Hepatic

Solanum nigrum leaf is one of the most important greens in throughout the world. Plants are playing a vital role in hepatoprotective activity. In this present investigation we used Solanum nigrum for the antimicrobial activity and  hepatoprotective  activity  against  acetaminophen  induced  liver  toxicity  in  male  albino  rats.  The  important chemical groups present in the aqueous extract canbe determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Zone of inhibition in bacterial  spread plate showing a antimicrobial property of the plant extract. The aqueous extract of Solanum nigrum significantly decreases the serum enzyme alanine amino transferase (ALT), asparate amino transferase (AST), triglycerides (TGL), total cholesterol (TC) and significantly increased the total protein level. Silymarin (100 mg/kg), a known  hepatoprotective drug  used for comparison exhibited significant activity.  The  morphology  of  liver  cells  clearly  indicating  the  treatment  of  Solanum  nigrum  against acetaminophen induced liver damage near to normal cells.

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a broad spectrum anthracycline antibiotic used
to treat multiple cancers. The use of DOX is limited by significant
cardiotoxicity,  hepatotoxicity  and  nephrotoxicity.  Quercetin  is  a
dietary-flavonoid found in plants which prevents oxidant injury and
protects against lipid peroxidation. The objective of the present study
was to assess the possible protective role of quercetin on doxorubicin
induced  hepatic,  cardiac  and  renal  toxicity  in  male  Wistar  rats.
Doxorubicin  (10mg/kg  body  weight)  was  administered  twice  and
quercetin  (100mg/kg  body  weight)  was  administered  on  all  the  21
days of the experimental period. Body weight, heart weight, creatine
kinase in serum and heart, the activities of the antioxidant enzymes in
liver,  heart  and  kidney  were  decreased  in doxorubicin  administered
rats. Liver and kidney weight, liver marker enzymes in serum, liver
and  kidney,  lactate  dehyrogenase  in  serum,  liver,  heart  and  kidney,
urea and creatinine in serum, lipid peroxide content in liver, heart and
kidney were increased. All the biochemical parameters mentioned
above  were  restored  to  near  normal  levels  on  quercetin
administration with doxorubicin. Administration of doxorubicin in
rats  altered  the  biochemical  parameters  but,  did  not  cause  much
effect on the tissues such as liver, heart and kidney which is evident
with histological studies.

Sentiment analysis is a technique for exploring a piece of text with the aim to investigate sentiments hidden within it. The use of sentiment analysis in health care could assist in understanding how individuals discuss and feel about a specific topic. Currently, there are scarce data regarding the use of sentiment analysis related to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide and is associated with hepatic and extra-hepatic complications. Hence, the aim of this report was to assess the sentiments of NAFLD expressed in messages posted on Twitter, one of the most popular social media platforms worldwide. We chose the hashtags #FattyLiver, #NAFLD, #NASH, and #MAFLD as terms to identify the messages related to NAFLD on Twitter. Messages containing at least one of these hashtags were collected using the standard Application Programming Interface provided by Twitter. The sentiment analysis revealed that sentiments hidden within messages related to NAFLD were substantially neutral and that “breastcancer” and “cancer” were two of the most common words used, suggesting that a large part of messages focused on the relationship between NAFLD and extra-hepatic cancers. Conversely, the association between NAFLD and cardiovascular disease seems to be less relevant for Twitter community. These observations might be useful for developing better public health strategies and for promoting a constructive attitude among subjects that read and discuss about NAFLD (and its complications) on social media.

Neuroendocrine tumors are derived from primitive stem cells in
the  gut  wall,  but  also  can  be  seen  in  other  organs.  Most
Neuroendocrine tumors are slow growing and indolent without
symptoms. Nevertheless, aggressive and metastatic disease (e.g.,
in  the  brain)  does  occur.  Here  we  report  a  case  of  jejunal
neuroendocrine tumor  with  cystic  metastasis in liver  presented
with progressive right sided abdominal distension.

Liver injury causes the formation of nodules and diffuses fibrosis or scar tissues termed liver fibrosis. Since efficient therapies to prevent fibrosis are not obtainable, it is necessary to build up a potential animal model of liver fibrosis to study. In this research, liver fibrosis micewere generated using Swiss mice and carbon tetrachloride - CCl4. CCl4 at doses of 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 ml/kg was evaluated on mice to obtain an effective dose for liver fibrosis induction. This study aimed to build up a standardized hepatic fibrosis mouse model induced by carbon tetrachloride for further biomedical research. On Swiss mice, dose of CCL4 was considered and criterias of fibrosis were also evalutated such as serum markers, fibrosis marker-genes and histopathology. Mice were administrated with CCL4 in 8 consecutive weeks, 3 times/week. Body weight, survival rate and serum markers Aspartate aminotransferase/Alanine aminotransferase (AST/ALT), fibrosis markers (fibronectin, procollagen, nt5e, TGF-beta and integrin) and histopathology (Hematoxylin & Eosin staining) were measured to determine the suitable dose of CCL4. Results showed that CCL4 1.0 ml/kg is the efficient dose for liver fibrosis mouse model establishment. In a standardized liver fibrosis model, mice were treated with CCL4 1.0 ml/kg in 11 consecutive weeks, 3 times/week and evaluated serum markers level (AST, ALT, bilirubin, albumin), gene-expression of fibrosis markers using quantitative-RT PCR, histopathology (H&E staining) and connective tissue formation by Massive trichrome staining. The outcomes showed that serum markers and the level of fibrosis gene markers in standardized liver fibrosis mice had significantly increased. It is also recorded that there was a sharply increasing of fibronectin and procollagen expression (1222.40±4.20 and 241.35±1.18, respectively). We also recorded cirrhosis (fibrosis stage 3 – 5/6) in liver tissues of standardized liver fibrosis mice.

Neuroendocrine tumors are derived from primitive stem cells in the gut wall, but also can be seen in other organs. Most Neuroendocrine tumors are slow growing and indolent without symptoms. Nevertheless, aggressive and metastatic disease (e.g., in the brain) does occur. Here we report a case of jejunal neuroendocrine tumor with cystic metastasis in liver presented with progressive right sided abdominal distension.

The ‘smell’ of illness, disease or age has been known for many centuries, mainly created by volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Dogs were first reported to detect cancer in 2004. Increasingly, the profiles of VOCs are being utilised as non-invasive diagnostic methods.

The aim of the thesis was to develop and evaluate the performance of analytical methods to characterise the disease states of patients utilising selective discrimination, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and chemometrics. The primary analytical technique investigated was GC-Time-of-Flight-MS coupled with headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME-GC-ToFMS). A robust and sensitive method was developed by optimisation of all sample analysis parameters and was applied to clinical samples from bladder and prostate cancer patients and those with hepatic disorders. This evidence was obtained by quantifying an internal standard, present in every sample and blank throughout the studies. Based on these findings, large numbers of clinical samples were analysed with confidence.

Statistically significant mathematical models were developed in partnership with Cranfield University to classify the diseased state of samples and clinically relevant controls. PLS-DA was determined as the best classifier. The results from the HS-SPME-GC-ToFMS studies were highly promising. Bladder cancer gave a mean accuracy of >80 % and even low-grade tumours gave a sensitivity of 73 %, superior to urine cytology. Higher clinical performance was obtained in the prostate cancer study, with BPH distinguishable from cancer. Hepatic disorders were better again (>86 %). Preliminary studies on sepsis detection also showed promise.

Several recommendations were made to enable significant clinical results in the future based on analytical rigour.

Liver transplantation remains the only solution for patients suffering from severe end-stage liver disease. Only 33% of these patients on the transplant waiting list will receive a donation; furthermore, the demand for livers is expected to increase over 20% in the next two decades. Available liver donations are limited now more than ever. Stem cell therapies using human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are being developed to provide cell therapies in order to bypass orthopedic liver transplantation. Additionally, hESCs and hiPSCs are applied in drug development and screening to help pharmaceuticals manufacture more efficacious drugs and in disease modeling allowing scientists to understand disease progression. Clinical cell therapy trials using hepatocyte transplantation have produced promising initial results. Despite continued advances, the effectiveness of transplanted hepatocytes declines within several months and a liver transplant is still necessary. The current advantage of using cell therapy models is to prolong functional use of a diseased liver until a donor liver is received. The potential use of hiPSCs differentiated into hepatocyte cells (hiPSC-HEPs) can generate an infinite supply of hepatic cells. HiPSCs provide a crucial research platform in the development of more effective protocols for cell therapy, drug development and disease modeling.

Introduction: Hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) is a feared complication in the postoperative period of liver transplantation (LT). It is one of the most serious vascular complications in the postoperative period and associated with a significant increasing in morbidity, graft loss and mortality.