Industrial Effluent

Rapid industrialization affects the environment in different ways by discharging the large amount of effluents as waste water in the surrounding water bodies, causing the serious problems to environment. Water pollution caused by industrial effluent discharges has become a worrisome phenomenon due to its impact on environmental health and safety. The effluents of some industries were collected and samples were analyzed to assess major ionic constituents, trace metal pollution and suitability for irrigation usage. An investigation has been made to ascertain the metals concentration in the effluents samples collected from different industries located in Choto kashor, Bhaluka. This study involves determination of physicochemical parameters and trace metals of industrial effluents at different study points. The pH of the effluent water ranged from 7.5 to 9.8 with a mean value of 8.59 indicating alkalinity of water. EC of all collected effluent samples were within the range of 94.87 to 365.58 +S cm-1 with an average of 263.082 +S cm-1  indicating effluents of low salinity. The DO was within the range of 0.30 to 1.3 mg L-1 indicating that aquatic life is in under stress. Total dissolved solids (TDS) ranged from 53.68 to 267.05 mg/L. Considering TDS, all the samples were rated as fresh water (<1000 mg L-1). On the other hand, the cationic chemistry indicated that most of the samples showed dominance sequence as Na > K > Ca. Concentrations of Cu (0.0405 mg/L) and Pb (0.0003 mg/L) were found lower the allowable levels of industrial waste water. Among the studied trace metals (Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu, and Zn), the dominant metal was Zn and although the concentration varied from 0.2 to 1 mg/L, which are suitable for irrigation but unsafe for the purpose of aquaculture. Besides this, all of the effluent samples possess no Cd and Ni which comprises less the minimum acceptance level indicating there is no possibility of Cd and Ni contamination to harm aquatic organisms along with irrigation. However, the waste water of the study area can be used for irrigation hence it is acceptable considering quality for aquaculture except some sampling sites. High values of some properties of distinct samples reveals the suitability for irrigation but restricted the suitability of water in this area for aquaculture and domestic use. Moreover it demands suitable water management as well as proper treatment and possesses the necessity to pre-treat the wastes prior to release to the environment or fully treatment when the wastes will be discharged directly to surface or ground waters.

Rapid Industrialization take part a key role in wealth of a country. Enormous growing Industrialization has resulted in production of liquid and solid wastes. Disposal of industrial wastes, especially on land has caused serious environmental problems. Land contamination is a severe issue as it alters the index and engineering properties of soils. Alteration of soil properties from industrial wastes results in foundation failures and structural damages. The present study communicates the study on index properties of alkaline soil by the application of partially treated Pharmaceutical industrial effluent. In this investigation, studies were conducted for identification of alkaline soils and analysation of industrial wastes of Pharmaceutical and also index properties of existing soil and blended pharmaceutical effluent soil.

The paper deals with understanding the pollution discharge scenario of the effluents released from different manufacturing industries situated along the Dombivali Industrial Belt of Mumbai, India. The study was performed from June, 2012 to May, 2013 to quantify the potentially toxic metals like Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, Fe and Zn which are present in the industrial effluents. On the basis of average annual concentrations of the above toxic metals, it was observed that the effluents released from dyeing industries were having high concentration of Cu (22.53 mg L-1) and Pb (13.14 mg L-1), amounting to 21.95 % and 65.24 % of the total Cu and Pb respectively. The effluents from fine chemical industries were found to have high Fe (51.14 mg L-1) and Zn (9.49 mg L-1) which corresponds to 28.45 % and 26.65 % of the total Fe and Zn respectively. The concentration of Ni (1.10 mg L-1) was maximum in the effluents discharged from textile industries, while Cr content (4.83 mg L-1) was maximum in the effluents released from oil and surfactant industries. It was observed that the majority of the above mentioned average annual concentration of potentially toxic metals (except Ni) were above the maximum tolerable limit set for the discharge of industrial effluents in the inland surface water. It is feared that the existing situation if neglected may cause severe long term damage to the surrounding population as well as to the ecosystem.

The major hurdle associated with water recycling in water-based paint manufacturing processes is microbial contamination and related deterioration of product quality and shelf life. The common problems associated with microbial degradation are change in viscosity, pH, colour and loss of surface adhesion properties. Owing to these reasons, water recycling is not widely practised in water-based paint manufacturing processes. The present study focuses on tertiary treatment of effluent by chemical coagulation and cross-flow microfiltration (0.2 μm pore size) to produce water of sufficient quality for reuse in various stages of water-based paint manufacturing. The coagulation and flocculation were carried out in a 'jar test' rig at a controlled pH, and coagulant dosage was optimised by turbidity and zeta potential measurements. The filtrate was subjected to cross-flow microfiltration and permeate was tested for necessary quality attributes. Screening of aerobic microbes and fungi were conducted by streaking the samples on nutrient agar and malt extract agar, respectively. Iron sulfide agar tubes were used for screening anaerobic microbes or the sulfate reducing bacteria. The tests showed that permeate was free from microorganisms. The process was implemented in a paint manufacturing plant in Malaysia, which resulted in 55% reduction in water consumption. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1093019102001223/1-s2.0-S1093019102001223-main.pdf?_tid=eab4807e-0ca1-11e4-905d-00000aab0f27&acdnat=1405485209_68484998010e31f0a4f9516f5d8603b1 
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1093019102001223

This study was conducted to ascertain the level of pollution caused by industrial wastes in the New Calabar River, Rivers state and their effects on the benthic fauna of the river. Two stations were selected within the study area. Sediment samples were collected using hand trowel twice a month for the period of 3 months white water samples were aseptically taken from the two stations using sterile crew capped bottles, once a month for the 3 months in the early hours of morning at low tides. These samples were carefully analyzed in the laboratory.  Fourteen (14) taxa of benthic macro-invertebrates were identified from the New Calabar River. Gastropoda and Crustacea were the most dominant classes. Station 1 recorded a high number of these species (Tubifex species, Limnodrilus species, Hirudo medicinalis, Limnobella australis, Lymnea natalensis, Afrogyrus species, Bulinus foskali, Pila ovata) while station 2 had none but one of these species (Afrogyrus species.). There was an abundance of these species (Chironomus species, Anephine species, Renetra species, Desmocaris trispinosa, Baetis species, Ophigomphus species) in station 2 compared to station 1 that had very limited number of these species. Those species abundant in station 2 (control) are pollution intolerant while those abundant in station 1 are pollution tolerant and can be used as indicators of biological stress in aquatic environment.  Absence of some of the benthic organisms like Baetis sp. from station 1 could be as a result of some environmental stress (physical, chemical and biological) or high level of pollution. In this case, the pollution could be caused by industrial wastes discharged into that station which probably resulted in an unfavorable increase in Oxygen Demand as other organic compounds are discharged into the water body. The presence of these pollution intolerant species in station 2 is highlighting a station free from pollution. Hirudo medicinalis, Limnodrilus sp. and Tubifex sp. appeared to be the most abundant species in the polluted site (station 1); this is because these species have the ability to withstand high level of pollution. Analysis of the environmental variables revealed that temperature values recorded were within the range 24⁰C - 27⁰C. The DO ranged from 0.8 to 1.2mg/l having a mean value of 1.0, these values are quite low but not abnormal considering the relative increase in temperature observed. The level of DO should not be overlooked however as this influences the health of aquatic ecosystem. BOD in station 1 was high, ranging from 12.8 to 15.6 mg/l while COD ranged from 15.6 to 19.0 with 17.3 as mean value. The deterioration of this water body has caused adverse effect on the ecosystem; a constant supervision to companies within the study area is necessary to ensure their effective treatment of effluents and wastes before disposal.

The mineralisation kinetics of petroleum refinery effluent (PRE) by Fenton oxidation were evaluated. Within the ambit of the experimental data generated, first-order kinetic model (FKM), generalised lumped kinetic model (GLKM), and generalized kinetic model (GKM) were tested. The obtained apparent kinetic rate constants for the initial oxidation step (k 2 ′), their final oxidation step (k 1 ′), and the direct conversion to endproducts step (k 3 ′) were 10.12, 3.78, and 0.24 min-1 for GKM; 0.98, 0.98, and nil min-1 for GLKM; and nil, nil, and &gt;0.005 min-1 for FKM. The findings showed that GKM is superior in estimating the mineralization kinetics. © 2014 Diya'uddeen Basheer Hasan et al.

http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/2014/252491.pdf

Cr (VI) being a toxic and carcinogenic pollutant should be removed from industrial effluents. In the present investigation, Cr (VI) was transported selectively with Cyanex 923 carrier from bulk feed phase to internal stripping phase using emulsion liquid membrane technique. The liquid membrane was prepared by loading with Cyanex 923 as the carrier, Span 80 as the surfactant, kerosene as the solvent and sodium hydroxide as the stripping agent and their effect on the process parameters such as concentration of the surfactant, the ratio of organic phase to internal phase in the membrane and membrane to external phase ratio were studied using Box-Behnken design and response surface method. A quadratic polynomial regression equation was used to analyze the experimental data. The experimental and predicted values were in good agreement. The experimental results showed that chromium ion was extracted within 5. min. The chromium ion concentration was measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0011916410005886/1-s2.0-S0011916410005886-main.pdf?_tid=aecd5702-0ca1-11e4-b272-00000aab0f6b&acdnat=1405485109_058613fba505104f438012f987709e86 
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916410005886

Treatment methodologies of dye containing wastewater fall into three types:
physical, chemical and biological. Biological methods have been proved to be
superior over various physicochemical methods because of lower cost. Biological
methods are safe for ecology also. Therefore, microorganism isolated from the site
of pollution will be tool of interest for treatment of the effluent. We isolated 11
bacterial cultures from river Yamuna water and tannery industrial effluent (5 & 6
cultures respectively). Of these 7 cultures were classified as Gram negative cocci, 3
cultures as Gram negative bacilli and remaining one as Gram positive bacilli. All
these isolates were screened for Acid Black dye de-colorization efficiency using
bacterial culture in dye supplemented solid and liquid culture media. Finally,
spectrophotometric analysis carried out to evaluate percent de-colorization of Acid
Black dye and thin layer chromatography analysis was carried out to study dye decolorization
mechanism. All the cultures showed dye de-colorization property
against tannery dye Acid Black (7.91% to 95.77%). The most promising cultures
(encoded as S.5.2) from Tannery effluents showed more than 90% de-colorization
while cultures (encoded as S.2.1 & S.5.1) from Yamuna water effluents showed
>50% de-colorization. TLC analysis confirmed the dye degradation property of
cultures S.5.2, as there were no dye specific spots in comparison to dye sample.
The Yamuna water and effluent both have efficient dye de-colorization bacteria.
TLC and bacterial pellet had showed decolouriszation of the dye by adsorption and
degradation. Strain S.5.2 can be proposed for further development of tannery waste
water clarification system.