the name Lgov- Fatezh group, abbreviated as LFG. It is located between the Seym, Tuskar’ and Svapa rivers (S – 5000 km2). Most of the settlements are found in the upper streams of the right tributary of the Seym. Earlier settlements of Chernyakhov cul- ture of the C2–C3 period in the region were lo- cated to the south and east of the rich black soil (‘chernozem’) valleys. We do not have accurate information about earlier materials on the LFG sites at the moment.
The first sites that we relate to LFG were re- vealed in 1960–1970 by È. A. Symonovič, who, however, did not allocate them to the main group of the Chernyakhov settlements. From most of the sites numerous surface finds were received. By means of effective excavations È. A. Symon- ovič studied the Kolosovka village (1971). Excava- tions and a survey were carried out by the author (2005–2015) on the settlements of Nikolaevka, Marmyži, Razdol’e-1 and -2, Fillipova. All findings refer to the last stages of the Chernyakhov culture and the early Huns Period. In all cases, fragments of Chernyakhov wheel-made vessels were found.
The chronoindicators are coins of the emperors (Valens – Arcadius – Honorius), shield buckles with hemispherical tongues, flattened-oval belt buckles, various types of brooches, three-bladed arrowhead, late varieties of enamel disk-brooche and several other categories of items.
At this stage of research the materials allow us to make cautious assumptions that by the end of the 4th century the local Chernyakhov popula- tion was dramatically reduced and left their terri- tory, while some groups migrated into the upper reaches of the right tributary of the Seym. Finds of periods D1–D2 are also known on other sites of the Seym region in some cases, usually associated with the sites of pre-existing settlements, which indicates the preservation of the population and the rest of the interfluve of the Seym and Psel. The central part of the LFG microregion was difficult to access due to strong forestation and a deep gul- ly landscape. The existence of numerous finds of items of weaponry which may point to the death of settlements as a result of military operations. Undoubtedly, the penetration of foreign cultures associated with the population of the forest zone (brooches of late-enamel style, axes of the ‘East Balts’ type).
Sites of the Lgov-Fatezh group are at the mo- ment among the later ones, maintaining direct links with the Chernyakhov culture in the east of the Dnieper left bank. The exact time of the origin and ethnic composition of the final settlements for the Chernyakhov culture in the upper reach- es of the Prutishсhe/Прутище river can not be determined as yet, but as a brief survey of dating the artefacts showed, they existed reliably in the end of the 4th century beginning of the 5th century, and most likely only for a short time. Further cul-
ture genesis in the region was due with the ‘early Slavonic’ Kolochin culture which had a complete- ly different structure and appearance of materi- al culture. At the same time, the participation of the remnants of the Chernyakhov population in its formation at an early stage is quite possible, as indicated by some LFG materials.

Die ersten Informationen über Dinge mit lokalen Emails in Osteuropa erschienen vor fast 180 Jahren.  Diese Dinge geschahen hauptsächlich aus dem Gebiet des modernen Litauens und Weißrusslands.  Bis zum Ende von XIX wurden Dutzende solcher Funde bekannt.  A.A. Spitsyn sammelte 1903 Informationen über 295 Dinge mit Emails verschiedener Typen vom Nordkaukasus bis zur Ostsee.  Die in den 1930er Jahren von H. Moora durchgeführten Kartierungen ergaben zwei Konzentrationen von Dingen in den baltischen Staaten und im mittleren Dnjepr.  1978 wurde eine Reihe von "gekerbten" Emails von G. F. Korzukhina veröffentlicht, in denen bereits 248 Punkte (über 400 Artikel) berücksichtigt wurden.  In den 2000er Jahren  Die Arbeit von 1978 wurde ergänzt, wobei die meisten Funde in Litauen, Weißrussland, Desna-basin, Ober-Oka-gebiet und der Wolga-Region berücksichtigt wurden.
In den frühen 2000er Jahren war Osteuropa mit einem bisher nicht gelösten Problem konfrontiert - unkontrollierten Ausgrabungen mit Metalldetektoren.  Tausende Siedlungen wurden geplündert, Zehntausende archäologischer Funde fielen auf den Schwarzmarkt und illegale Sammlungen.  Angesichts der Helligkeit des Emaille-Stils ziehen „barbarische“ Emails auf dem Schwarzmarkt der Antiquitäten besondere Aufmerksamkeit auf sich.  In den späten 2000er Jahren.  Die Notwendigkeit, die maximale Anzahl von Funden im Auge zu behalten, ist vielen Forschern klar geworden.  Die Arbeit mit solchen Quellen wurde unter Berücksichtigung der für numismatisches Material entwickelten Methodik möglich.
Diese Arbeit fasst die Erstellung einer Datenbank und die Kartierung der überwiegenden Mehrheit der Funde zusammen, die sowohl aus offiziellen Ausgrabungen als auch aus „zufälligen“ Sammlungen stammen.  Derzeit wurden mehr als 950 Punkte von der Ostsee bis zum Schwarzen Meer, von der Weichsel bis zur Wolga erfasst.  Neben geografischen Bindungen stellte sich heraus, dass eine große Anzahl von Objekten im Dnjepr nur an Verwaltungsregionen gebunden war.  Insgesamt wurden mehr als 3900 Artikel mit Emaille berücksichtigt.
Die ersten Ergebnisse erlauben es uns, über das Fehlen einer Unterteilung in Bereiche zu sprechen, was in der Arbeit von G. F. Korzukhina angenommen wurde.  Das Verteilungsfeld von Emails ist praktisch das gleiche.  In den letzten Jahren wurden Lücken in der Don-Region in Polesie nördlich der Karpaten im Oberlauf der Oka geschlossen.
Durch die Zuordnung nach Kategorien konnten wir zwei Gruppen von Dingen unterscheiden, von denen die erste die breitesten Bereiche aufweist - hufeisenförmige Broschen, scheibenförmige Broschen, Sporen, Hörner zum Trinken, während sich die zweite hauptsächlich auf den mittleren Dnjepr und das linke Ufer des Dnjepr konzentriert.
In einigen Kategorien bilden die Dinge auch Mikrokonzentrationen, hauptsächlich sind sie mit hufeisenförmigen Broschen verbunden.  Spezielle lokale Arten sind hauptsächlich in den baltischen Staaten sowie in der Mitte von Oka-gebiet und der oberen Wolga-Region verbreitet.
Funde aller Kategorien finden sich nur im mittleren und oberen Dnjepr, im Oberlauf des Oka und im mittleren Don.  Diese Gebiete fallen im Wesentlichen mit der Verbreitungszone von Denkmälern der späten Zarubinets-Kiew-Tradition zusammen. Offensichtlich ist dieses Gebiet das Epizentrum der Verbreitung von Emaille-Traditionen.  Ihre Hauptquelle befand sich jedoch eindeutig im Westen und war mit der Kontaktzone zu deutschen Kulturen verbunden.  Im Oberlauf des westlichen und südlichen Bug, Dnister, fällt die Verteilung der Emails territorial und chronologisch mit den militärischen Bestattungen in Przeworsk des II der ersten Hälfte des III Jahrhunderts.
Die Grundlage für dieses Phänomen könnte ein komplexes System der Fluss- und Landkommunikation sein, das die Ostsee mit dem Schwarzen Meer verbindet und die Wolga in den II-III Jahr. überblickt  könnte unter der Kontrolle der Bevölkerung von Trägern eines Komplexes "barbarischer" Emails stehen.

After the demise of the Zarubintsy culture in the middle of the I century AD, the vast areas between the Upper Dnieper and South Bug were occupied by groups of Post-Zarubintsy sites, which existed till the appearance of the Kiev culture at the end of the II century AD. M. B. Shchukin singled out within this period a particular chronological phenomenon, which he designated as the Rakhny-Pochep horizon (after the names of two most representative sites). The horizon was dated to the interval from the middle of the I century BC to the beginning of the II century BC. The paper deals with modern understanding and usage of the term «Post-Zarubintsy horizon». The author comes to the conclusion that the notion «Rakhny-Pochep horizon» is often used incorrectly being taken as a synonym of the notion «Post-Zarubintsy horizon». He proposes to distinguish one more chronological horizon, which followed the Rakhny-Pochep one and existed till the emergence of the Kiev culture.

Київ - другий Єрусалим
Ковальчук, Наталія Дмитрівна (2016) Київ - другий Єрусалим Гілея: науковий вісник. с. 295-297. ISSN 2076-1554

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Анотація

Мета роботи: створити концепцію нового бачення міфологеми
«Єрусалим» в контексті Київської культури. Методологією дослідження є порівняльний метод, який дозволяє провести певні паралелі між Єрусалимом та Києвом. Таким чином створення авторської моделі Києва в контексті аналізу паралелей між Єрусалимом та Києвом як двома священними градами приводить нас до висновку. Спасенна роль Єрусалима визначається тим, що тут спливало життя Ісуса Христа і апостолів, розгорталися основні події Старого і Нового Заповіту. У той час як Київ - другий Єрусалим є втіленням вищої розумною ойкумени, тобто софійності. Доведено, що свята Софія Київська як центр святого міста і символ небесного Єрусалиму має загальні риси з храмом Єрусалима.

The paper summarizes the preliminary results of the work of the international archaeological expedition in 2015−2019, held in the middle reaches of the Sura River. The most part of the investigation was carried out in the valley of the Sura between village Ivankovo-Lenino Chuvashia) and town Surskoye (Ulyanovsk Region). In this area, several new archaeological sites of the 1st millennium CE were discovered and the excavations of the “Sholm” hillfort of Ivankovo-Lenino and the Sara-1 settlement were carried out as well as several sections of coastal exposures of the Sura River were investigated. The sections allowed to reconstruct the dynamics of climatic changes and stages of anthropogenic development of the region in prehistory and the Middle Ages. The study focused primarily on sites of the 0-700 CE, to multiply data to reconstruct historical and cultural dynamics from the time of the Andreevka-Piseraly and Sendimirkino-Tautovo types to the period of the introduction of the Kiev culture artefacts to the region and, later, the formation and development of
the Imen'kovo culture. In the course of the work, several dwellingpits were studied and a remarkable amount of ceramic sherds and artefacts were collected. Studies also spotted the light on earlier eras: in the lower layers of the Bolshie Algashi and Ivankovo-Lenino hillforts, the cultural layer attributed to the mixed type of the Balanovo-Chirki dated back to the Middle Bronze Age was studied. A large settlement of the Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal principality dated to the 14th-15th centuries was localized also, being mentioned in a list of written sources as "Sara" or "Sara the Great".

The installation of the Monument to 100 Years of Suprematism outside the National Ukrainian Academy of Arts by Spanish artist Carlos Garcia Lahoz is a symbolic gesture that gives rise to a much-needed debate about the legacy of Kazimir Malevich. It roots the work of the great avant-gardist in Kyiv, the city of his birth, brings focus to the years he spent teaching at the very same academy, and points to the need for reassessment of the influence of Ukrainian traditional culture on development of global art history.

The last Kiev-related poem by Mandelstam is interpreted in the context of Nikolay Ushakov’s collection of poems “Kiev” (1936). Historical and topographical comments on the plot of the poem about the “dead city” given on the article consider: Kiev in 1919 and reflections on it in Voronezh in 1937. Supposedly “proSoviet” reminiscences in the poem are revisited.

The paper deals with Sarmatian mirror and scissors – the set that is quite untypical of hoards of “enamelled-style” items. In the late Sarmatian culture, the two objects make a ceremonial set. Usukh hoard is the second complex of the type including items and images associated with the sacred sector of Sarmatian culture. This might be considered as proof of the fact that hoards of “enamelled” items were made by people somehow involved in the Sarmatian world, those who were aware of their cult practices. The conclusions made in the paper support the interpretation of some hoards of “enamelled” items as votive ones.