IC50

Objective: Determination of the IC50 value of the active Fraction was carried out to see the antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of mangosteen peel (Garcinia mangosteen) Mangosteen peel is known to have very strong antioxidant activity. The research began with maceration of mangosteen peel with ethanol solvent. Then, the mangosteen peel extract was fractionated with three solvents, namely those with different polarities, namely water, dichloromethane, and n-hexane. Methods: The ethanol extract of mangosteen rind was further fractionated using n-hexane, dichloromethane, and water, then the solvent was removed by evaporation. The three resulting fractions were measured for antioxidant activity using the DPPH method with Querc etin as a comparison. The active Fraction with the highest IC50 value is then compared with the extract, and the comparison is seen with TLC. Next, the Fraction was tested with GC to see the remaining solvent. And then continued with determining alpha mangostin levels in all f ractions using UHPLC. Results: IC50 value for each n-hexane fraction was 50.65µg/ml, the dichloromethane fraction was 34.66µg/ml, and the water fraction was 45.72µg/ml. The results of the solvent test showed that there was no residual solvent in the dichlormethane fraction, as seen from the chromatogram results. The results of the assay showed the following results: n-Hexan fraction 25.18%, DCM fraction 31.23%. Conclusion: The dichloromethane fraction showed the highest antioxidant activity with the best IC 50 value and had higher levels of alpha mangostin than the water and n-hexane fractions.

In this investigation, CuO NPs, Cu-MnNCs, and Cu-Co NCs were synthesized by the sol gel method in the presence of the stabilizing agent polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). These nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The chemical structure and existence of bonding of PVA integration with nanoparticles were verified by the FTIR analysis. The SEM investigations revealed that the average particle sizes of CuO NPs, Cu-Mn NCs, and Cu-Co NCs were 64.5, 87.5, and 69.0 nm, respectively. Additionally, the XRD analysis supported their nano sizing.<br />The antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activities were assessed against 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) with IC50 values of 78.9, 67.8, and 60.8 g/ml, respectively. The antioxidant activities showed that they inhibited the effects of oxidative metabolites.<br />The IC50 value is a quantitative measure that reveals the presence of certain inhibitory chemicals required to block the biological process in vitro .The biological component could be an enzyme, microorganism, or cell receptor. The enzyme inhibition activities of CuO NPs, Cu-Mn NCs, and Cu-Co NCs against urease were found to be 18.5, 23.7, and 34.5 uM, respectively. These characteristic properties suggested that these nanocomposites have biomedical applications. Moreover, they can be efficiently employed for therapeutic purposes.

Objective: Determination of the IC50 value of the active Fraction was carried out to see the antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of mangosteen peel (Garcinia mangosteen) Mangosteen peel is known to have very strong antioxidant activity. The research began with maceration of mangosteen peel with ethanol solvent. Then, the mangosteen peel extract was fractionated with three solvents, namely those with different polarities, namely water, dichloromethane, and n-hexane. Methods: The ethanol extract of mangosteen rind was further fractionated using n-hexane, dichloromethane, and water, then the solvent was removed by evaporation. The three resulting fractions were measured for antioxidant activity using the DPPH method with Quercetin as a comparison. The active Fraction with the highest IC50 value is then compared with the extract, and the comparison is seen with TLC. Next, the Fraction was tested with GC to see the remaining solvent. And then continued with determining alpha mangostin levels in all fractions using UHPLC. Results: IC50 value for each n-hexane fraction was 50.65µg/ml, the dichloromethane fraction was 34.66µg/ml, and the water fraction was 45.72µg/ml. The results of the solvent test showed that there was no residual solvent in the dichlormethane fraction, as seen from the chromatogram results. The results of the assay showed the following results: n-Hexan fraction 25.18%, DCM fraction 31.23%. Conclusion: The dichloromethane fraction showed the highest antioxidant activity with the best IC 50 value and had higher levels of alpha mangostin than the water and n-hexane fractions.

Objectives: Secondary metabolites obtained from different plants have been the starting material for designing different drugs. Polyphenols are the secondary metabolites that shows myriad varieties of pharmacological activities. Different polyphenols have been found to be cardioprotective and paved the path towards development of cardioprotective formulations. In the present study, we have analyzed the inhibitory potential of tea catechins, a group of polyphenols, on the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) - the enzyme responsible for various cardiovascular diseases.

Methods: Binding affinity of catechins against known cardioprotective drug target were calculated by performing the docking experiment using FlexX and IC50 values of the compounds were predicted by QSAR analysis.

Results: ADMET screening revealed that catechins were non-toxic and obeyed Lipinski's rule. The docking studies showed greater affinity of the catechins towards the active site of drug target. QSAR analysis revealed that the catechins have significant IC 50 values.

Conclusion: The study suggests that catechins may be Angiotensin Converting Enzyme targeted potent new drug for treating Cardiovascular diseases.

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Objective: The objective of the present study is to determine antioxidant activities and phytochemical screening of ethanol extract from surian leaves (Toona sinensis). Methods: This study evaluated the antioxidant activity and conducted phytochemical screening of ethanol extracts obtained from surian leaves. Phytochemical screening was performed using qualitative Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC), and antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH method. Results: The results revealed the presence of polyphenolic compounds (153.10±0.310 mg/g), tannins, flavonoids (33.19±0.890 mg/g), monoterpenoids, quinones, and saponins with Rf values of 0.607±0.019 (flavonoids) and 0.958±0.019 (terpenoids) 0.513±0.038 (steroids) 0.418±0.019 (phenolics). The antioxidant activity test of the ethanol extract from Surian leaves yielded an IC50 value of 12.351±0.092 ppm, which closely matches the IC50 value of the reference vitamin C (7.805±0.686 ppm). Conclusion: In conclusion, based on research methods, the ethanol extract of surian leaves contains flavonoid and phenolic compounds which show strong antioxidant activity.

Objective: The present investigation was undertaken to appraise the antioxidant properties and the total crude alkaloid extract of Glycosmis pentaphylla leaves. Methods: Radical attenuating abilities of total crude alkaloid extract were ascertained by six in vitro assays such as 2, 2-diphenyl 1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH •) radical scavenging assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP), 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS•+) radical scavenging assay, nitric oxide (NO) scavenging assay, hydroxyl radical (OH •) scavenging assay, and reducing power capacity assessment. Results: The total crude alkaloid extract showed a considerable antioxidant potentiality in comparison with the standards as evidenced by the IC50 values obtained in the DPPH • (966.93 µg/ml), FRAP (510.81 µg/ml), ABTS•+(400.47 µg/ml), OH • (1805.28 µg/ml), NO (1426.50 µg/ml). In the reducing power assay, the total crude alkaloid extract showed a concentration dependent reducing power potential. Conclusion: These results suggest the potential of Glycosmis pentaphylla as a curative against free-radical-associated oxidative damage diseases.

The effects of lead (PbCl2) increment, under hydroponic conditions up to 15, 45 and 90 mg/l in presence of EDTA, on some physiological and biochemical traits of one year old saplings of P. nigra and P. alba, were investigated. Six weeks after establishing in target concentration, the amount of lead, biomass, water, soluble sugars, proline, electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde, and pigments were assessed in different organs. The results revealed that with increasing lead concentration in culture medium in the studied period, the amount of lead in saplings increased, but no effect was observed on their biomass. In both species the magnitude of lead accumulation in root was higher than leaf. P. nigra had more water and less soluble sugars than P. alba. The concentration of soluble sugars increased up to 1.5 times with lead increment in both species, but proline content increased only in P. nigra up to 2 times and remained constant in P. alba. Elevation of electrolyte leakage in sapling...

Objective: The present study deals with the cytotoxic activity of n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of Calotropis gigantea L. stem bark and its fractions such as A, B, C, D and E fractions on murine leukemia cell line P388. Methods: The crude extracts of C. gigantea stem bark were prepared using n-hexane and ethyl acetate solvents. The plant extracts were subjected to vacuum liquid chromatography followed by TLC. According to the similarity of stain patterns, the fractions were combined. The extracts and its combined fractions were then subjected for the phytochemical test. Cytotoxic activity of those extracts and its combined fractions were tested using MTT assay. Fraction D was subjected to gravity column chromatography followed by TLC. Then, fractions A, B, and D2 were crystallized and subjected to GC-MS. Results: The qualitative screening of n-hexane extract of Calotropis gigantea L. stem bark for secondary metabolites showed the presence of terpenoid, flavonoids, phenolics and coumarins. While the ethyl acetate extract contained phenolics, steroids, flavonoids, saponins and coumarins compounds. IC50 values for n-hexane extract and E fraction are 76.29 µg/ml and 18.48 µg/ml, respectively. In the ethyl acetate extract and C fraction obtained IC50 Conclusion: Cytotoxic activity from E fraction of n-hexane extract of C. gigantea stem bark is the most potent and containing flavonoids, phenolics and coumarins. The main components from several compounds of n-hexane extract of C. gigantea are germacrane-A, (-)-globulol, urs-12-ene and veridiflorol. values 57.05 µg/ml and 52.58 µg/ml.

Introduction: Phytases are the class of phosphatases, which are capable of hydrolyzing phytic acid. Phytases with the phytate degradation are able to reduce or eliminate the harmful effects of phytate. Acidic and thermal stable phytase with high yield and purity by a relatively inexpensive system had extensive application. So, in this study, by modification in enzyme sequence, recombinant phytase production with the shorter length and high expression level was assessed. Materials and Methods: The phytase gene sequence was obtained from the NCBI database. After bioinformatics studies and doing the noted modification for increasing protein expression, gene proliferation was done by using PCR. E. coli BL21 (DE3) was used to express the protein. Protein purification was performed by Ni-NTA kit and finally, enzyme activity was assessed. Results: Phytase was successfully expressed and purified. Enzyme activity assay showed a significant activity. Conclusion: Produced recombinant phytase h...

Marine algae are a well-known source of active compounds with many biological activities. Many studies had point to the anti-microbial and anti-diabetic activity of seaweeds. Egyptian shores are rich with seaweeds, yet studies concerning their biological activity are inadequate. In the present work, the 80% methanolic extract of six seaweeds (Actinotrichia fragilis, Cystoseira myrica, Hormophysa cuneiformis, Laurencia papillosa, Sargassum cinereum, and Turbinaria turbinate) were tested for their antimicrobial activity using disc diffusion method and anti-diabetic activity using the Inhibition of α-glucosidase method. The six species were collected from Hurghada, Red Sea, Egypt during late December, 2012. The results should that the algal extracts were effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria when used at 2000µg/disc concentration. On Candida albicuns, both low and high concentrations showed activity. For anti-diabetic activity, H. cuneiformis was the most active species that reached to 53% inhibition of α-glucosidase at the highest concentration (1000 µg/ml) with IC 50 676.9 µg/ml. In conclusion, the tested seaweeds possess a good anti-microbial and anti-diabetic activity, especially the species Hormophysa cuneiformis.

Objective: Hibiscus sabdariffa, known as Roselle, is a widely-cultivated herb in Indonesia and has been consumed as an herbal drink due to its medicinal properties. The purpose of this research is to identify the antioxidant activity and phytochemical profile of Hibiscus sabdariffa. Methods: The Hibiscus sabdariffa samples were extracted and macerated with three different organic solvents: ethyl acetate, ethanol, and n-hexane. These extracts were then analyzed using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and phytochemical tests to identify the extracts' secondary metabolites. The extracts' antioxidant activity was evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Results: The phytochemistry tests were positive for glycosides, alkaloids, steroids, triterpenoids, tannins, and flavonoids. The TLC analysis revealed that the extracts containing two to three organic compounds. The ethanol Hibiscus sabdariffa extracts with an IC50 value 103.63 ppm showed stronger antioxidant activity than the ethyl acetate extract. Conclusion: Ethanol Hibiscus sabdariffa extracts may be a potential source of natural antioxidant.

Materials and Methods: Sea cucumber fishery samples after washing were crushed and powdered. The methanol, chloroform and hexane extracts of body wall, gonads and intestine were prepared. The antibacterial effect of the extracts was studied on the E.coli at several concentrations. Also minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of the extracts were studied against bacteria.

Introduction: Medicinal plants are rich in secondary metabolites and contain the active ingredients of many drugs (Davari et al., 2018). Over the years, the secondary metabolites in plants have been used to treat most diseases due to their ease of access and use and fewer side effects compared to chemical products (Fazelinasb et al., 2017). Fungi are one of the types of medicinal plants that have attracted the interest of researchers in recent years. Ganoderma Lucidum is an annual fungus of the genus Basidiomycetes belonging to the class Agaricomyc, order Ployporaceae and family Ganodermataceae (Chen et al., 2017). This effective medicinal fungus has been known in East Asian countries for about 2000 years, such as Reishi or Mannetake in Japan (ten thousand years old fungus) and Ling Chih, Ling Chu and Ling Zhi (immortal fungus) in China and Korea is famous (Robertos 2004). Medicinal properties of Ganoderma Lucidum are due to the presence of biologically active compounds such as polysaccharides, sterols, amino acids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, proteins and peptides (Peterson 2006). As triterpenes and polysaccharide are the most important chemical compounds in Ganoderma that most scientific research has been done on them (Stemets 2000). One of the most important polysaccharides in Ganoderma lucidum is Glucan, which strengthens the immune system (Wang et al., 2002). The polysaccharides in Ganoderma lucidum also have antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, and radiation protection properties, and the protein in it has anti-tumor and anti-diabetic activity (Gao et al., 2004). Ganoderma lucidum contains a variety of compounds, including ketones, esters, lactones, alcohols, ethers, and hydroxybenzene (Taskin et al., 2013). The polyphenolic portion of Ganoderma lucidum consists mainly of flavonoids such as Quercetin, Routine, Myersitin, Morin, Hesperetin, and Naringenin (Saltarelli et al., 2015, Veljovic et al., 2017).
Different methods are used to extraction plant extracts such as ultrasound, microwave, supercritical fluid and maceration. Each of the above methods has a different ability in extracting plant compounds, depending on the sample, type of solvent used and extraction conditions.
In the maceration method, the mass of the desired compound is transferred from the sample to the solvent used while the solution is in contact with the sample. Extraction also depends on the particle size and properties of the plant tissue. Extraction efficiency in maceration method is generally higer than new extraction methods and the probability of heat damage in this method is lower (Wang et al 2002).
Material and method: Ganoderma Lucidum was obtained from the Department of Medicinal Plants of the University of Tehran. The materials used for the tests, including methanol solvent, was purchased from Pars Shimi Company, Iran. Folin ciocalteu reagent was purchased from Merk Company, Germany. Galic Acid, DPPH reagent, and sodium carbonate were purchased from Sigma Company, USA.Ganoderma lucidum was extracted by using the Shon method with modifications.
The total amount of phenolic compounds in the Ganoderma lucidum extraction was measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. In this method, Folin reagent is reduced in the presence of phenolic compounds in alkaline solution and blue color is produced in the solution. Color intensity can be determined at a wavelength of 765 nm by the optical spectrometer.
Evaluation of free radical inhibition activity with Diphenyl Picrylhydrazyl was measured. The IC50 factor, which represents the amount of required sample to inhibit 50 percent of free radicals, was used for better assessment of antiradical activity. The lower the IC50, the higher would be antioxidant potential (low concentrations of the sample can prevent large amounts of free radicals ( Khalili and Ebrahimzadeh 2015). Minitab software version 16 was used to design the treatments from the response level method, the Box- Behnken model, and to assess the optimal conditions for extraction from Ganoderma Lucidum by the statistical method of the response level.
Results and discussion: different extraction conditions (temperature, time, and type of solvent) had significant effects on the total amount of phenolic compounds and IC 50 of Ganoderma lucidum extract, so that the total amount of phenolic compounds of produced extract from Ganoderma lucidum ranged from 7.244 to 21.089 mg g-1, and IC 50 ranged from 2.409 to 8.369 mg ml-1. The results show that increasing temperature (20 to 40 C°), extraction time (12 to 48 h), and application of methanol solvent, compared to the use of water solvent and a mixture of 50/50 water and methanol, significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increases the total extraction of phenolic compounds and decreases the amount of IC 50 from Ganoderma Lucidum.
The linear effects of all three variables of temperature, time and type of solvent, and square effect of solvent type (C2) on the total extraction of phenolic compounds and IC 50, were significant (P≤ 0.05). Meanwhile, the square effects of temperature, extraction time, interactional effects of temperature, extraction time, solvent type on the total extraction of phenolic compounds, and IC 50 from Ganoderma lucidum were not significant (P <0.05).
According to Single optimization the maximum amount of phenolic composition of the produced extract from 20.9944 mg g-1 Ganoderma lucidum with 99.32 percent desirability was achieved in the following condition: 48 h of extraction time, 40 C° of temperature, and the use of methanol solvents  and the maximum antioxidant composition of the produced extract from Ganoderma lucidum which can inhibit free radicals was predicted to be 2.1128 mg ml-1 with 100 percent utility belonging to 48 h extraction time, 40 C° temperature, and use of methanol solvent.
According to Multiple optimizations total phenol optimum and IC 50 of the produced extract from Ganoderma lucidum. It was predicted that the optimal conditions for the produced extract from Ganoderma lucidum by maceration method to achieve the maximum total phenolic composition and the minimum amount of IC 50 multiple with 99.662 percent of desirability on 48 h of extraction time, 40 C° of temperature and the using of methanol solvent that total phenol content and the IC50 were 20.9944 mg g-1and 2.1128 mg ml-1, respectively.
Conclusion: The results of this study proved that by optimizing the extraction conditions of Ganoderma Lucidum, a higher amount of its effective compounds can be achieved. Also, the response surface method can be an effective way to optimize the extraction conditions of effective compounds from Ganoderma Lucidum.

Increased blood sugar levels play an important role in the development of diabetes. Thus, inhibition of alpha-amylase enzyme inhibits the conversion of polysaccharides to glucose or reduces it. In diabetics, this enzyme can be effective in absorbing glucose from the gastrointestinal tract and preventing a rapid rise in blood sugar. Ascidians are known as a group of marine fauna rich in bioactive secondary metabolites. This study was aimed at evaluating the inhibitory effect of alpha-amylase activity on Phallusia nigra. Specimens of P. nigra belonged to Qeshm and Hormoz islands. Under vacuum, using a rotary evaporator, the samples were extracted from polarity, i.e. ethyl acetate, methanol and water-methanol, respectively. Moreover, the percentage of alpha-amylase inhibitor activity was evaluated based on DNSA method in vitro and acarbose was used as a positive control. The results revealed that among all extracts, the highest inhibitory percentage was related to acarbose at a concentration of 2000 µg/ml equal to 69.65% and the lowest value was related to water-methanolic extract at a concentration of 500 µg/ml and equal to 15.39%. The highest inhibitory activity was observed as acarbose>ethyl acetate>methanol>water-methanol. Furthermore, the results showed a direct relationship between the level of enzyme inhibition and the concentration of extracts. In this study, ethyl acetate extract had the highest inhibitory effect of alpha-amylase enzyme with IC50 equal to 1327.244 µg/ml, followed by methanolic extract with IC50 equal to 1529.68 µg/ml. Water-methanolic extract had the lowest inhibitory effect with IC50 and equal to 2334.01 µg/ml. The inhibitory percentage of acarbose was higher than other extracts (IC50=1158.40 µg/ml). Due to the inhibitory power of P. nigra extracts, they can be used in the future in the production of anti-diabetic drugs with minimal or no adverse side effects.

The preparation and spectral identification of new heterocyclic azo ligand 1,4-Bis(imidazolylazo)benzene (BIAB) was prepared by reacting a diazonium chloride salt solution of 1,4-diaminobenzene with imidazole in alkaline ethanolic solution. Differing spectral techniques have been used to study the structure of the azo dye ligand (BIAB) such as Elemental analysis (C.H.N), 1H-NMR, Mass spectrum, UV-Vis, FT-IR, XRD, FE-SEM and thermal analysis (TGA-DTA). The pathogenic activities of the synthesized ligand (BIAB) was tested in vitro against the sensitive organisms Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (gram-negative) as antibacterial and Aspergillus Niger and Candida albicans as antifungal. The activity data show that the ligand (BIAB) higher antibacterial and slightly antifungus activity in comparison to the standard antibacterial (Amoxicillin) and antifungal (cycloheximide) drugs. The acute toxicity studies (LD50) was calculated using by Miller and Tainter methods (Estimated Probity Units) for the calculation of LD50. In this study, different doses (600, 1000, 1300, 1800, 2500 and 3600 µg/ml)  of the (BIAB) was administered orally to the different groups of mice. The results exhibited high acute toxicity with LD50 of 1020.23 mg/kg upon intraperitoneal administration in mice. The antioxidant properties of the ligand was examined using the DPPH radical scavenging technique. IC50 was also determined at 224.17 µg/ml.

Introduction: The superoxide radical (O 2-), hydroxyl radical (OH) are generated in physiochemical pathways. All biological systems have innate antioxidant defence mechanisms but these mechanisms can be inefficient due to poor diet intake, pollution, stress and chemicals etc. Therefore, it is imperative to consume antioxidants to shield cells from destruction by free radicals. Shilajatu is such a drugs of prime importance that has been advocated in the management of various ailments ranging from Diabetes to Immunomodulation and Antioxidant. Materials and Methods: The antioxidant potential of Shuddha Shilajatu along with impact of geography and processing media on it, was determined by using DPPH i.e. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl Free Radical Scavenging Assay. Test was performed at the wavelength of 517 nm using 1 cm optical path cuvette at room temperature. The ultraviolet spectrum of Shuddha Shilajatu and Ascorbic acid was performed by UV-Vis spectrophotometer at different concentrations. The experiment was carried out in triplicate. The result was compared with ascorbic acid as it was taken as standard control under the same conditions. The sample concentration at which initial absorbance of DPPH solution get lowered by 50% has been considered as the endpoint for evaluating the antioxidant potential. Results: It has been found that Shilajatu samples processed in Triphala kwatha have shown better antioxidant profile than water processed samples. Moreover, sample procured from Amritsar showed much better antioxidant activity in comparison to Shilajatu sample procured from Nepal. Conclusion: Processing media and geography significantly modulate the effect and activities of Shilajatu.

Ethyl Butyrate (EB) are common ester components for Nitrocellulose (NC) lacquer thinner. They exhibit good solubility for NC lacquer, but they are flammable and explosive and could also bring negative effect on environment. In this paper, their dissolution rates, lower explosive limits (LELs) and the half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC 50) (on Dunaliella bardawil) were studied. Their dissolution rates for NC lacquer are about 39.64, 32.81, 23.56, 19.76, 26.50 and 19.36 mg/min, respectively. Their LELs are about 3.145%, 2.060%, 1.845%, 1.540%, 1.740% and 1.425%, respectively. And their IC 50 are about 20.47, 11.35, 3.18, 1.00, 3.37 and 1.98 g/L, respectively. Considering from the three aspects, MA is a better ester component for NC lacquer thinner than other five esters, while BA and EB are relative worse components for NC lacquer thinner.