İbrahim

Biocompatible poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly (vinylpyrrolidone) iodine/poly(ethylene glycol) fibers containing (hydroxypropyl)methyl cellulose (HPMC) and aloe vera were successfully prepared by electrospinning their aqueous solution. Aloe vera which is known to be effective in the treatment of various wounds was added to the polymer solution. HPMC was added to the system as the water retention agent. The hybrid fiber mats were subjected to detailed analysis using a differential scanning calorimeter, a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. Images obtained from the SEM showed that the polymer fibers were linear, homogenous, and contained no beading. The fiber diameters ranged between 100 and 900 nm. It was seen that the electrospun mats obtained could potentially be used as a material for dressing wounds. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011

The Complete Study of Viticulture and Oenology in the Egyptian Tombs project, IREP EN KEMET, Wine of Ancient Egypt, is a three-year scientific research project from the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, under the direction of Dr. Maria Rosa Guasch Jané, and funded by the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) in Portugal. This project has three main objectives: to provide scholars with a complete, comprehensive archaeological and bibliographical database for the scenes of viticulture and winemaking depicted in the Egyptian tombs throughout the ancient Egyptian history, to analyse and interpret the collected data to lead to a better understanding of the different aspects of wine in ancient Egypt, and finally to demonstrate the high level of system and creativity of the ancient Egyptians in wine manufacture.

his paper investigated and shed light on how social entrepreneurship enables T economic opportunities for the poor, thus eliminating social and economic problems in society. It also attempts to better understand the role of social entrepreneurship in enabling economic opportunities for the poor. To achieve the purpose, possible links through which social entrepreneurship enables economic opportunities are developed based on a survey of the literature. Data were collected through the use of the questionnaire. Using the descriptive survey method, random simple sampling technique was basically Spearman's Rank Correlation. The hypothesis was formulated. From the result, the model showed that social entrepreneurship has a positive significant impact on the economic opportunity for the poor as a measure (p-value (0.013) of the spearman's rank correlation is less than 0.05). The study recommended that individual and the government need to work hand in hand to promote social entrepreneurship and wealth creations.

This article studies the role of the Station of Abraham (Q. 2, 125 and 3, 97) in the Islamic tradition. Starting from Kister's researches, it explores Sufi exegesis of the Maqām Ibrāhīm from the earliest tafāsir (Tustarī, Qushayrī, Sulamī) to the Ibn ʿAjība's
commentary. A special section is devoted to Ibn ʿArabī's understanding of the Station of Abraham.

The Gentle Answer to the Muslim Accusation of Biblical Falsification was published in 2015 as a friendly appeal to Muslim readers to reconsider any prohibitions to reading the Bible and an invitation to Muslims to "read and reason" together with Christians about our scriptures. Tang Soo Yugh then translated the book into Mandarin. This chapter is about the importance of history to the New Testament, compared with the Quran and Islamic thought generally.

The objective of this Safety Guide is to provide a simple, logical system for ranking radioactive sources in terms of their potential to cause harm to human health, and for grouping sources and the practices in which they are used into discrete categories. This categorization can assist regulatory bodies in establishing regulatory requirements that ensure an appropriate level of
control for each authorized source.

The reviewed literature highlighted the school feeding programme influence on the pupil's participation in class in terms of class involvement, enrolment, class attendance and dropout rate. The reviewed literature shows that interventions through the school feeding programme will enhance the numbers of children attending school as well as actively participating in class. These studies were however done in other areas affected by such calamities as drought and conflict and none was done of the influence of school feeding programme in Katsina metropolis hence a knowledge gap.

In this study, boron doped and undoped poly(vinyl) alcohol/zirconium-barium acetate (PVA/Zr-Ba) nanofibers were prepared using an electrospinning technique then calcinated at three different temperatures; 250 oC, 500 oC, 800 oC for 2 h. The
originality of this study is the addition of boron to metal acetates. The fibers were characterized by FT-IR, DSC, XRD and SEM. The addition of boron did not only increase the thermal stability of the fibers, but also increased their diameters, which gave stronger fibers. The FT-IR spectra of the fibers were in good accordance with literature data. The DSC results indicate that the glass transition (Tg) and melting temperatures (Tm) showed a change with the addition of boron. Also, boron doped fibers were observed to degrade at higher temperatures. XRD analyses showed that after further heat treatment at 800 oC, zirconia exists in two phases of tetragonal and monoclinic modifications. The systematic evolution of morphological features in the spun and the processed fibers were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The SEM appearance of the fibers showed
that the addition of boron resulted in the formation of cross linked bright surfaced fibers.

Çok değerli ve bilge bir kardeşim, kritik etmem için inisiyasyonla ilgili iki önemli çalışmayı göndermiştir. Hiçbir inisiyasyon akımına girmeyen benim gibi bir aceminin bu konuda söz söylemesi yanlış olur. Fakat dil ve İslamî ilimlerle ilgili bir teknisyen  olarak yaptığım çalışmalarıma dayanarak iki noktada bazı notlar yazacağım.

The object of this,work is to, determine how the mathematical model would predict the dynamic response of a pilot plant scale distillation column under extreme transient conditions, and to demonstrate the usefulness of the model in feed-forward control of 'the column. The data from the column will be compared with the calculated results. The comparison serves as a test for the mathematical model and its computer program. The control of distillation columns has received a considerably large interest in recent years. Because the separation processes by distillation are found an almost every phase of the chemical and petroleum industries. In order to ensure smooth and economic operation of the distillation column, flows of cooling, heating media and intermediate product should be disturbed as little as possible. Thus, an accurate control of product compositions and column performance is very important. A computer program· is developed for dynamic simulation of the column. The nonlinear equations of the dynamic model are solved numerically. This model requires simultaneous solution of over-all material balances, heat balances, equilibrium and efficiency relationships for each plate. condenser and the reboiler of the column. The component mole balance establishes the liquid flowrate. The vapor liquid relationships establish the vapor composition where
as the overall heat balance defines the vapor flow leaving the plate. The binary system of methanol-tertiary butyl alcohol is distilled in,twentyplate, which 10 cm internal diameter bubble cap distillation column which is made of glass.

Turkish

Bu calışmanın amacı pilot· tesis düzeyinde gecici durum şartlarındaçalışan bir damıtma kulesinin· dinamik tepkilerinin matematiksel model ile tahminini hesaplamaktır. Bir ikinci amacı da bu modelin ileri-beslemeli kule kontrolündak faydasını saptamaktır. Bu amaç için bir damitma kulesinde elde edilen veriler matematiksel model icin yazılan bilgisayar programı sonuclarıyla karılaştırılmıştır. Damıtma kulelerinin koritrolu son yıllarda büyük önem kazanmıştır. Çünkü damıtma ile ayırma işlemleri bütün kimya ve petrol sanayiinde geniş bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Damıtma kulelerinin düzenli ve ekonomik calışmaları için soğutma ve ısıtma ayrıca ara ürünlerinin sıcaklığı ve derişimlerinin öngörülen belli sınırlar içinde kalması gerekir. Bu nedenle damıtma kulelerinin iyi bir şekilde kontrol edilmesi önemlidir. Damıtma kulesinin çalışması hakkındaki dinamik model icin bir bilgisayar programı yazılmıştır. Bu·programdaki doğrusal olmayan denklemler nümerik metodla çözülmüştür. Bu cözümde her bir tepsi ve yoğuşturucu ile kazan için genel madde denkliği, ısı denkliği ve verim bağıntıları yer almaktadır. Sıvı akım hızları her bir bileşen için yazılan molar denkliklerle bulunmuştur. Buhar deişimleri buhar-sıvı denge bağıntısıyla, bir tepsiyi terkesen buharın hızıda genel ısı denkliğiyle bulunmuştur. Bu çalışmada deneysel veriler methanol-tersiyer bütül alkol karışımı ile, 10 cm çapındaki yirmi tepsili camdan yapılmış bir damıtma kulesinde elde edilmiştir.

Turkish coal is generally poor quality and the levels of chemical and radiological toxic trace elements in it are higher with respect to mean values of activity concentrations given in United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) Report. The main pathways through which the population living around soal-fired power plant (CFPP) is exposed to natural radionuclides are external and internal (ingestion and inhalation) dose and fly ash particles are the major component of the risk. It is estimated that the people working or living near the CFPP in Turkey receive a dose in between 0.1 mSv to 1 mSv extra from CFPP because nearly all the region of Turkey uranium (U) and thorium (Th) content in the coal are higher than 5 ppm to 7 ppm and around 25 ppm to 40 ppm respectively. Continuous monitoring is essential to determine occupational exposure levels in all stages of the coal fuel-cycle and proper measures should be taken to prevent direct contact of the ash pile with the top soil and local drainage systems.

Ibrahim bin Azzar bin Tahur bin Sarush bin Ra’uf bin Falish bin Tabir bin Shaleh bin Arfakhsad bin Syam bin Nuh dilahirkan di sebuah tempat bernama Faddam, A’ram, yang terletak di dalam kawasan kerajaan Babilonia sekitar tahun 2.295 SM. Kerajaan Babilonia waktu itu diperintah oleh seorang raja yang bengis dan mempunyai kekuasaan absolut lagi zalim yang bernama Namrudz bin Kan’aan.

This study focuses on the fabrication of poly(vinyl alcohol)/ poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)-Iodine nanofibers via electrospinning. Electrospun fibers were characterized by FT-IR, DSC and SEM techniques. DSC results indicated that the thermal stability of nanofibers were improved after the addition of chitosan and poloxamer 188. SEM images showed that the spongiform structure is much more compact and fibrous in the case of added chitosan, with an average fiber diameter of 374nm, whereas the addition of poloxamer 188 resulted in a more porous and beaded composition, with average fiber diameter of 489nm.

Current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of Au/PVA/n-Si (1 1 1) Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) have been investigated in the temperature range 80–400 K. Here, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) has been used as interfacial layer between metal and semiconductor layers. The zero-bias barrier height (ΦB0) and ideality factor (n) determined from the forward bias I–V characteristics were found strongly dependent on temperature. The forward bias semi-logarithmic I–V curves for different temperatures have an almost common cross-point at a certain bias voltage. The values of ΦB0 increase with the increasing temperature whereas those of n decrease. Therefore, we have attempted to draw ΦB0 vs. q/2kT plot in order to obtain evidence of a Gaussian distribution (GD) of the barrier heights (BHs). The mean value of BH and standard deviation (σ0) were found to be 0.974 eV and 0.101 V from this plot, respectively. Thus, the slope and intercept of modified vs. q/kT plot give the values of and Richardson constant (A⁎) as 0.966 eV and 118.75 A/cm2K2, respectively, without using the temperature coefficient of the BH. This value of A* 118.75 A/cm2K2 is very close to the theoretical value of 120 A/cm2K2 for n-type Si. Hence, it has been concluded that the temperature dependence of the forward I–V characteristics of Au/PVA/n-Si (1 1 1) SBDs can be successfully explained on the basis of the Thermionic Emission (TE) theory with a GD of the BHs at Au/n-Si interface.

A series of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP)/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hybrid nanofibers were fabricated by an electrospinning method, in order to be used as a potential wound dressing material. The effect of Aloe vera was investigated in terms of solution properties such as viscosity, conductivity, pH and surface tension. The nanofibrous wound dressing materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). SEM results revealed that the fiber diameters ranged between 200-500 nm and they were linear, homogenous and free of beads. DSC thermograms indicated that the addition of Aloe vera affects the crystal structure and efficiently cross-links the hybrid polymer, forming an amorphous structure with a melting temperature (Tm) of 219oC at an Aloe vera concentration of 3%. FTIR results clearly resolved the hybrid polymer structure of nanofibers obtained.

In this study, magnesia stabilized zirconia based nanocrystalline ceramics were produced through a polymer precursor route using gadolinium and boron. The powders were characterized during the various steps by structural and morphological techniques (FT-IR, XRD, and SEM). XRD results proved that a tetragonal phase is predominant for all samples with varying magnesium contents and no monoclinic zirconia solid solution appears. The crystallite sizes of the samples were calculated using Scherrer equation. The smallest crystallite size was obtained for the sample containing Zr/Mg/Ce/Gd/B ratio of 82/0/10/8/0. The lattice parameters were calculated for cubic, tetragonal, hexagonal, and orthorhombic structures. SEM results show all the samples have spherical grains. The average grain diameters were calculated for all the samples. The smallest average grain diameter was obtained for the sample containing Zr/Mg/Ce/Gd/B ratio of 82/0/10/8/0.

The dielectric properties and AC conductivity of Au/polyvinyl alcohol (Co, Ni-doped)/n-Si Schottky diodes (SDs) were investigated in the frequency range 1 kHz–1 MHz and in the temperature range 80–400 K. The frequency and temperature dependence of dielectric constant (ϵ′), dielectric loss (ϵ″), loss tangent (tan δ), AC electrical conductivity (σ ac ) and the real and imaginary parts of the electric modulus (M′ and M″) were found to be a strong function of frequency and temperature. The values of ϵ′, ϵ″ and tan δ decrease with increasing frequency, while they increase with increasing temperature, especially above 275 K. The values of σ ac increase with both increasing frequency and temperature. Such temperature-related behavior of σ ac can be attributed to the high mobility of free charges at high temperature. Electric modulus formalism was also analyzed to obtain experimental dielectric data. The values of M′ and M″ increase with increasing frequency, while they decrease with increasing temperature. The interfacial polarization, which more easily occurs at low frequencies and high temperatures, consequently contributes to the improvement of the dielectric properties of SDs.

The admittance technique was used in order to investigate the frequency dependence of dielectric constant ('), dielectric loss ("), dielectric loss tangent (tan), the ac electrical conductivity (σac) and the electric modulus of PVA (Ni-doped) structure. Experimental results revealed that the values of e, σac and the electric modulus show fairly large frequency and gate bias dispersion due to the interface charges and polarization. The σac is found to increase with both increasing frequency and voltage. It can be concluded that the interface charges and interfacial polarization have strong influence on the dielectric properties of metal-polymer-semiconductor (MIS) structures especially at low frequencies and in depletion and accumulation regions. The results of this study indicate that the ' values of Au/PVA/n-Si with Nickel-doped PVA interfacial layer are quite higher compared to those with pure and other dopant/mixture's of PVA.

In this study, poly(vinyl alcohol) were cross-linked with boron in varying concentrations and blend fibers were obtained with diameters ranging from 0.3 μ to 4.0 μm with the use of electrospinning process. The resulting product was characterized by SEM, DSC, and FT-IR techniques. There is no beading tendency in either boron doped or undoped fibers. When the amount of boric acid in PVA solutions was increased the conductivity of the polymer decreased. The data indicated the existence of boron oxide in the polymeric structure and the formation of B-O-C bond. SEM micrographs reveal that higher viscosity favors the formation of thicker fibers. Boron addition seems to disturb the easy detachment of the fibers from the tip of the Taylor Cone

The objective of this report is to address safety issues relevant to the disposal of disused sealed sources, and other limited amounts of radioactive waste, in borehole facilities. It is the first in a series of reports aiming to provide an indication of the present issues related to the use of borehole disposal facilities to safely disposal of disused sealed radioactive sources and other smaller quantities of radioactive waste and to identify areas were further work needs to be undertaken.

The fuel pellets produced by sol-gel technique were coated with boron nitride (BN). This was achieved through chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using boron trichloride and ammonia.
Mixing and chemical reaction take place at a temperature around 875 K. The coated samples were then sintered at 1600 K. Thermal reactor physics lattice-cell code WIMS-D/4 was used in the neutronic analysis of CANDU fuel bundle to observe the neutronic performance of the coated fuel. Three types of fuel were considered; fuel made of natural uranium, slightly enriched uranium (SEU, enrichment: 0.82 % U-235), and SEU with various BN coatings. The burnup calculations showed that feasible coating thickness is between 1 to 2 micrometer.

Pure urania- and urania-gadolinia-containing fuel pellets were coated with boron nitride (BN) to improve the physical and neutronic properties of the fuel. The BN coating seems to have a technological advantage over zirconium-diboride coating. The BN is chemically inert, corrosion resistant, withstands rapid temperature changes, and has a high thermal conductivity. Since gadolinia fuel has low thermal conductivity, the gadolinia content can be lowered in the fuel by coating it with BN. In fact, the existence of two burnable absorbers in a fuel introduces desired nuclear properties since gadolinia is a fast-burning and boron a slow-burning element. The BN was deposited on fuel from two different sources, (a) from the reaction of boron trichloride (BCl3) and ammonia (NH3) at 875 K and (b) from the decomposition of trimethylamine borate complex at 1200 K. The infrared and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra of BN from both precursors agreed with the available data in the literature. However BN powder from borane complex had a shifted XRD peak due to the presence of carbonaceous material in the structure. The BN powder-coated fuels were heated to 1400, 1525, and 1600K to sinter the BN. The examination under scanning electron microscope showed that grainy, rodshaped and layered BN coatings were achieved. Rodshaped structures were usually seen on gadolinia fuels. The increased thickness of coating favors the formation of a glassy looking layer. The BN from a borane complex seems to form a layered structure more easily than the BN from BCl3. The BN coated the surface of the fuels, and it did not penetrate into the fuels.

Boron doped PVA/Zr-Al acetate nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning using PVA as a precursor. The effect of calcination temperature on morphology and crystal structure was investigated at 250, 500, and 800 °C. The study also establishes the effect of boron doping on the morphology of PVA/Zr-Al acetate nanofibers at various calcination temperatures. The measurements showed that the conductivity, pH, viscosity and the surface tension of the hybrid polymer solutions have increased with boron doping. In addition, the fibers were characterized by FTIR, DSC, XPS, XRD and SEM techniques. The addition of boron did not only increase the thermal stability of the fibers, but also increased the average fiber diameters, which gave stronger fibers. The DSC results indicated that the melting temperature (Tm) of the fibers was increased from 256 to 270 °C with the addition of boron. XRD peak patterns showed that after further heat treatment at 800 °C, zirconia exists in two phases of tetragonal and monoclinic modifications. Moreover, alumina does not transform into the γ-Al2O3 and θ-Al2O3 phase at 800 °C. The SEM appearance of the fibers showed that the addition of boron resulted in the formation of crosslinked bright surfaced fibers.

The paper deals with the decade-long correspondence between Count Ádám I. Batthyány (1610–1659), both captain-general of Transdanubia and of the confinium contra Canisam, and a sipahi called Ibrahim, who served at the Ottoman fortress of Kanizsa. Ibrahim’s letters are dated from 1642 to 1652 – and even though we do not know any replies from the count, the relationship can be reconstructed. Ibrahim was most probably a captive in today’s Güssing around 1637. There he was able to get to know Batthyány’s officers, which acquaintance was put to use after his release. In his letters, which are shedding light on a high-ranking Ottoman officer, Ibrahim finds not only the count but his servicemen too: János Keczer, Péter Keglevich, Mihály Krizsanics, and Péter Ányos.
However, most of his letters are dealing with prisoners (Ottomans and Hungarians alike) and how to let them free. Ibrahim also paid attention to his ziamet-estates: Türke (Trdkova), Almásháza, and Halastó. Thanks to his correspondence and relation with count Batthyány, we see not only his career and financial status but we are able to have a closer look on Kanizsa and the surrounding fortresses, this open border zone area and its settlements in the 17th century.

In this study, chitosan and poly(vinyl alcohol) were cross-linked with boron in varying concentrations and chitosan and poly(vinyl alcohol) blend fibers were obtained with electrospinning process.
Viscosity and electrical conductivity results revealed that the increase in chitosan and boron content increased the viscosity of the solution and but decreased the electrical conductivity of the fibers. The peaks obtained with FT-IR analyses were in good agreement with literature. SEM micrographs also showed that wavy and curly fibers with relatively small diameters were obtained as the chitosan and boron concentrations were increased. Thermogravimetric data revealed that the formation of a more stable polymer structure as a result of the cross linking with boron

The dielectric properties of Au/PVA(Co,Ni-doped)/n-Si Schottky diodes (SDs) have been studied in the temperature range of 80-400 K. In this study, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) film was used as an interfacial layer between metal and semiconductor. The dielectric constant (ε′), dielectric loss (ε″), dielectric loss tangent (tan δ) and the ac electrical conductivity (σac) obtained from the measured capacitance and conductance are studied for Au/PVA(Co,Ni-Doped)/n-Si SDs. Experimental results show that the values of ε', ε″ and tanδ were found a function of temperature. The ac electrical conductivity (σac) of Au/PVA(Co,Ni-Doped)/n-Si SDs is found to increase with temperature.

Undoped and Mg doped ZnO nanofibers with different doping concentrations were successfully synthesized using the electrospinning technique. The nanofiber structures were calcined at 300 oC, 400 oC, 500 oC, and 600 oC respectively. It was observed that the nanofibers turned into a nanoparticular structure at the calcining temperature of 400 oC. The nanoceramic mats were characterized by the Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy and by the scanning electron microscopy. The electronic band transitions of as-deposited and calcined films were identified by the evaluation of the photoluminescence measurements at room temperature. It was observed that the exitonic transition energy of the ZnO nanostructure blue-shifted to a high energy value with an increasing Mg doping ratio. In order to estimate the decomposition temperature of the nanofibers turning into a nanoparticular structure, the nanofiber structure was calcined at temperatures between 300 oC and 400 oC, the temperature ramp being 20 oC. The evaluation of the emission spectra of the calcined structures show that the decomposition of electrospun nanofibers started at 320 oC. In addition, band gap energies of the samples were determined by the transmittance measurement of the samples and by the UV-VIS spectrophotometer at the room temperature.

Metal/polyvinyl alcohol/n-type silicon Schottky barrier (SB) devices have been fabricated in this study. The importance of this study is that PVA (Co, Zn doped) nanofiber film as an interfacial layer was formed by the electrospinning technique on n-type silicon substrate. The forward and reverse bias current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of this device were measured at room temperature. The ΦBo value of about 0.749 eV obtained from I–V characteristics indicates that the contact potential barrier exists at the interface between organic and inorganic semiconductor layer, that is, PVA/n-Si interface. The variation in the capacitance–voltage (C–V) and conductance–voltage (G/ω–V) characteristics of the Au/PVA (Co, Zn doped)/n-Si SB devices have been systematically investigated as a function of frequencies in the frequency range of 2 kHz–2 MHz at room temperature. The effects of density of interface states (Nss) and series resistance (Rs) on I–V, C–V and G/ω–V characteristics were investigated. The high-frequency capacitance (Cm) and conductance (Gm/ω) values measured under reverse bias were corrected to decrease the effects of series resistance. These results show that the locations of interface states between Si/PVA and series resistance have a significant effect on electrical characteristics of the Au/PVA (Co, Zn doped)/n-Si SB devices.

Current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of Au/PVA(Co,Ni-doped)/n-Si (111) SBDs have been investigated in the temperature range of 280-400 K. The zero-bias barrier height (ΦB0) and ideality factor (n) determined from the forward bias I–V characteristics were found strongly depend on temperature. The forward bias semi-logarithmic I-V curves for the different temperatures have an almost common cross-point at a certain bias voltage. While the value of n decreases, the ΦB0 increases with increasing temperature. Therefore, we attempted to draw a Φbo vs q/2kT plot to obtain evidence of a Gaussian distribution of the barrier heights, and to calculate the values of mean barrier height and standard deviation at zero bias, respectively.

Recently, considerable attention has been focused on zirconium oxide (ZrO2) which exhibits many desirable structural and electronic properties and has been used in many applications. For example it is a very attractive and promising material for low-voltage and short-wavelength electro-optical devices such as light emitting diodes and laser diodes; it also has other applications such as gas sensors and varistors [1-4]. This study is related to the preparation of boron doped ZrO2 material. The first step was the preparation of composite by mixing zirconium acetate with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) at a suitable temperature [5]. The resulting composite polymer was doped with boron using boric acid as boron source and then electrospun giving nano fibers. Finally, the resulting nano fibers were subjected to a thermal treatment at 250 oC, 500 oC, 800 oC to elucidate their morphological properties. The conductivity of the nano fibers obtained was measured with four probe technique and the boron supported polymer was observed to have a higher conductivity. The Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) results indicate that the glass transition (Tg) and melting temperatures (Tm) showed great change with the addition of boron and boron doped fibers were observed to degrade at higher temperatures. The SEM appearance of the fibers showed that the addition of boron resulted in the formation of cross linked bright surfaced fibers.

A dynamic, time-dependent model has been developed for simulation of an acute environmental transfer of radionuclides through agricultural systems. TRANFOOD is a computer code which calculates concentration of radionuclides in surface and root-zone soil, deep soil, produce and feed, and beef and milk from a given initial surface concentration of radioactivity from fallout. The preliminary validation of the model was carried out by comparing the results with Chernobyl Nuclear Accident data of the Federal Republic of Germany. The measured and calculated results are in agreement, inasmuch as nearly the same amount of peak specific activities were seen, but there is a sharp reduction of measured specific activity values for both /sup 137/Cs and /sup 131/I after May 5, 1986. The differences in observed and simulated values for this period is likely due to some protective actions which had been taken in the Federal Republic of Germany. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri . Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

For the first time, sodium cobalt oxide (NaxCo2O4) crystalline thermoelectric materials were obtained using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymerized complex sol-gel solution. PVA was used as polymer solution with sodium acetate/cobalt acetate, followed by calcination at 800oC. The sodium cobalt oxide calcined crystal structures were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The sol-gel solution calcined at 800oC and then sintered at the same temperature was single crystal and XRD results have an agreement with the literature values. The results indicated that the polymeric sol-gel method is a promising process for the synthesis of sodium cobalt oxide thermoelectric materials.

Takriben MÖ. 18. asırda Kenan’ı yurt edinmek amacıyla yola çıkan Sümerli kabilenin göçü, Yahudi milleti tarihinin başlangıcını oluşturur. Hz. İbrahim’in nesli olan bu topluluk Mısır’a yerleşmiş ve zaman içerisinde on iki kabileden müteşekkil bir yapıya bürünmüştür.  Uzun bir geçmişe sahip olan İsrailoğullarının tarihi müktesebatı ve peygamberlerine ait en net anlatımlar ise Tanah’ta yer almaktadır. İsrailoğullarının ve peygamberlerinin tarihsel anlatımlarının yoğunluğundan dolayı Tanah’a aynı zamanda bir tarih kitabı gözüyle de bakılabilir.
Yahudi dinsel anlatımının en önemli karakterlerinden biri şüphesiz ki İbrahim’dir. Zira Yahudilik, genel anlamıyla İsrailoğullarının İbrahim ile başlattıkları dini inancı ifade etmektedir. Bununla birlikte İbrahim sadece Yahudilik için değil, aynı zamanda İslam ve Hıristiyanlık açısından da önemli bir figür olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Kur’an-ı Kerim: “İbrahim ne Yahudi ne Hıristiyan idi; bilâkis o, tek Allah’a inanıp boyun eğmiş birisiydi, müşriklerden de değildi.”    İfadeleriyle İbrahim’in semavi dinler açısından önemini açıkça belirtmektedir. İbrahim’in Yahudi inancı için sahip olduğu önem, onun hayatının Tevrat’ta ayrıntılı bir şekilde yer almasına da sebep olmuştur. Bununla birlikte İbrahim ile ilgili anlatımlar Kur’an’ın pek çok ayetinde de yer almaktadır. Fakat Tevrat ve Kur’an arasında, İbrahim ile ilgili anlatımların bazı noktalarında farklılıklar bulunmaktadır. Bu farklılıklardan en dikkat çekeni, İbrahim’in ateşe atılması meselesidir. Kur’an İbrahim’in ateşte atıldığından (Enbiya 21: 68/69), fakat onun Allah’ın bir mucizesi eseri ateşte yanmadığından (Enbiya 21: 68/69) bahseder. Tevrat’a bakıldığı zaman ise böyle bir anlatımdan bahsedilmediği görülmektedir. Yahudi kutsal kitabının peygamberler ile ilgili ayrıntılı anlatımlara sahip olduğu düşünüldüğünde böylesine büyük bir mucizeden hiç bahsedilmemesinin sebebi ne olabilir?
Makalemizde öncelikle Yahudi ve İslam müktesebatından, ateşe atılma kıssasının yer aldığı metinlerden bahsedilecektir. Daha sonra kıssanın ve konumuzun temel kavramını oluşturduğundan dolayı “ateş” kelimesinin Tevrat’ta ne şekilde ve hangi varyantlarla yer aldığı ele alınacaktır. Devamında ilgili kıssanın kutsal metinlerde ki gerçekliğine dair yapılan eleştiriler konu edilecektir. Sonuç bölümünde ise ele alınan konular toparlanacak, dini metinlerin akademik üslupla ele alınması amacımızdan dolayı, kıssa anlatımının sıhhati ile ilgili herhangi bir yargıya varılmayacaktır.

In this work, we investigate the some main electrical and photocurrent properties of the Au/PVA(Co-doped)/n-Si diodes by using current-voltage (I–V) measurements at dark and
various illumination intensity. Two types of diodes with and without Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (Co-doped) polymeric interfacial layer were fabricated and measured at room temperature.
Results show that the polymeric interfacial layers and series resistance (RS) strongly affect the main electrical parameters of these structures. Also, metal/polymer/semiconductor (MPS)
diode with PVA (Co-doped) interfacial organic layer is very sensitive to the light such that the current in reverse bias region increase by 103-104 times with the increasing illumination
intensity. The open circuit voltage Voc and short-circuit current Isc values of this MPS diode under 100 mW/cm2 illumination intensity were found as 0.28 V and 19.3 micro Angstrom, respectively.