International law (public and private)

Actualmente es innegable que vivimos en un periodo de sobreexplotación y escasez de los recursos naturales en nuestro planeta: sobreexplotación, porque nuestro ritmo de uso y consumo de estos materiales es mucho mayor a su tasa de regeneración; y escasez, porque ello irremediablemente provoca que muchos de estos recursos puedan agotarse. A la luz de esta situación, los científicos han planteado, entre diversas alternativas, la posibilidad de extraer los recursos fuera de nuestro planeta. El problema, desde una perspectiva legal, sería determinar bajo qué circunstancias esa extracción debería estar permitida. En este sentido cabría preguntarse si los recursos existentes en la Luna deberían ser distribuidos de forma equitativa entre los países de la comunidad internacional o si por el contrario debería aplicarse la máxima de quien llega primero se lo queda. La respuesta a esta pregunta no es definitiva, mientras que el Tratado internacional sobre el espacio ultraterrestre firmado en 1967 estableció en su artículo 2 el principio de no apropiación, el Acuerdo que gobierna las actividades de los estados en la Luna y otros cuerpos celestes de 1979, dejaba la puerta abierta al establecimiento de un régimen internacional. Lamentablemente, las divergencias entre los diferentes estados de la comunidad internacional hicieron imposible llegar a establecer este régimen. De hecho, el Acuerdo sobre la Luna fue el último tratado internacional adoptado en esta materia. Sin embargo, el problema no acaba aquí y es que recientemente varios estados de la comunidad internacional han regulado unilateralmente sus actividades espaciales en su Derecho interno. Este es el caso, por ejemplo, de los Estados Unidos de América o de Luxemburgo. De hecho, en la actualidad, hay una serie de países que están tramitando su propia ley reguladora de la actividad espacial. En este sentido se espera, por ejemplo, que Emiratos Árabes Unidos adopte muy pronto su propia legislación nacional en esta materia. Todo ello provoca que no quede nada claro cómo estos actos unilaterales de los estados afectarán al régimen internacional establecido y cómo se podría lograr una gestión más eficiente de los recursos espaciales. Quizás podríamos aprender del exitoso modelo implementado por la Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones (UIT) para la regulación de las órbitas espaciales.

The following pages present a general analysis of a key issue: the relationship between business
and human rights as one of the most salient aspects of global governance. Thus, after an
introductory section in which the link between the subject matter and private international law is
especially emphasized, in the following one an attempt is made to define such governance, also
highlighting the prominence in it of the great economic operators, along with the growing one that
corresponds in a number of ways to civil society. Then, providing multiple data and based on an
extensive literature review, the third and fourth sections, respectively, aim at determining the
entity in our world of multinational companies and their capacity to generate conflicts, and the
control mechanisms used in this regard. This work culminates with a section on final observations
in which a new paradigm is put on the record, the effective taking into consideration of the interests
of those affected in fact or potentially by business activities, the stakeholders. Something that would
undoubtedly support global governance in the best terms.

The completion of the official service of judicial documents abroad is a problem that connects to the establishment of the true adversarial and, for this reason, the fair trial.
The overcoming of models based on a presumed improvement took place a model based on the interstatual cooperation by stipulating appropriate international conventions and, in the EU area, Regulations.
The system thus created allows a safer delivery to the recipient and so the
completion of the service but sometimes it becomes impossible to resort to it.
The aim of this study is to analyse when it is possible under these circumstances to use residual rules referred to national solutions, i.e. the article 142 of the Italian Civil Procedural Code.

The gradual introduction of a globalized marked, the mass tourism, the enactment of the four EU freedoms, and, above all, the general utilisation of e-commerce, have resulted in a rapidly growing number of cross-border contracts and thus also of cross-border disputes. In the second half of the 20th century, the protection of the consumers as weaker contractual parties has developed in national substantial and procedural rules, as well as in the field of private international law. On the EU level, special choice-of-law rules were adopted first in the Rome Convention of 1980, and then, with several modifications, in the Rome I Regulation currently in force. In Slovenia, the latter has replaced the previously applicable choice-of-law rules and applies in cases connected with other EU Member States or with third States.
The Rome I Regulation determines the scope of application of the protective rules through the definition of the notions of consumer, professional and the circumstances of the conclusion of the contract. In electronic contracts the most important condition is that the professional has directed their activity to the country of the consumer’s habitual residence. The “directing” of activity is a legal standard which has been further concretized also by the case-law of the Court of Justice of the EU, which watches over the harmonized interpretation of the consumer’s protection in the Rome I and the recast Brussels I regulations.
When the conditions for the protection in choice-of-law are met, the Rome I Regulation enacts the consumer’s habitual residence as the main connecting factor. The parties are allowed choose the applicable law, but the consumer cannot thereby be deprived of the mandatory protection from the law of the state of his habitual residence. As a result, the courts must sometimes combine the rules of the chosen law and the law of the consumer’s residence, which can prove to be a difficult task. Nevertheless, the doctrine deems that such solution is the best possible compromise between the legal and economic interests of both contractual parties.


KEYWORDS:
Consumer, consumer protection, Rome I Regulation, Rome Convention, Private International Law and Procedure Act, choice-of-law, conflict of laws, contract, electronic contract, private international law, party autonomy

Using objective measures of investor protections in 170 countries, I establish that the level of investor protection matters for cross-country differences in GDP growth: countries with stronger protections tend to grow faster than those with poor investor protections.

The breadth of international law and institutions in contemporary global politics means it is no longer possible to make sense of international politics without understanding international law. International Law for International Relations provides students with comprehensive coverage that maps out the different ways to approach the study of international law. It explains the institutions and main sources of international law-making and identifies the key topics of international law. This is the ideal text for students of international relations who have not previously studied law and post-graduate students of any background tackling international law for the first time. The complexities of international law are presented in an accessible, animated way allowing students to appreciate the significance of international law in international relations.

Breve Historia de la Evolución del DIP. En pleno siglo XXI, existen muchos cambios en este mundo globalizado en el que vivimos, adaptarnos, no es tarea fácil, pero, es sin duda alguna, inevitable escapar a esa irrefutable verdad, el mundo no será, lo que fue anteriormente, aunque puedan surgir ciertas discrepancias, en base a la perspectiva que se vea. Fuera de la subjetividad natural, para el que lee o diserta, debemos ser objetivos o en su defecto procurar serlo. En la Comunidad Internacional, la humanidad ha influido y se ha acercado mucho, constatable gracias a la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos, proclamando lo siguiente "todos los seres humanos nacen libres y en igualdad de derechos y dignidad". Como es sabido, esto dista mucho de cumplirse en todas partes del globo terráqueo, para cada uno de los seres humanos. 1 Sin embargo, esta no ha de ser el centro de la investigación. El Derecho Internacional, cerca de ti. A la imaginación de o vago conocimiento de la persona común, no vinculada a este campo especial del conocimiento, puede considerar que pasa, por la Guerra o consecución de la Paz entre varias naciones, salidas de crisis humanitarias, problemas globales como el calentamiento global o la protección al medio ambiente. Lo mismo ocurre, con la protección de los derechos fundamentales o derechos universales, como: la libertada de expresión, el Derecho a la alimentación adecuada, o la debida tutela a los derechos laborales; otras más dramáticas, inhumanos y viles crímenes internacionales el aumento del uso de violencia cometidos por actos terroristas. 2 Tal vez, unos muchos más cercanos, impulsados por hechos dramáticos que han forzado a familiares y amigos a migrar a otros países, o en un ámbito similar, al último viaje de larga distancia, el permiso o visado para ingresar a otro país, frutas exóticas de diferentes partes del mundo que se pueden obtener en lugares 1 Prof. Pierre d'Argent, INTERNATIONAL LAW AND HUMANITY, 2015, [Documento PDF] Pp. 2 2 Ídem

This book deepens the study of the law of treaties by offering specific solutions to current legal problems. It provides a high-level theoretical and practical approach, touching upon all major current issues of the law of treaties. It is noteworthy that each subject-matter discussed in this work was thoroughly analyzed and supported by a rigorous methodology, including the use of the most accurate terminology and a well-reasoned explanation of each of the issues addressed in accordance with the most authoritative legal scholarly writings. This work is also a helpful reference for governmental and diplomatic officials, legal practitioners and the legal academia at large in trying to understand how international acts are negotiated and adopted, what the rules are for the formulation of reservations and introduction of amendments to conventional texts, how a State is definitely deemed to be bound by an international act or treaty, which the effects are of a treaty that came into force and how treaties should be applied at the international level, etc.

The need for cross-border cooperation in family matters in the European Union was identified and politically expressed already in the 1990s. The first legislative act adopted in this field was the Brussels II Regulation of 2000. It unified, on the EU level, the rules on international jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in matrimonial matters and parental responsibility. In 2021, six EU regulations are in use in this field. In 2022, the second recast of the Brussels II Regulation will enter into application. Beside the mentioned cross-border procedural rules, the regulations also bring unified choice of law rules, while other EU regulations in the field of private international law enable simplified cross-border service of documents and taking of evidence.
The number of unified rules in cross-border family disputes is thus growing, which enhances legal certainty of the European families. However, the fragmented regulation and different temporal and territorial scopes of application of the “family regulations” result in a complex mosaic of rules, which is often unclear and difficult to apply. The paper aims to present a wholesome view of the legislation in force and provides information on the interplay among different regulations. Thus, it strives to enhance a rapid and correct application of this legislation, which is of crucial importance for European citizens. The paper also emphasises the importance of the broader context of the EU cooperation in family matters, namely the EU private international law in general, and of the international treaties in family law, especially the Hague conventions.

We can conclude that non-state rules may include both lex mercatoria, i.e. the law of international merchants, which is not perceived in any uniform way, and currently perhaps also selected rules of EU law, provided that no legal relations are involved that have no connection to the European area. Lex mercatoria can be defined as including international trade usages (such as INCOTERMS, which have become rather popular), generally recognised legal principles (for instance, pacta sunt servanda), and collections of principles governing international agreements (e.g. UNIDROIT Principles).

Lex mercatoria can be applied both in arbitration and in litigation based on four theoretical approaches. The first applicable method is subsidiary application, i.e. lex mercatoria is applied within the limits of binding provisions of applicable law – this method does not raise any problems in practice. Another possibility is application equivalent to national legal systems, i.e. based on the conflict-of-laws method. This method is currently considered controversial and is suitable for arbitration, rather than litigation. The third possibility is the preferential application of lex mercatoria – this is, however, a very extreme approach, even within international commercial arbitration, and requires the due assessment of all relevant circumstances. This category may also include negative choice of law, which postulates that the parties opted for lex mercatoria, because they did not choose any applicable law. This is, again, controversial doctrine, which may only be applied if we first take into consideration all of the circumstances of the case, and primarily the will of the parties. The fourth and last possibility is the ex post choice of law.

As concerns practical possibilities of application, the most frequently employed method is the application of non-state rules in connection with arbitration, where the courts control the proceedings for the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards. Academics agree that the recognition and enforcement of a foreign award cannot be refused, should the sole grounds for refusal be the fact that the award is based on lex mercatoria. Another possibility of applying non-state rules in courts is application based on domestic laws. The third possibility is the application of non-state rules based on the parties’ choice, i.e. the parties may opt for non-state law. Even if some of the parties disagree, it is possible to envisage the application of non-state rules in litigation, though rather as soft law, i.e. a tool or inspiration for the resolution of the given case. This would be similar to the application of foreign law or foreign case law.

We can also imagine, subject to certain conditions, the application of non-state rules in domestic disputes: (i) if the parties agree to do so, in which case, again, non-state rules would be applied within the limits of binding rules of the applicable law, or (ii) at the court’s discretion. In such case, the court should have regard for any and all circumstances, such as the parties’ experience with international trade, as well as the method of application. The application of non-state rules as soft law can be accepted without objections. Both arbitral tribunals and courts have become more open to non-state rules – for instance, the fact that a decision or award is based on lex mercatoria is not eo ipso contrary to public policy (ordre public).
The application of non-state legal standards is intertwined with the irreplaceable role of a first-rate pre- and post-graduate system of education, and with interactions between extensive practice, on the one hand, and education and training, on the other. This is the reason why schools and other educational institutions must be addressed, and such quality of lectures and courses must be emphasised that will guarantee a high level of theoretical training and high-quality and solid incentives and information from practice. The reason is that this very requirement attains qualified dimensions in the case of trade and legal usages (international, as well as national and regional). The potential of cooperation between educational institutions and international organisations mostly remains untapped – and not only those that create and apply contract templates, unify recommendations, or formulate trade and legal principles, etc.

В заключение можно сказать, что негосударственные правила могут включать в себя, во-первых, lex mercatoria, т. е. право участников международных коммерческих отношений, относительно понимания которого отсутствует единое мнение, во-вторых, в настоящее время, очевидно, и некоторые правовые нормы ЕС, при условии, что речь идет о правоотношениях, в которых отсутствует связь с европейским пространством. Составляющей lex mercatoria можно считать международные торговые обычаи (например, ИНКОТЕРМС, которые в значительной степени стали популярными), общепризнанные правовые принципы или основы (например, pacta sunt servanda) и свод принципов международных договоров (например, Принципы УНИДРУА).

Lex mercatoria может применяться как арбитражами, так и судами общей юрисдикции на основе четырех теоретических подходов. Первым является субсидиарное применение, когда lex mercatoria применяется в рамках когентных положений применяемого права – на практике данный способ применения не встречается с какими-либо проблемами. Вторым вариантом является применение, равноценное национальным правовым системам, т. е. на основании коллизионного метода. В настоящее время данный способ является спорным и применяется скорее арбитражными судами, чем судами общей юрисдикции. Третий вариант – это преимущественное применение lex mercatoria, которое, однако, является крайним случаем даже в контексте международного торгового арбитража, требующего рассмотрения всех существенных обстоятельств. Сюда также можно включить отрицательный выбор права (negative choice), когда предполагается, что стороны, не выбрав применимое право, выбрали именно lex mercatoria. И в данном случае речь снова идет о спорной доктрине, перед применением которой необходимо взвесить все обстоятельства дела и, прежде всего, учесть волеизъявление сторон. Четвертым и последним вариантом является дополнительный выбор права.

С точки зрения практического применения на первом месте (с учетом частоты применения) находится применение негосударственных правил в связи с арбитражным разбирательством, когда суды осуществляют контрольную функцию в ходе разбирательства о признании и приведении в исполнение иностранных арбитражных решений. В этом случае доктрина признает, что нельзя отказать в признании и приведении в исполнение решения иностранного суда только по той причине, что оно основано на lex mercatoria.  Следующим возможным применением негосударственных правил в судах общей юрисдикции является применение на основании национальных правовых норм. Третьим вариантом является применение негосударственных правил на основании выбора сторон, когда стороны могут выбрать негосударственное право. Даже если не все стороны согласны, можно рассматривать возможность применения негосударственных норм судами общей юрисдикции, однако, скорее как т. н. soft law, т. е. в качестве пособия или источника инспирации при рассмотрении и разрешении спора. Аналогично применяется иностранное право или иностранные документы судебной практики.

При определенных условиях также возможно применение негосударственных правил во внутригосударственных спорах. Это, прежде всего, споры, в которых стороны согласуют применение негосударственных правил в рамках когентных положений применяемого права, или по усмотрению суда. В данном случае суд должен рассмотреть все обстоятельства, например, опыт сторон с международной торговлей, а также способ применения. Против применения негосударственных правил как soft law нельзя возражать. В контексте наблюдается растущий интерес арбитражных судов, а также судов [общей юрисдикции/государственных] к негосударственным правилам, который проявляется, например, в том, что основание решения на lex mercatoria еще не означает противоречие публичному порядку.
В связи с применением негосударственных правовых норм важную роль играет качественная вузовская и послевузовская образовательная система и взаимодействие широкой практики с воспитанием и обучением. Поэтому необходимо обращать особое внимание на воспитательные и образовательные учреждения, а также на качество содержания обучения, гарантирующее как высокий уровень теоретической подготовки, так и качественные и обоснованные стимулы и сведения из практики. Именно это требование в торговых и правовых обычаях (международных, а также национальных и региональных) приобретает важность с точки зрения квалификации. В основном остается нереализованным потенциал в области сотрудничества между образовательными учреждениями и международными организациями, причем не только теми, которые занимаются созданием и применением образцов договоров, объединяющих рекомендаций, формулировок торговых и правовых принципов и т. п.

On 7 November 2021, Abu Dhabi, the largest of seven emirates that form the United Arab Emirates, announced the passing of a new personal status law for non-Muslim foreigners. The law carries forward a series of recent legal reforms that aim at providing greater legal certainty for the country’s large expatriate population. The law’s novelty lies in the fact that it combines aspects of substantive and international family law. It is significant also because it introduces civil marriage – albeit only for non-Muslim foreigners – into the country’s domestic family law regime. While generally welcomed as possibly easing judicial procedure and court proceedings, the new legislation also raises several questions, especially as regards the law’s application alongside the Emirati conflict-of-laws rules.

Chinese language iteration -
In this work Mr. Martinez-Fraga proposes a novel understanding of the doctrine of comity beyond the classical definition of a precept that is more than a courtesy but not one that rises to the level of a normative obligation. By reconfiguring the doctrine as one that occupies a new "normative space" with an incident rubric that purports to condition its application on consideration of party autonomy, national interests, and the interests of the international community in devising norms that foster uniformity, reasonableness, party autonomy, and predictive value, comity is raised to the level of a principle capable of unifying private procedural international law with respect to the more salient Anglo-American contributions in this field.

The U.S. national military hires private security companies (PSCs) to operate in zones of conflict. This article introduces the concept of a legitimacy transfer mechanism to answer the question of how nonnational providers of military support can be considered legitimate actors in areas of conflict. PSCs borrow legitimacy from the state that contracts the firm. Private firms do not operate alone; they are hired and, at least marginally, directed by a state. By using the established legitimacy of industrialized states, these firms are able to find legitimacy in Western security culture. To maintain future business, private security is forced to obey the security culture of the hiring state. More so, the firm will mimic the goals and policy of the hiring state in an attempt to build its own, independent, sense of legitimacy.

El ejército de los Estados Unidos contrata compañias de seguridad privada (PSCs por sus siglas en inglés) para operar en zonas de conflicto. En este artículo se introduce el concepto de un mecanismo de transferencia de legitimidad para responder a la pregunta de cómo proveedores no gubernamentales de apoyo militar pueden ser considerados actores legítimos en zonas de conflicto. Las compañías de seguridad privada toman prestada legitimidad del Estado que contrata la empresa. Las empresas privadas no operan por si solas; éstas son contratadas y, de cierta forma, dirigidas por un estado. A través de la legitimidad ya establecida de los estados industrializados estas compañias son capaces de encontrar legitimidad en la cultura de seguridad occidental. Con el fin de mantener el negocios futuros, la seguridad privada se ve obligada a obedecer la cultura de la seguridad del estado que la ha contradado. Más aún, la compañía adoptará la política y objetivos del estado que la ha contradado, esto con el fin de construir un sentido propio e independiente de legitimidad.

This entry in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Procedural Law, titled Panel: Dispute Settlement System of the World Trade Organization (WTO), comprehensively covers all aspects of dispute settlement before WTO panels, as well as panel proceedings within the overall WTO dispute settlement system. This includes informal and formal consultations; the establishment and composition of panels; the sequence of proceedings; access for non-disputing parties; and the role of of the WTO Secretariat. The article also covers various elements of the panel process, including terms of reference, the standard of review, the applicable rules of interpretation, questions of evidence, the use of experts, the confidentiality of panel proceedings, panel expenses, and impartiality. It finally touches on how developing countries participate in the panel process and what the consequences are of the WTO's Appellate Body suspension.

En este artículo se analiza la figura del programa de cumplimiento empresarial o compliance como herramienta para prevenir la corrupción en el ámbito de la contratación pública. En primer término, se revisa la irrupción y el encaje de la figura en el ámbito del Derecho público a partir de su incorporación a los ordenamientos estadounidense y europeo. En segundo término, se analiza su implantación y evolución en distintas legislaciones latinoamericanas, prestando especial atención a los sistemas de contratación pública en los que goza de mayor desarrollo, como el brasileño y el colombiano.

Cet article s’insère dans un ouvrage d’exercices pratiques en droit de l’Union européenne. Il s’agit d’un commentaire d’arrêt de la décision de la CJCE en date du 16 juillet 2009, Laszlo Hadadi (Hadady) contre Csilla Marta Mesko, épouse Hadadi (Hadady), qui concerne la détermination du juge interne compétent en matière matrimoniale, dans l’hypothèse de plurinationalité commune des époux, impliquant la nationalité française.
Sur la forme, la contribution se compose d’une sélection des passages pertinents de la décision, de recommandations de lecture, d’une présentation de la spécificité du sujet et d’une proposition de commentaire de l’arrêt. L’orientation pratique de l’ouvrage imposait un traitement synthétique du sujet. Sur le fond, cette décision est intéressante en ce qu’elle illustre l’influence croissante du droit européen sur le droit international privé des États membres. Cependant, le sujet implique en réalité une analyse plus large, qui englobe également le domaine du droit international public. En effet, l’octroi et le retrait de nationalité à un individu constituent une compétence exclusive de l’État, liée à sa souveraineté. Il est donc ici intéressant d’orienter l’analyse sur le pouvoir du droit européen de remettre en cause des principes classiques du droit international public, et des conséquences sur le droit interne des États membres.

a pandémie a profondément perturbé les échanges internationaux, tant par ses aspects sanitaires que par les conséquences économiques qu’elle engendre et dont nous ne connaissons aujourd’hui que les prémisses. Marco Torsello et Matteo Winkler délivrent ici une analyse juridique sur le sort qui pourraient être réservé aux contrats internationaux dans un contexte troublé.

ABSTRAKT SK: Cieľom tohto odborného článku je predstaviť inštitút lex rei sitae a jeho miesto v slovenskom medzinárodnom práve súkromnom. Na začiatku vo všeobecnosti začleňuje lex rei sitae do kontextu slovenského medzinárodného práva súkromného a vysvetľuje pozadie jeho použitia, aby boli ďalšie riadky zrozumiteľnejšie. V druhej časti sa venuje pojmu vecný štatút a jeho obsahu a takisto dôsledkom, ktoré môžu v rámci neho vzniknúť počas kvalifikácie a potencionálneho vzniku kvalifikačného problému. Príspevok kvalifikačný problém analyzuje z pohľadu vecného štatútu a lex rei sitae a udáva dôvody, pre ktoré pôjde o výnimku z lex fori. Ďalej viac približuje obsah samotného lex rei sitae a jeho možné kombinácie v intenciách slovenského medzinárodného práva súkromného a vnútroštátnej úpravy. Na niekoľkých miestach súčasnú slovenskú úpravu porovnáva s aktuálnou českou úpravou, ktorá čerpá z rovnakých právnych východísk. Na konci príspevok dáva do vzájomného kontextu jednotlivé prezentované skutočnosti a pokúša sa o vyvodenie záveru s menovateľom významu lex rei sitae v podmienkach slovenskej právnej úpravy.
Kľúčové slová: lex rei sitae, hraničný ukazovateľ, kolízia, vecný štatút, kvalifikácia, kvalifikačný problém, res in transitu, medzinárodné právo súkromné

After 5 years of implementation of Joint resolution 525, although the activity of contacting constituencies of the National Assembly Deputies is concerned, they can not be considered as the complete of legal regulations as well as practical applications. Therefore, the continuation about research of the general rules of the world as well as the experience of contacting constituencies of parliamentarians in foreign countries as a basis for reference of innovation, improvement the effectiveness of this activity in the new era, is very important.

Actualmente los asuntos ambientales han ganado protagonismo en las discusiones más destacadas que tienen lugar en la sociedad internacional, incluyendo
conferencias de Estados, foros académicos y en los medios de comunicación. En
todas partes se habla del calentamiento global –no obstante que los científicos
nos corrigen y enfatizan en el término adecuado: “cambio climático”-, de biodiversidad y la existencia de tantas especies en vías de extinción; también se discute
sobre la polución, los problemas derivados con la contaminación de la capa de
ozono, grandes desastres naturales ocurridos por el vertimiento de petróleo en
el mar, el manejo de desechos, contaminación de ríos y fumigaciones en zonas
fronterizas, entre muchas otras cosas. El medio ambiente se encuentra en el centro de atención de la comunidad internacional entera.

The Encyclopedia of Private International Law quite simply represents the definitive reference work in the field. Bringing together 195 authors from 57 countries the Encyclopedia sheds light on the current state of Private International Law around the globe, providing unique insights into the discipline and how it is affected by globalization and increased regional integration. The role and character of Private International Law has changed tremendously over the past decades. With the steady increase of global and regional inter-connectedness the practical significance of the discipline has grown. And so has the number of legislative activities on the national, international and, most importantly, the European level. The Encyclopedia is a rich and varied resource in four volumes. The first two volumes provide comprehensive coverage of topical aspects of Private International Law in the form of 247 alphabetically arranged entries. The third volume provides insightful detail on the national Private International Law regimes of 80 different countries. The fourth volume presents invaluable, and often unique, English language translations of the national codifications and provisions of Private International Law in those countries.

International treaties therefore have priority over provisions of domestic origin (domestic lex arbitri). This mainly concerns two conventions, namely the New York Convention (1958) and the European Convention on International Commercial Arbitration (1961). In the field of international arbitration, specifically the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards, these two conventions were historically preceded by two international treaty acts. If it is possible to apply both the provisions of bilateral interstate treaties (as mentioned above, primarily the legal assistance treaties) and the provisions of multilateral conventions, then the bilateral treaties are usually prioritized as a quasi lex specialis. Mainly the reflection the bilateral treaties (legal assistance treaties), but often also the reflection of the European Convention on International Commercial Arbitration (1961) will often be omitted.

This chapter challenges the commonly held view that the territorial State is fundamentally unsuited to, and incompatible with, twenty-first century manifestations of globalization in the form of ever-tightening economic integration or all-pervasive global communication networks. This is only partly true. The State – as defined and enabled by public international law around the idea of territorial sovereignty – provides the ideal mechanism for global capital and corporate activity to function and grow with maximum efficiency and minimal accountability. The territorial nation State provides the legal framework that facilitates foreign wealth accumulation through open borders, and its subsequent retention in the Global North through closed borders. At the core of this legal framework are the territorial rules under private and public international law that provide high flexibility in selectively opening and closing borders as and when national interest demands. The chapter argues that the complementary concepts of territory and borders are useful constructs to ring-fence capital from ‘leakages’ to the outside. The argument is illustrated with reference to US cases applying the presumption against extraterritoriality, on the one hand, and by English corporate crossborder tort litigation, on the other hand. In these cases, the territorial State emerges not as a victim of globalization but as an essential participant, propagator and beneficiary of it.

On 27 March 2014,  the United Nations General Assembly adopted  resolution 68/262, entitled
"Territorial  integrity of Ukraine". Concise  and  carefully phrased  as  it  is,  the  resolution may be
used  as  a  basis  for  Ukraine's  legal  action  for  the  restoration  and  protection  of  its  territorial
integrity, whereby the resolution's operational provisions are to be interpreted in the context of
general  international  law, which provides  remedies  to States victimised by unlawful  threats or
uses  of  force.  This  article  offers  a  detailed  analysis  of  resolution  68/262  and makes  practical
recommendations,  in  particular,  from  the  perspective  of  the  responsibility  of  States  for
internationally wrongful acts.  It also uses  the example of  the  situation  in Ukraine  to  introduce
the  novel  notion  of  “patriacide”.  It  is  suggested  in  conclusion  that  the  adoption  of  resolution
68/262 may give rise to the emergence of new rules of international law.

Case law special on Rome I Regulation

‣ ΕφΘεσ770/2019, Εφαρμοστέο δίκαιο στις συμβάσεις ασφάλισης μεταφοράς εμπορευμάτων [applicable law in insurance contracts]

‣ ΕφΠειρ 276/2019, Εφαρμοστέο δίκαιο στην αντιπροσώπευση κατά την κατάρτιση σύμβασης πώλησης. Εξαίρεση από τον ΚανΡωμ Ι [applicable law in authorized representation for concluding a sales contract ]

‣ ΜονΠρΠειρ 5326/2018, Εφαρμοστέο δίκαιο σε διαδοχικές συμβάσεις πώλησης. Μετασυμβατικός καθορισμός [applicable law in multiple sales contracts;  post-contractual agreement on the applicable law]

‣ ΔΕΕ, 8.5.2019, C-25/18, Kerr, Διεθνής δικαιοδοσία και εφαρμοστέο δίκαιο σε διαφορές από κοινόχρηστα [CJEU case C-25/18]

On 27 March 2014, the UN General Assembly adopted
Resolution 68/262 entitled «Territorial integrity of
Ukraine». It provisions should be interpreted in the context
of general international law. This article contains
an analysis of key provisions of Resolution 68/262 and
according practical recommendations as well as some
more general conclusions pertaining, in particular, to
international responsibility for assaults against States´
territorial integrity. The author arrives at the conclusion
that the adoption of Resolution 68/262 may lay a foundation
for the development of new norms of international
law – in particular, of those establishing responsibility
for patriacide.