History of Metrology

All latitudinal measures can only be determined on the face of the Earth and thus any given measurement can be assessed as to its place of origin, because the earth is an oblate spheroid, a fact not known in antiquity, and thus has variable latitudinal lengths. But when the measurements used are variable but by having the same name can be completely misinterpreted, any attempt to ascertain its actuality whilst not doomed to failure can end up being mathematical, “playing with numbers”. Thus a strict evaluation of the parameters, both the form of the Earth and the base length, the Stadion, must be made to avoid the criticism of numerical fantasies. This text attempts that with regard to the latitudinal degree known as 500 stades, exploring all facets of its possible origination from ancient times. I have appended my text ChMEA/1; Charts their latitudinal measures re-assessed from historical attempts to define the degree of latitude as it preceded this new text and is in fact therefor...

uses the ratio 1 : 2.545 in all of his built work in Australia. Where did Francis Howard Greenway get this ratio? Few architects seem to have used the ratio and none has used it so centrally to their work as he. Why is it significant for him? What makes the ratio so singular?

In this paper, about my patenting  of the Wheel or Solar Cross held by Christianity and Royalty in icons and Royal regalia and its functionality to find latitude and longitude for long distance trade by sea and desert  during the Bronze Age, a period of  2200 years before the Bronze Age Collapse , I asked Artificial Intelligence  to research the world wide data base and act as a reviewer and to comment on the not exhaustive evidence but includes our mathematics, geometry, metrics from Sumeria, Egypt  and Babylon , along with Time keeping and writing sources that we still use today which are directly mentioned in the Hebrew Old Testament as being derived from observing the Heavens.  It would appear that our present technology appears to descend from seafaring in early international trade by the Minoans and the Pheonicians.

L’origine des unités de mesures antiques est peu documentée et leur méthode d’étalonnage n’est pas parvenue jusqu’à nous. Depuis plusieurs siècles les chercheurs et archéologues se sont intéressés à la question. Leurs valeurs exactes a fait débat au cours du temps mais un certain consensus est désormais établi sur les anciennes mesures grecques et romaines. Grâce à des étalons retrouvés dans les fouilles archéologiques mais également les mesures des bâtiments antiques et l’arpentage des voies romaines, nous savons avec une marge d’erreur assez faible la mesure d’un pied grec, romain, drusien ou encore la coudée de Nippur dont nous traiterons dans cette publication. Cependant, l’étalon originel et la genèse de leurs créations manquent encore. En l’absence de textes de la haute antiquité traitant de cette question, il n’est pas évident de savoir ce qui a motivé la mise en place de telle ou telle mesure.
Cette publication a pour but de formuler des hypothèses et répondre à deux questions :
- Comment ont été définies les mesures antiques ?
- Pourquoi la Terre a été divisée en 40 000 000 de parties ?
Nous allons explorer une nouvelle approche en nous appuyant sur les auteurs antiques et modernes. Nous convoquerons notamment la philosophie Pythagoricienne et plusieurs disciplines liant philosophie, histoire, archéologie et mathématiques.

a towering figure in the history of science, indeed had an interest in biblical studies and ancient measurements, particularly his investigations into the cubit, and its significance in determining the circumference of the earth. Knowledge of the earths precise measure was essential to the accuracy of Newton's scientific calculations, particularly his theory of gravity. Newton believed that the dimensions and measurements of prominent ancient structures such as Solomon's Temple and the Great Pyramid of Giza held hidden meanings and mathematical significance. He conducted extensive studies of the Bible, particularly the books of Daniel and Revelation, seeking to uncover hidden truths and decipher prophetic timelines.

In the 13th century two artefacts appeared in Pisa and Pistoia. Their unique Islamic design – based on the one found in the mihrab of Sayyida Nafisa, housed in Cairo – applies the basic rules of a graphic theme. The design of one of the floor carpets in the Baptistery in Pisa, with a marble inlay, replicates the design using original geometric modules linked to the use of a braccio equal to the Florentine braccio; together the modules are capable of generating a truly inspired design. The precious mosaic in Pistoia by Fra’ Guglielmo also proposes the geometric pattern, revealing the metric difficulties of the theme with inferior scientific rigour.

When the construction of a political space demands shared systems of measurement ensuring that everything is made comparable, coding categories and procedures are brought into place. Attributing singular cases to measurable categories was for a long time a prerogative of the State, but new systems of metrology are now broadening the range of players. With this issue, we aim to start deconstructing these metrology systems, both old and new, to prompt different readings of the rhetoric behind them. By focusing on the social and political dimensions, the aim is to understand how metrology operates when knowledge means power

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate accounting as first visible-sign statement form, and also as the first writing, and analyse its systematic differences, syntactic and semantic, from subsequent speech-following (glottographic) writing forms. The authors consider how accounting as non-glottographic (and so “unspeakable”) writing form renders “glottography” a “subsystem of writing” (Hyman, 2006), while initiating a mode of veridiction which always and only names and counts, silently and synoptically. The authors also consider the translation of this statement form into the graphs, charts, equations, etc., which are central to the making of modern scientific truth claims, and to remaking the boundaries of “languaging” and translatability.Design/methodology/approachAs a historical–theoretical study, this draws on work reconceptualising writing vs speech (e.g. Harris, 1986; 2000), the statement vs the word (e.g. Foucault, 1972/2002) and the parameters of translation (e.g...

This work addresses the end-effector trajectory-tracking force and motion control of a three-dimensional three-link robot considering measurement noises. The last two links of the manipulator are considered as structurally flexible. An absolute coordinate approach is used while obtaining the dynamic equations to avoid complex dynamic equations. In this approach, each link is modeled as if there is no connection between the links. Then, joint connections are expressed as constraint equations. After that, these constraint equations are used in dynamic equations to decrease the number of equations. Then, the resulting dynamic equations are transformed into a form which is suitable for controller design. Furthermore, the dynamic equations are divided as pseudostatic equilibrium and deviation equations. The control torques resulting from the pseudostatic equilibrium and the elastic deflections are obtained easily as the solution of algebraic equations. On the other hand, the control torq...

CALL FOR PAPERS (DEADLINE: 01/07/2023).
FINAL SCHEDULE: 15/07/2023
EVENT: 16-17/11/2023
LOCATION: Spanish Metrology Center (Madrid)
Submission: title, 300 words abstract, 5 keywords to metrologiahistorica@gmail.com
Free registration.
At the conclusion of the conference, presenters will be invited to submit their contributions to a collective monograph, which will be published in 2024 with a high-impact publisher/at a high-impact journal] (Q1-Q2 in the SPI ranking. Submissions will undergo a blind peer review process prior to publication.

ABSTRACT:
Half a century after the publication of "Measures and Men" (Witold Kula, 1970), the teachings of this eminent Polish professor have not been forgotten. As Kula himself had warned, in order to open up to new horizons historical metrology had to overcome the narrowmindedness
of simply translating and metrically equating old measures. And this is indeed what happened.
Based on this premise, we propose the 1st Congress of Applied Historical Metrology. New Perspectives of Research. Its aim is to present current research that showcases the progress made by the discipline in recent years.

SESSIONS:
Session 1. Measures as an attribute of power. Discipline and repression.
Session 2. Measures, numbers, and economic history. Trade, markets, and currency.
Session 3. Metrology and social history. Behaviors, conflicts, and resistances.
Session 4. Metrology and cultural history. Measuring and comparing. Counting and calculating.
Visit to the Museum of Weights and Measures of the Spanish Metrology Center (CEM)

APPEL À COMMUNICATIONS: date limite 01/07/2023
Programmation définitive: 15/07/2023
Congrès: 16 et 17 novembre 2023
Endroit: Centre Espagnol de Métrologie (Madrid)
Envoi des communications: titre, résumé 300 mots, 5 mots-clé, session
Email: metrologiahistorica@gmail.com
Langues aceptées: espagnol, français, portugais, italien et anglais.

PUBLICATION D’IMPACT
A l'issue du congrès, les communicants seront invités à participer à une monographie collective, qui sera publiée en 2024 avec un impact éditorial (Q1-Q2 du classement SPI).
Les propositions seront soumises à un examen aveugle par les pairs avant publication.


RÉSUME DU CONGRÈS:
Un demi-siècle après la publication de Des mesures et des hommes (Witold Kula, 1970), les enseignements du professeur polonais ne sont pas oubliés. Comme il l'avait lui-même averti, la métrologie historique devait dépasser l'étroitesse d'esprit de la simple traduction et de l'équivalence métrique des anciennes mesures, pour s'ouvrir à de nouveaux horizons. Il en a été ainsi.
C'est sur ce postulat que s'est élevé le I Congrès de Métrologie Historique Apliquée. , dans le but de présenter les recherches en cours qui matérialisent le pas en avant franchi par la discipline ces dernières années.

Le congrès sera organisé autour de deux conférences et quatre grandes sessions :

Ouverture
Rubén Castro Redondo, Universidad de Cantabria
José Ángel Robles Carbonell, Centro Español de Metrología

Conférence inaugurale
Sandro Guzzi-Heeb, Université de Lausanne,
Les heures de travail et la comptabilité de l'au-delà. Aspects de la mesure de l'espace-temps à l'époque moderne

Sesion 1. Les mesures comme attribut du pouvoir. Discipline et répression
Session 2. Mesures, nombres et histoire économique. Commerce, marchés et monnaie
Session 3. Métrologie et histoire sociale. Comportements, conflits et résistances
Session 4. Métrologie et histoire culturelle. Mesurez et comparez. Compter et calculer

Visite des archives et du musée des poids et mesures du Centre Espagnol de Métrologie

Conférence de clôture
Ofelia Rey Castelao, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela,
La Métrologie Historique après Kula. Succès, défis et perspectives d'avenir

LLAMADA A CONTRIBUCIONES: hasta 01/07/2023
Programación final: 15/07/2023
Celebración del congreso: 16-17/11/2023
Lugar: Centro Español de Metrología (Madrid)
Envío de propuestas: título, resumen 300 palabras, 5 palabras clave, sesión de preferencia a metrologiahistorica@gmail.com
Se aceptarán propuestas en español, inglés, francés, italiano y portugués.
Al término del congreso se invitará a los/las comunicantes a participar en una monografía colectiva, que se publicará en 2024 con una editorial de impacto (Q1-Q2 del ranking SPI). Las propuestas se someterán a una evaluación por pares ciegos previa a su publicación

RESUMEN DE LA PROPUESTA:
Medio siglo después de la publicación de Las medidas y los hombres (Witold Kula, 1970), las enseñanzas del profesor polaco no han caído en el olvido. Como él mismo había advertido, la metrología histórica debía superar la estrechez de miras de la simple traducción y equivalencia métricas de las viejas medidas, para abrirse a nuevos horizontes. Así ha sido.
Sobre este postulado se ha planteado el I Congreso de Metrología Histórica Aplicada. Nuevas perspectivas de investigación, con el objetivo de presentar las investigaciones actuales que materializan el paso adelante dado por la disciplina en los últimos años.

El congreso se articulará en torno a dos conferencias y cuatro grandes sesiones:

Inauguración Rubén Castro Redondo, Universidad de Cantabria
José Ángel Robles Carbonell, Centro Español de Metrología
Conferencia inaugural
Sandro Guzzi-Heeb, Université de Lausanne,
Les heures de travail et la comptabilité de l'au-delà. Aspects de la mesure de l'espace-temps à l'époque moderne
Sesión 1. Las medidas como atributo del poder. Disciplinamiento y represión
Sesión 2. Medidas, números e Historia Económica. Comercio, mercados y moneda
Sesión 3. Metrología e Historia Social. Comportamientos, conflictos y resistencias
Sesión 4. Metrología e Historia Cultural. Medir y comparar. Contar y calcular
Visita al Archivo y Museo de Pesas y Medidas del Centro Español de Metrología (CEM)
Conferencia de clausura
Ofelia Rey Castelao, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela,
La Metrología Histórica después de Kula. Éxitos, Retos y perspectivas de futuro

CALL FOR PAPERS (DEADLINE: 01/07/2023).
FINAL SCHEDULE: 15/07/2023
EVENT: 16-17/11/2023
LOCATION: Spanish Metrology Center (Madrid)
Submission: title, 300 words abstract, 5 keywords to metrologiahistorica@gmail.com
Free registration.
At the conclusion of the conference, presenters will be invited to submit their contributions to a collective monograph, which will be published in 2024 with a high-impact publisher/at a high-impact journal] (Q1-Q2 in the SPI ranking. Submissions will undergo a blind peer review process prior to publication.


Half a century after the publication of "Measures and Men" (Witold Kula, 1970), the teachings of this eminent Polish professor have not been forgotten. As Kula himself had warned, in order to open up to new horizons historical metrology had to overcome the narrowmindedness
of simply translating and metrically equating old measures. And this is indeed what happened.
Based on this premise, we propose the 1st Congress of Applied Historical Metrology. New Perspectives of Research. Its aim is to present current research that showcases the progress made by the discipline in recent years.

SESSIONS:
Session 1. Measures as an attribute of power. Discipline and repression.
Session 2. Measures, numbers, and economic history. Trade, markets, and currency.
Session 3. Metrology and social history. Behaviors, conflicts, and resistances.
Session 4. Metrology and cultural history. Measuring and comparing. Counting and calculating.
Visit to the Museum of Weights and Measures of the Spanish Metrology Center (CEM)

Scholars studying Locke's contribution to the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina generally report that he had discussed the content of this document with one of his French acquaintances, Nicolas Toinard (or Thoynard). However, no attempt has been made to investigate the reason why Locke regarded Toinard, the author of an Harmonia Evangeliorum that he highly appreciated, as competent in colonial matters. This paper tries to clarify this issue. My aim is to show that, if Locke was credited with being one of the most knowledgeable of Englishmen about the colonial world in his own day, he had found his match abroad in Toinard. Evidence of this is to be found in Toinard's papers and correspondence, including the letters he addressed to Locke. The travelogues, voyages and explorations that he brought to Locke's attention highlight first of all his interest in French colonization of West Africa, especially in slave trade. Like Locke, he seems to have invested some money in this traffic. Secondly, they show his involvement in French plans of colonial expansion in North America, which is confirmed by his papers and correspondence with eminent political figures and explorers of his time. References to La Salle's 1679 and 1684 expeditions, the Anglo-French conflicts on the Hudson Bay and d'Iberville's enterprises in Carolina are abundant in Toinard's letters to Locke.

Note: This paper by Marjorie Mazel Hecht was published in Executive Intelligence Review in 1998.  I am not the author.  I posted it here to preserve it and enable it to be found by other researchers.  I will probably post a future paper on the Gosford Glyphs in Australia and how they have now been translated, and appear to be related to the voyage described in Hecht's paper below.

A flotilla of ships set sail from Egypt around 232 B.C., during the reign of Ptolemy III, on a mission to circumnavigate the globe. The six ships sailed under the direction of Captain Rata and Navigator Maui, a friend of the astronomer Eratosthenes, who was head of the Alexandria library. The commander and navigator knew from Eratosthenes that the circumference of Inscriptions on the wall of one of the "Caves of the Navigators" in New Guinea, as photographed by Josef Röder of the Frobenius Institute. Photo 15 shows part of Maui's demonstration of Eratosthenes' experiment. Röder's exploratory expedition was concerned with ethnology, specifically the religious beliefs of the inhabitants in this area.

The metre was designed by French revolutionaries to provide the basis for a new universal measure and initially represented a fraction of the earth’s polar circumference. It was never adopted in the UK or the USA, where the imperial system is still used, also based on the earth’s size. While it seems the two systems are quite different, they could in fact be as old as each other, and the various historical ratios between the metric and imperial systems of measure point to potentially significant relationships between them, as well as with other ancient units of measure. The imperial yard was eventually recalibrated in relation to the metre, allowing a 10,000 / 254 value for the metre in inches. Previous to that, various ratios between the two systems had existed, including an unofficial 39.375 inch value for the metre. The metre, or a variation on it, may be an old unit, designed to co-exist with the imperial yard, foot, and inch, in order to convey, symbolically but covertly, properties of the sun and moon, which the current ratio seems to provide.

Доклад на Ежегодной Международной научно-практической конференции LXXV Герценовские чтения «География: развитие науки и образования» (Санкт-Петербург, 20 апреля 2022 года)
В докладе рассказывается о развитии транспортной системы Древней Руси, Великого княжества Московского и Русского царства вплоть до конца XVII в. Показано, как под воздействием становления русской государственности и расширения территории Русского царства развивалась, росла и усложнялась система государственного извоза.

... (Egypt would come out no better): — Irrigation systems only became a bureaucratic concern (and then only ... role of accounting [ibid., 14]. This brings us back to the problem of Mesopotamia. III. ... The centre of early Mesopotamian state formation was the southernmost ...

Рассказывается о ранних математических инструментах в коллекции Музея МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана, применение которых относится к XVII-XVIII вв., с целью проследить взаимосвязь между естествознанием и инженерными, сугубо техническими дисциплинами на примере использования научных приборов и устройств в деятельности естествоиспытателей, учёных и изобретателей. Выбор темы продиктован нечастым упоминанием о подобных инструментах в современных российских изданиях и источниках. Материал статьи публикуется впервые и направлен на укрепление междисциплинарных научных связей между Музеем землеведения МГУ им.

Most general standard histories of mathematics speak indiscriminately of “Babylonian” mathematics, presenting together the mathematics of the Old Babylonian and the Seleucid period (respectively 2000−1600 and 300−100 bce) and neglecting the rest. Specialist literature has always known there was a difference, but until recently it has been difficult to determine the historical process within the Old Babylonian period.

В преддверии выхода 2-й редакции моей первой книги, "Традиционные русские меры длины", я публикую один из существенно скорректированных мною её разделов. Тут речь идет о реконструкции измерительного устройства русских зодчих середины XVII века на основе данных, приведенных в "Проскинитарии" о. Арсения (Суханова).

Книга представляет собой полное издание на русском языке первого
в истории Крыма путеводителя по полуострову, опубликованного в 1834 г.
на французском языке в Одессе и содержащего бесценные фактические
сведения об исторических памятниках, культуре, этническом составе,
архитектуре, природных ресурсах Крыма первой половины XIX ст. Читателю предлагается результат многолетних трудов переводчиков и комментаторов, которые не просто создали первую полную русскоязычную
версию «Путеводителя», а снабдили книгу уникальными примечаниями,
превратив ее тем самым в своеобразную энциклопедию Крыма XIX в.

Bartolomeo Cescenzio publishes a text in 1595, "Proteo Militare" written in 1587. He produces a Portolan Chart in 1596 which he declares corrects previous chart errors. He writes a second text, "Nautica Mediterranea", published in 1602 in which he inserts the simple chart preceding his "Portolano" text of 63 pages. It is all analyzed and discussed and an Appendix is included mentioning a 2021 text making unattested claims for the 1596 chart and another of 1525.