Hoaxes

Literasi digital menjadi salah satu solusi untuk melawan kecepatan disinformasi dan misinformasi yang tersebar melalui internet. Namun, bagaimana sebuah mekanisme Pendidikan tersebut dapat melawan deras dan cepatnya serbuan disinformasi dan misinformasi?

Paparan ini menyajikan studi kasus mengenai pemahaman dan rasionalitas perempuan pada penggunaan internet dan penyebaran hoaks, serta melihat potensi kuasa (power) perempuan sebagai agen perubahan (agent of change) dalam menyebarkan virus anti hoaks dan mengklaim kembali manfaat positif internet bagi mereka sendiri, anak-anaknya, keluarganya, dan juga komunitas di sekitar mereka. 

Studi dilakukan bersama perempuan kelas menengah bawah di tiga wilayah sub-urban Indonesia, dengan usia 35-50 tahun, dan pengguna internet aktif. Studi menemukan pengetahuan dan kemampuan perempuan dalam penggunaan internet sangat terbatas pada media sosial seperti facebook dan whatsapp, tanpa pengetahuan mengenai peramban atau browser serta kredibilitas pembuat berita. Keterbatasan pengetahuan ini menjadikan pengecekan fakta tidak pernah dilakukan. Penggunaan internet oleh perempuan sebagai generasi digital immigrant bergantung pada generasi digital native dalam mengoperasikan internet.

Namun, studi ini juga menemukan bagaimana perempuan yang menjalankan berbagai peran sentral dalam ranah publik dan domestik secara simultan memiliki potensi kuasa (power) dalam menularkan virus anti hoaks secara cepat; serta dalam menjalankan peran gatekeeper dalam menangkis hoaks bagi keluarga dan sistem sosialnya.

Una de las principales formas de hacer comentario social es por medio del humor. La tecnología en Internet permite transmitir de manera eficiente dichos comentarios a través
de vínculos; o bien, ofrece herramientas para formular y distribuir nuevos mensajes propios.
Las imemes, aquello que es retransmitido y modificado por los usuarios, constituyen una de las formas más fáciles de retransmitir humorísticamente críticas sociales.

Es importante identificar y estudiar fenómenos de los que ya se tiene conocimiento en la red, así como descubrir nuevos, al momento de formular o enfrentarse a imemes con agenda
política y social. Entre estos fenómenos a considerar están la ley de Poe; el efecto Streisand; los hoaxes; la resignificación; y las memes forzadas, ascendidas y desacreditadas. No tener en
cuenta estos fenómenos, o hacerlo de manera ingenua, puede provocar que las acciones para crear, utilizar o contrarrestar imemes sean contraproducentes.

Many genres and media create a blurring line between reality and fiction. Radio serials and in particular radio soap operas have inspired devotion in their listeners to the point where their fans throw themselves wholeheartedly into a universe of outward unreality and inward reality. This leads to framing errors, by which I mean an extension of blurring of reality. We will look at several examples from world radio soaps, including those from the US, Britain, Turkey, France, and Poland. However, radio soap operas do not have a monopoly on the blurring line between reality and fiction. Instead, audio drama is poised to profit well from this uncertainty and has shown itself capable of it many times, beginning in the 1920s in Europe and most famously in War of the Worlds (1938). War of the Worlds is, however, not the end of the story, and the way audio drama uses framing errors continues to this day. The study

How do philosophical accusations of talking nonsense relate to the layperson’s notions of meaning and meaningfulness?  If one were to explain carefully what philosophical nonsense was supposed to be, would one be greeted with incredulity?  How do people react to being accused to talking nonsense themselves?  Is anything analogous to an illusion of meaning recognised in everyday life?  In dream-reports perhaps?  Or in the utterances of schizophrenics or those under the influence of drugs?  Or in certain jokes and hoaxes?  Are contradictions felt to be meaningless?  I argue that, though it is clear that experimental philosophy could shed some light on these questions, their subject matter creates special difficulties.  First, it is more difficult than usual to formulate questions and produce ‘vignettes’ that do not subtly encourage certain responses at the expense of others.  Second, the fact that philosophical nonsense is a metaphilosophical concept ensures that its investigation is going to be more indirect than would be that of knowledge or intention, for example.

In 1987, fifteen-year-old Tawana Brawley was discovered in a garbage bag in her Poughkeepsie-area neighborhood, covered in dog feces and racial slurs. In the months that followed, a number of men were accused of abducting and raping her. Brawley never made any public statements or testified under oath about her alleged kidnapping and sexual assault, but after a grand jury found in 1988 that no crime had been committed against her, one of her alleged attackers sued her for defamation and the intentional infliction emotional distress. This essay analyzes the Brawley affair in the context of that civil trial, in which the plaintiff was awarded damages not for the actions Brawley supposedly committed as a teenager, but for her failure in the intervening years both to apologize for her alleged hoax and to acknowledge the Court’s authority over her. I examine the notions of publicity and privacy in the Brawley affair, both during the trial and in the intervening years, and suggest that Brawley offers important insights about black resistance.

This article has been accepted for publication in Quarterly Review of Film and Video published by Taylor & Francis. This is the Author’s Original Manuscript.

Most scholarship on DVD supplements has emphasized how such materials operate in unusually close proximity to the primary text, with these bonuses often characterized as being heavily guided by the interests of the filmmakers and/or the releasing studio. Extras that are “unruly” (in the terminology of John Thornton Caldwell) now tend to be excluded from the final package, to avoid the potential for scandal or legal challenges. This article will consider the DVD editions of the feature films Blood Simple (1984), Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story (2004), and Incident at Loch Ness (2004), which contain faked examples of unruly commentary tracks. In these examples, the participants appear incompetent and narcissistic, with little to no overt textual indication elsewhere on the disc that the contents should be interpreted humorously. The material offers insights into the production of “regular” DVD commentaries, highlighting the content restrictions, censorship, and post-production editing often necessary to produce a track that masquerades as an intimate recording, supposedly captured in real time. The question remains, however, whether these faked texts are truly subversive, or whether they are simply designed to reiterate the comic mastery, and validate the auteurist control, of the creators when the hoax is revealed.

Désignée « mot de l’année » en 2017 par le dictionnaire Collins, la formule fake news, notamment en raison des usages qui en sont fait par le président Trump, n’en finit pas d’alimenter le débats et la chronique médiatique. S’agit-il d’un fait nouveau, ou bien d’un simple mot-valise à la mode recouvrant d’autres phénomènes mieux connus tels que les rumeurs, les théories du complot, la propagande ou encore la désinformation ?
Partant de ce questionnement, il s’agira dans un premier temps de définir ce que sont les fake news, de comprendre leurs canaux de diffusion, les raisons de leur attrait pour le public avant, enfin, d’envisager quelques pistes de réflexion pour ne plus « se laisser avoir ».

Täuschung und Betrug in der Wissenschaft, sowie Fragen rund um die Begriffe „Original“ und „Fälschung“ mit repräsentativem Beispiel die Fälschungen des Konstantinos Simonides sind die thematischen Schwerpunkte rund um die sich das Symposium dreht, das vom Institut für Byzantinistik und Neogräzistik der Universität Wien veranstaltet wird. Das Symposium findet vom 13. November 2014 bis zum 14. November 2014 in der Aula am Campus der Universität Wien (Hof 1) statt und wird durch eine Ausstellung begleitet (Vernissage: Mittwoch 12 November 2014, 20:00, Institut für Kunstgeschichte, Hof 9).
Organisation: Andreas E. Müller, Lilia Diamantopoulou und Christan Gastgeber.

In 1989, a copy of the Book of Mormon was donated to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints containing, purportedly, marginal annotations made by Elvis Presley. Over the next several years, various speakers, newspaper columnists, and even a documentary film producer made claims that Elvis really had made these markings. The author of this article, who is director of the Church History Library, conducted an in-depth analysis of the book and its markings. He worked with Elvis Presley handwriting authenticators and studied the final weeks of Elvis’s life. His analysis concluded that none of the annotations in the book came from Elvis, nor did he likely have time to read the book between the time it was given to him and his death. The evidence presented in this article shows that this story deserves to be discarded.

Pada zaman modern dan globalisasi saat ini, informasi sangat mudah menyebar dengan keberadaan perangkat elektronik canggih. Jika sebelumnya informasi baru bisa didengar oleh masyarakat luas melalui media cetak maupun dari mulut ke mulut, kemudian dengan kemunculuan media elektronik seperti Televisi dan Radio, dan yang paling mutakhir adalah dengan melalui media ponsel cerdas atau gawai. Dalam hitungan menit, informasi yang disebarluaskan di internet dapat dengan mudah diakses oleh pemilik ponsel cerdas di seluruh penjuru Indonesia. Kini, seluruh lapisan masyarakat telah memiliki Ponsel Cerdas atau gawai. Akses internet juga relatif lebih murah bila dibandingkan dengan kondisi satu – dua dasawarsa silam. Kecanggihan ponsel cerdas ini juga mempermudah penggunanya dalam memperoleh informasi. Kemudahan untuk memperoleh akses inilah yang menyebabkan informasi dapat diakses dengan mudah dan cepat oleh rakyat Indonesia pada umumnya. Akan tetapi, kemudahan dalam menyebarluaskan dan memperoleh informasi ini menjadi celah bagi segelintir pihak untuk menyebarkan Hoax.

Otro impactante e interesante libro por parte del autor Henry Makow que nos expone explícitamente lo que muchos aun no quieren creer acerca no solo de los Illuminatis, sino de todo lo que acontece en el mundo y que desde hace décadas de décadas ya ha sido planeado con suficiente antelación por parte de personas que actualmente no son humanas y que son satanistas poseídos por entidades (demonios) que controlan sus cuerpos y voluntades!.
En al mundo entero nada de lo que aparenta es real (benévolo) y nada de lo que el sistema expone es para el bien y el progreso del mundo entero!
Entiéndase que todo lo que los Medios de Comunicación, Gobiernos, Organizaciones, Bancos, Comercio, Educación, Medicina, Fianzas, Entretenimiento, etc, etc, etc, no está hecho para un bien social o para una evolución, entiéndase que todo lo que ellos han expuesto desde hace más de 100 años está plagado de mentiras, engaños, muerte, robos, manipulación y un sin fin de cosas que hacen que todo parezca una ficción cuando no lo es y que es una realidad dura y cruel, una realidad donde ellos gobiernan cada rincón de todo lo establecido en nuestra sociedad, pero que al ser humano, al ser un individuo lleno de dudas y carente de fe les es fácil y dócil a ellos de manejar y adoctrinar desde el mismo momento de nuestro nacimiento con métodos y creencias que nos roban literalmente el poder de razonar, indagar, cuestionar e investigar y que es un arma mortal para el mundo porque a raíz de eso miles y miles mueren en sacrificios, niños enteros torturados, violados y asesinados para el deleite de unas bestias, países enteros cayendo en ruinas por deudas creadas de la nada por los bancos, miles y miles siendo enseñados a creer y apoyar movimientos e ideologías que van en contra de Dios haciéndoles creer que es bueno, miles siendo envenenados a través de medicamentos e inyecciones venenosas, miles y miles siendo engañados con noticias falsas, sensacionalistas y llenas de miedo y terror para que el mundo sea dócil a la manipulación y un sinfín de cosas más que han instaurado en la sociedad desde el siglo XIX hasta nuestros días y que va en aumento descaradamente por la inutilidad y la falta de creencia en las personas que habitamos este mundo!

** DISCLAIMER* * De publicaties in deze lijst weerspiegelen niet mijn mening maar die van de desbetreffende auteurs. ! !
tzt zullen updates aan deze lijst toegevoegd worden.
laatste update:  27 december 2022

Dit is een chronologische lijst van publicaties, ingezonden brieven, blogposts, interviews, radio- en TV-uitzendingen etc. die betrekking hebben tot het boek Oorlogsouders (van Isabel van Boetzelaer, 2017) en de affaire die sindsdien ontstaan is.
In 2019 verschoof de kritiek op het boek Oorlogsouders gestaag naar kritiek op de historicus Ad van Liempt. In deze fase vormden Van Liempts steun en lof voor Oorlogsouders en zijn promotie aan de Rijksuniversiteit Groningen (9 mei 2019) de aanleiding voor verschillende journalisten, historici en geïnteresseerden om zijn werkwijze en de kwaliteit van zijn oeuvre te onderzoeken. De kritiek was echter niet geheel nieuw:
Ko Colijn (Vrij Nederland, 2009), Carla Rus (Trouw, 2010) en Barbara Henkes (BMGN, 2010) hadden reeds ten tijde van de TV-serie ‘De Oorlog’ kritiek geuit op Van Liempts geschiedbeeld. 2012 werd hij door Theodor Holman en Frits Barend van plagiaat beschuldigd.

IT IS TOO OBVIOUS.

THE REASON  -  DEATH IS A KICK ASS RUSH RIDE TO PURE CONSCIOUSNESS.  WE LIKE IT.  DMT

ONENESS IS BORING, SEPARATION IS INTERESTING.  PAIN AND SUFFERING ARE THE MOST USEFUL SEPARATION TOOLS ENTAILS FOCUS AWAY FROM PURE CONSCIOUSNESS. DON'T IT?  https://www.academia.edu/34967867/HUMAN_NATURE_IS_MASOCHISTIC

ALIENS – EXTRA TERRESTRIALS  -  E.T.s

MADE IN OUR IMAGE

"Índice de Fake" como un acercamiento al tratamiento matemático simple para detectar un posible caso falso, a partir de ciertos parámetros. En el documento se explora el  universo de la falsedad, la mentira, el fake, la estafa, bulos. Conceptualizaciones, mecanismos y psicología inherentes. Agnotología. Cifras del fraude.  Algunas fórmulas matemáticas ensayadas para la ufología.

(Sujeto a revisión o mejora)

L’objectif de cet exposé est de présenter le pastiche publié par Manuel Quinon et Arnaud Saint-Martin, au cours de l’hiver 2015 (cf. Tremblay 2015). Ce pastiche, ainsi que les articles de révélation et d’analyse qui l’ont suivi, avaient pour vocation de revenir de manière critique sur la sociologie de l’universitaire Michel Maffesoli. Outre une théorie spécifique de la “postmodernité”, M. Maffesoli a structuré, à partir des années 1980, un réseau académique national et international. Nous souhaitons montrer dans cet exposé que bien que sa sociologie ne repose sur aucune base empirique conséquente, qu’elle manifeste une évidente “indifférence épistémique” (Engel 2014 ; article à paraître 2016), cette même sociologie demeure toutefois fortement structurée sur le plan des engagements ontologiques et axiologiques qui la caractérisent. La sociologie maffesolienne de la “postmodernité” se confond en fait avec une vision générale de l’homme et du monde, avec une “cosmologie”, au sens anthropologique du terme (Stoczkowski 2008). A partir de cet exemple, nous souhaitons interroger le pluralisme épistémologique en sociologie : celui-ci peut-il vraiment s’exempter de toute contrainte, de toute norme épistémique (cf. Engel & Mulligan 2003), au risque de sombrer dans le domaine de la conjecture pseudo-savante, qui en dit plus long sur la conception de l’homme et du monde de son énonciateur que sur une quelconque réalité sociale ?

This paper discusses students' perception on hoax postings on son social media sites. The focus of the study is to find out how students' of IAIN Palu perceive hoax dissemination on social media. This research is a qualitative study. In collecting data researchers used in-depth interview methods, observations, and documents. The subjects of this study are students majoring in Islamic Communication and Broadcasting starting from second semester two to the eight semester. The results of this study indicate that students have different perceptions on hoax dissemination, where some students realize that it is important to read, and examine carefully information or news received from social media sites, so that they can find out about the authenticity of the news or information, and it is not wise to share news that is not yet known to be true, and there are also some students who are actually involved in spreading hoaks due to trial and error.

According to Benjamin Franklin’s correspondence with Benjamin Vaughan, the inspiration for his Parable against Persecution was taken “from an ancient Jewish tradition.” Franklin composed his version of the parable no later than 1755 and brought it with him from the American colonies to England. Exceedingly fond of hoaxes, he memorized the parable and would “read” it aloud from the Book of Genesis, thus “proving” the scriptural obligation of religious tolerance to his less biblically erudite listeners.

However, not only isn’t the Parable against Persecution found in Genesis, it may not even be based on “an ancient Jewish tradition.” The parable as a whole has no known rabbinic source, and no Jewish source has been discovered containing the key section of the parable in which Abraham learns the lesson of religious tolerance.

WE DO NOT WANT US TO KNOW THAT WE ARE GODS

ALL HUMANS ARE GODS IF EVERYTHING OUTSIDE OF OUR MINDS IS A HOAX (ILLUSION) AND IT IS THEN US TALKING HUMANS CREATE IT EVERY MICROSECOND, AND WE DO. WE PLANTED THE HOAX SO THAT WE WILL WAKE UP THIS TIME DUE TO THE INTERNET

In October 1991 a group of Gaelic chiefs met Irish President Mary Robinson at her residence Áras an Uachtaráin, allegedly the first such gathering since the completion of the English conquest in the early seventeenth century. Among the assembled chiefs was one Terence MacCarthy, ‘The Mac Carthy Mór’ and indeed ‘Prince of Desmond’. With the backing of the Chief Herald of Ireland, MacCarthy sold spurious Gaelic titles to gullible followers and his allegedly ancient order the 'Niadh Nask' drew in more funds. MacCarthy's hoax was exposed in 1999, following which the embarrassed Chief Herald's office stripped him of official recognition. This article considers the effects of the MacCarthy Mór affair on Irish genealogy and heraldry and draws attention to the legal problems surrounding the Chief Herald's sale of coats of arms.

Edward Witherspoon distinguishes Wittgenstein’s conception of nonsense from Rudolf Carnap’s.  The latter does not fully take into account the fact that, if something really is nonsense, it has no more meaning than ‘Ab sur ah’ and therefore cannot have any logical properties.  He finds the Carnapian conception even in professed Wittgensteinians such as Peter Hacker and Gordon Baker who think of themselves as rejecting it.  My question is where this leaves the notion of PHILOSOPHICAL nonsense.  Could anything that was utterly devoid of content play the crucial deceptive role that nonsensicalists, including Wittgensteinians, assign it?  Could it ever be detected if it did?

Digitalisasi komunikasi mendorong setiap orang untuk mampu memproduksi dan mencerna informasi maupun berita melalui media digital. Belakangan, masyarakat dan pemerintah Indonesia dibuat jengah dengan fenomena penyebaran berita fitnah, hasut, dan hoaks yang semakin marak terjadi. Dengan menggunakan sumber data berupa pranala https://www.turnbackhoax.id dan https://www.hoaxbuster.id serta forum virtual anti-hoaks di Facebook dilakukan identifikasi karakteristik berita hoaks menggunakan bingkai kebahasaan. Penggunaan judul yang provokatif, pungtuasi yang berlebihan, kata-kata berunsur imperatif, bahasa yang nirbaku, pemberitaan dengan bahasa yang vulgar dan sarkastis merupakan fenomena yang lazim ditemukan di media sosial dan aplikasi pesan instan. Peningkatan literasi media menjadi hal yang mutlak dilakukan agar masyarakat mampu mengenali dan memahami konten yang disampaikan media sehingga mampu menentukan apakah sebuah informasi tersebut merupakan hoaks atau bukan. Karena itu, melek media digital, salah satu dari apa yang disebut sebagai bagian 21st century skills, menjadi penting untuk disebarkan.

What do the Red Terror and the 2008 global financial meltdown have in common? "Phoney Philosophers" argues that it is an intellectual egotism. There is a good chance that you have never heard of Nikolay Chernyshevsky.  It may seem very implausible that a mere philosopher, however phoney, who picked up no arms against no one and who wanted nothing but the best for his country-folk could be vastly more destructive than say a serial killer. Didn’t Karl Marx famously say, "The philosophers have only interpreted the world, in various ways. The point, however, is to change it"? Marx was very naive. For, Chernyshevsky, his contemporary, who was a bad novelist and even worse philosopher, did change the world. He provided the philosophical underpinning that would spawn such intellectual descendants as Lenin, Ayn Rand and Alan Greenspan and would culiminate in the Red Terror and the global financial meltdown of the 21st century. Chernyshevsky only destroyed indirectly. This is the world of phoney philosophers. This is the insidious devastation of the unwise. This book shows why and why it is that the remedy is to be found in Jesus Christ,  the one whom Paul called the "wisdom of God."

This paper focuses on the media coverage of the death of famous people, specially through internet and social networks. The analysis will try to understand two main things: the spectacle constructed by the media, when a celebrity dies and also the news creation process, based on hoaxes of famous people's death.

This article has several aims. First, it aims to sketch the historical use of the term "fake news" in the U.S. (now globalizing), while documenting key shifts (from comedic-economic meanings and uses to more "tragic" political-economic ones). The shift in use and meaning further corresponds to political-economic-entertainment effects, intermingled. Finally, recent discussions diagnosing causes and proposing solutions to correcting, containing, or eliminating fake news are considered (such as AI and ethical design, as well as cognitive bias) and critiqued, while different theories of causation and corresponding solutions are proposed.

The rapid development of Information Communication Technology (ICT) specifically in the mobile communication area brings undisputed positive impact. Better information flows, creation of new business models based on technology and cost reduction of knowledge retrieval to name a few of them, lead to overall economic development of society. Nevertheless, mobile communication also introduces undesirable effect in the form of information disorder, commonly referred by the term hoax, which becoming a major threat to nations and global society in general. This paper will attempt to analyze the prevalent information disorder and its possible countermeasures from techno-social point of view. The conclusion of the paper provides some options of possible countermeasures to fight hoax.

Keywords—social media, information disorder, hoax, techno-social

This paper was presented at: 1st Global Conference – Deception: Probing the Boundaries. Mansfield College, University of Oxford. 17th – 19th July 2014. Organised by INTER-DISCIPLINARY.NET: A Global Network for Dynamic Research and Publishing.

Abstract: This illustrated chapter explores the capacity of the manipulated photograph to represent scenes of mythology and the supernatural. Can a photograph, which is said to be an index of the real, render a mythical realm into a believable scene? Practices such as double exposures and combination printing have historically been used to create famous faked images of the supernatural, such as the Cottingley Fairies images and the ‘Surgeon’s photograph’ of the Loch Ness monster. Photography has a causal link with reality and as such a carefully manipulated image has the power to deceive or persuade the viewer. In her photography project ‘Realm’ Carolyn Lefley explores this apparent truth-telling phenomenon by constructing double exposure photographs that create a layering of realities. A familiar domestic interior and a potentially mythological landscape combine to create scenes of make-believe, which reference texts such as Alice in Wonderland and The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe. Down the rabbit hole, through the looking glass and into the wardrobe, all of these paths lead from the realm of the real, into the realm of myth. The kingdom of Narnia is entered through an ordinary wardrobe. The photograph of a homely interior (the real) becomes a portal into a mythical realm (the unseen). The photographs in ‘Realm’ depict new image-worlds that occupy a liminal space between reality and mythology. Digital post-production techniques have been utilised to achieve these multi-layered images. The chapter will conclude with a consideration of the next era in photography, that of computer simulated reality.

Digitalisasi komunikasi mendorong setiap orang untuk mampu memproduksi dan mencerna informasi maupun berita melalui media digital. Belakangan, masyarakat dan pemerintah Indonesia dibuat jengah dengan fenomena penyebaran berita fitnah, hasut, dan hoaks yang semakin marak terjadi. Dengan menggunakan sumber data berupa pranala https://www.turnbackhoax.id dan https://www.hoaxbuster.id serta forum virtual anti-hoaks di Facebook dilakukan identifikasi karakteristik berita hoaks menggunakan bingkai kebahasaan. Penggunaan judul yang provokatif, pungtuasi yang berlebihan, kata-kata berunsur imperatif, bahasa yang nirbaku, pemberitaan dengan bahasa yang vulgar dan sarkastis merupakan fenomena yang lazim ditemukan di media sosial dan aplikasi pesan instan. Peningkatan literasi media menjadi hal yang mutlak dilakukan agar masyarakat mampu mengenali dan memahami konten yang disampaikan media sehingga mampu menentukan apakah sebuah informasi tersebut merupakan hoaks atau bukan. Karena itu, melek media digital, salah satu dari apa yang disebut sebagai bagian 21st century skills, menjadi penting untuk disebarkan.

This essay analyzes a historical hoax – the case of Professor Jeno
Palmai and his “School for Smiles” – for evidence of shifting
trends in popular thinking about facial expressions and embodied
performance during the first decades of the twentieth century. By
examining this previously unstudied event, I highlight the
prominence of a pedagogical American trope – “learning to smile”
– and provide a sketch of the folk-philosophy of the 1930s that
reveals a preoccupation with facial performance. In so doing, I
discuss the opportunities offered to performance historians by the
study of historical hoaxes, as well as offer initial thoughts on the
concept of an “affective prosthesis,” an aggregative, multimodal
model of mimetic communication.