Hashtags

As with corporate branding and widespread advertising, social media such as Twitter have helped companies and the culture industry influence what young people buy, how they identify with one another, and even how they speak. Through MTV and other music networks, social media is increasingly involved in selling both music and other branded aspects of cultural identity to young people. Combining literature on digital media, branding, and language this article explores how popular music influences and reproduces the speech patterns of undergraduate college students at the University of South Florida. Students use language performatively in everyday speech as well as on social media sites like Facebook and Twitter through hashtagging, which links anonymous users and creates a sense of cultural belonging. Students’ online language is a critical element in the production of both popular culture and the (youth) culture of college students today.

This paper analyzes the modifications that socio-digital networks have generated within the field of political communication, particularly the construction of interaction-communication networks through the creation of hashtags, such as #RedAMLO on Twitter. Thus, this work aims to identify the interactioncommunication network that has been formed by the hashtag #RedAMLO, to analyze its structure, information flow and those nodes that are strategically positioned in said network. For this, the Social Network Analysis (SNA) has been used as a methodological body and data mining has been used to collect, systematize, debug, and analyze the metacommunication of said network. Among the main results, a network made up of 8586 nodes was found and visualized, which are largely citizens who enhance their visibility and political sympathy through this socio-digital platform. This is part of a broader process where greater visibility implies a decentralization of public opinion and a political tactic to show the base that sustains the current administration. However, within the five most relevant nodes due to the number of links, two have an operating logic similar to that of fake accounts or bots, which is why the work also identifies that elements are also involved in these citizen-political networks. characteristic of the virtual space derived from its operational logics and particular interests.

On New Year’s Day 2016, a photograph of a breastfeeding woman taken by a Finnish celebrity sparked a social media debate over mothers nursing in public. By analyzing Instagram posts and a discussion forum thread, this article explores the affective body politics involved in this short-lived yet intense social media debate. It examines the power of hashtags and images in mobilizing motherhood as a site of political agency. Concurrently, it investigates how social media users negotiated the appropriate public presentations of the female body and how the celebrity’s gayness became an object of negative affect. The analysis of the incident makes visible how social norms concerning motherhood and heteronormativity are articulated in social media. It also demonstrates how affect sticks to images, texts, and bodies and becomes a binding force in social media discussions concerning them. The article argues that Instagram’s hashtag practices facilitated affective engagement for those following #teriniitti. It further argues that the affective dynamics of the case demonstrate how affective intensities stick on gay bodies and lactating bodies as objects of disgust, fascination, and desire.

This collection investigates the publics of the hashtag. Taking cues from critical public sphere theory, contributors are interested in publics that break beyond the mainstream – in other publics. They are interested in the kinds of publics that do politics in a way that is rough and emergent, flawed and messy, and ones in which new forms of collective power are being forged on the fly and in the shadow of loftier mainstream spheres.
Hashtags are deictic, indexical – yet what they point to is themselves, their own dual role in ongoing discourse. Focusing on hashtags used for topics from Ferguson, Missouri, to Australian politics, from online quilting communities to labour protests, from feminist outrage to drag pop culture, this collection follows hashtag publics as they trend beyond Twitter into other spaces of social networking such as Facebook, Instagram, and Tumblr as well as other media spaces such as television, print, and graffiti.

An important dimension of social media discourse is its searchability. A key semiotic resource supporting this function is the hashtag, a form of social tagging that allows microbloggers to embed metadata in posts. While popularly thought of as topic-markers, hashtags are able to construe a range of complex meanings in social media texts. This paper uses Halliday’s (1978) concept of linguistic metafunctions, to explore how hashtags enact three simultaneous communicative functions: marking experiential topics, enacting interpersonal relationships, and organizing text. Corpus-based discourse analysis of linguistic patterns in a 100 million word Twitter corpus is used to investigate these functions and how they enact social processes of ‘ambient affiliation’ is also considered.

#NiUnaMenos ha sido un movimiento ciudadano singular en diversos aspectos, que se caracterizó por haberse constituido a partir de un nuevo tipo de actividad ciudadana, en Twitter. A partir del análisis de los tweets que le dieron origen, esta ponencia describe el surgimiento de #NiUnaMenos e identificar algunas de sus características principales que lo distinguen de otras forma de expresión de la ciudadanía y lo constituyen en novedoso. El análisis se realizó desde una perspectiva político - sociológica, sirviéndose de elementos del análisis del discurso, y se basa en tres ejes principales: el surgimiento discursivo del sujeto #NiUnaMenos, la construcción de su identidad y ethos, sus objetivos criterios de eficacia. Las conclusiones describen a #NiUnaMenos como un nuevo sujeto político que supone fronteras porosas y compromisos débiles, pero consignas fuerte, no efímero y con cierto grado de institucionalización provisto por Twitter.

Cita.

Olmedo Neri, Raul Anthony (2020). Pensando y actuando en red. Análisis del hashtag #QuédateEnCasa en México. Sintaxis, (Número especial), pp. 203-225. DOI: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.36105/stx.2020edespcovid-19.10


El contexto generado por la pandemia de la COVID-19ha implicado que los gobiernos de cada Estado-Nación elaboren estrategias de comunicación en el espacio virtual para mantener a la población informada sobre el estado sanitario de cada país, así como de las medidas respectivas para su contención. En este sentido, el hashtag#QuédateEnCasa forma parte de la estrategia comunicativa
del gobierno mexicano para diseminar información oficial en la sociedad sobre el impacto de este reto epidemiológico.
Por ello, el presente trabajo aborda esta forma institucional de comunicación bajo el Análisis de Redes Sociales (ARS) con la finalidad de identificar la red que subyace en este hashtag, así como aquellos perfiles (nodos) que dentro de ese entramado de interacciones se han posicionado en el flujo de información a partir de la cantidad de vínculos que poseen, de su capacidad de diseminar la información, así como el nivel de cohesión que se ha generado en dicha red.

Many social media users include #-signs before particular terms on social media-which is termed hashtagging. Recent research indicates that people tend to use the pound key for uncommon words, including 'artistic' words that are unlikely to serve functional purposes, and that cultural differences in hashtagging styles exist. The current study examines characteristics of hashtags and the impact of individual cultural values on hashtagging behaviour. Findings reveal four dimensions of hashtags, concluding that hashtags can be inspirational, structural, entertaining, and artistic. Second, findings show that hashtags are used to structure content equally independent of cultural values. However, inspirational hashtags are common among users with collectivistic, uncertainty avoidant, and masculine cultural values. Moreover, collectivistic and masculine values are also associated with artistic hashtags-whereas uncertainty avoidance is related to entertaining hashtags. In addition, findings show that cultural values associated with power distance relate to a higher hashtagging intensity. ARTICLE HISTORY

To understand how bullying is represented within social media, the characteristics of hashtags associated with public mentions of bullying on Twitter between January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2012 are explored in this study. The most frequently used 500 hashtags among the 552,831 distinct hashtags used with the keywords “bully,” “bullied,” and “bullying” were identified and organized into eight categories. Hashtag features, including the number of tweets and retweets in which the hashtag appeared, the number of unique authors who used the hashtag, and the numbers of URLs, hashtags, and user mentions were found to be associated with hashtag category membership. Differences in the daily usage of hashtags used with bullying keywords were also identified. The differences show that bullying has both an immediate, large scale influence as well as a more every day presence. Benefits of using social media for studying bullying and cyberbullying are discussed.

In forme et matière, Gilbert Simondon discusses how matter—all matter—takes form. It is neither the essential qualities of the underlying matter, nor the shaping qualities of an applied form that dictate the final shape and nature of any material thing. He uses the metaphor of the formation of a brick to illustrate this profound but simple point: neither the mix of components alone, nor the brick mould alone are sufficient to produce a brick; la prise de forme of a brick requires both of these and moreover a specific process—an event—to work these elements together into their ultimate shape.

According to Massumi, Simondon's writing on form and matter can be usefully mobilized to think through how discourse forms and circulates. Rather than a simplistic reading that would see discourse as a mimetic reflection of human culture, or a deterministic one that would see it as a top-down shaper of culture, Massumi's mobilization posits discourse as technosocial event, shaping and shaped, forme et matière. It is the complex singularity that gains substance through its ongoing becoming, it is both medium and message.

This paper explores the hashtag as a similar technosocial event; both text and metatext, tag and subject matter, hashtag-mediated discursive assemblages are neither simply the reflection of pre-existing discourse formations nor do they create them out of digital thin air. Rather, they are nodes in the becoming of distributed discussions in which their very materiality as performative utterances (Bruns) is deeply implicated. Hashtags are mobilized in discourse that recognizes itself as such, a crossroads between form and matter, medium and message entangled.

The Handmaid’s Tale uniquely offers more than just a possibility for critiquing patriarchal society. The show’s neo-realistic form also offers its viewers an engagement with new concepts of subjectivity, morality, and political resistance through the presentation of its main character, Offred, whose identity is both shattered and empowered by her empathic relation to others. In this article, I consider how a circumvention of power for a new form of resistance comes into view for Offred’s dynamic character and for viewers who have critically used its aesthetics in political protests. In the first section of the essay, I analyze how formal aspects in the show’s cinematography represents trauma and defense mechanisms according to Freud’s ego-psychology, which I then contrast with representations of developments in intersubjective psychotherapy. In the second section, I take the show as an aesthetic object to understand how it affects the viewer’s unconscious by opening new moral horizons that challenge and resist patriarchal norms of self-sufficiency and individualism. In the third and final section, I relate the intersubjective context within the show’s narrative to contemporary US politics, showing how hashtag movements like #MeToo and the successful mobilization of the show’s aesthetics, such as the use of handmaid’s robes, have become a potent protest symbol against oppressive ideologies.

Hashtags (i.e., the # symbol) are gaining increased popularity among social media
users. However, despite their intense use, little is known about their meanings. Only a
few published studies have investigated fragmented aspects of hashtags and treated
them as a functional means to structure content. In this study, we provide evidence
that hashtags’ meanings go beyond structuring or spreading content and represent an
integral element of contemporary communication via social media. In particular, this
study presents a series of six empirical studies, following traditions in grounded
theory and measurement theory research, to systematically assess motivations for
using hashtags. The results uncover the existence of 10 different motivations for use
(amusing, organizing, designing, conforming, trendgaging, bonding, inspiring, reaching,
summarizing, and endorsing). In addition, we show how these motivations differ
between platforms and also relate to different patterns of social media behavior. The
results contribute to a better academic understanding of social media, provide
managers with profound insights and can guide marketing tactics with hashtags

Previous research on emotion recognition of Twitter users centered on the use of lexicons and basic classifiers on pack of words models, despite the recent accomplishments of deep learning in many disciplines of natural language processing. The study's main question is if deep learning can help them improve their performance. Because of the scant contextual information that most posts offer, emotion analysis is still difficult. The suggested method can capture more emotion sematic than existing models by projecting emoticons and words into emoticon space, which improves the performance of emotion analysis. In a microblog setting, this aids in the detection of subjectivity, polarity, and emotion. It accomplishes this by utilizing hash tags to create three large emotion-labeled data sets that can be compared to various emotional orders. Then compare the results of a few words and character-based repetitive and convolutional neural networks to the results of a pack of words and latent semantic indexing models. Furthermore, the specifics examine the transferability of the most recent hidden state representations across distinct emotional classes and whether it is possible to construct a unified model for predicting each of them using a common representation. It's been shown that repetitive neural systems, especially character-based ones, outperform pack-of-words and latent semantic indexing models. The semantics of the token must be considered while classifying the tweet emotion. The semantics of the tokens recorded in the hash map may be simply searched. Despite these models' low exchange capacities, the recently presented training heuristic produces a unity model with execution comparable to the three solo models.

Over 130 million images with the hashtag ‘selfie’ have been uploaded to the social media platform Instagram. In The Allure of the Selfie: Instagram and the New Self-Portrait, Brooke Wendt examines the significant hold that the ‘selfie’, or the digital self-portrait, has over self and society. Media theorist Vilém Flusser observed that society could become programmed to snap pictures for the sole benefit of cameras, as though under a ‘magical spell’, if photographs continued to be undecoded. Wendt examines this magical spell by analyzing users’ self-portraits on Instagram, one of the most popular contemporary platforms for image production.

Marshall McLuhan’s reframing of the Narcissus myth elucidates the allure of the selfie. McLuhan notes that Narcissus was numb to his mirror image and did not recognize his reflection as his own – he thought his image was that of another. As though unaware that we are looking at ourselves, we quickly become numb to our selfies, taking numerous pictures of ourselves without hesitation. It is the promise of pluripotentiality that fascinates us; however, we are also perpetually tempted and trapped by the notion of creating an ideal self with digital tools such as filter and hashtag functions. In the five essays comprising The Allure of the Selfie: Instagram and the New Self-Portrait, Brooke Wendt thus questions the changing nature of identity and the self-portrait in the age of Instagram.

In April 2020, a Twitter war erupted under the hashtag #MilkTeaAlliance. It united users from Thailand, Taiwan, and Hong Kong in a fight against Chinese techno-nationalists’ attempts to shame public figures into supporting the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)’s framing of geopolitics. In the months that followed, Thai, Taiwanese, and Hong Kong activists continued to lend support to each other through their use of this and other hashtags. Why does the #MilkTeaAlliance hashtag resonate with so many? What political contexts preceded the consolidation of the #MilkTeaAlliance, and how may this alliance reshape geopolitical landscapes offline? We approach these questions from our perspective as activists embedded in these movements. We argue that the formation of the #MilkTeaAlliance unites voices that are marginalized diplomatically, discursively, and affectively by the CCP, and—more crucially—generates valuable affective and physical forms of intra-Asian solidarity against authoritarianism in the region.

In this chapter we consider how social media platforms have produced new
spaces for debates over feminism. The undeniable mass uptake of feminism via social media shows us that self-identified feminists are fighting against antifeminism in ways that enable mass participatory audiences via platforms such as Twitter. In particular, we explore how social media feminist humor and irony are used as rhetorical and debating strategies to challenge problematic arguments against or about feminists by re-staging anti-feminist claims as absurd, ridiculous, and illogical. We argue that humorous posts play a central role in increasing feminist
audiences and mobilizing feminist connectivity (Papacharissi 2012), collectivity, and solidarity. To demonstrate this, we explore three different manifestations of social media feminist humor that challenge rejections of feminism or antifeminism. First, we look at the hugely popular Twitter account @NoToFeminism, which posts witty rejoinders to antifeminist discourses, and was created specifically to parody the #WomenAgainstFeminism movement (see Cohn, this
volume), and has amassed a large following and popularity beyond social media into the mainstream publishing market. Next, we examine the Twitter hashtag #FeministsAreUgly, interrogating how feminists have intervened into the sexist logic that women are feminists because they are sexually undesirable to men. We explore how hashtags can be co-opted in ways that mutate far outside their original aims, given that the hashtag became a space that reinforced Eurocentric, (hetero)normative beauty norms its founders intended it to interrogate. Finally, we explore “misandry” posts which ironically present female superiority in an attempt to parody anti-feminist claims that feminists are man-hating. This tongue in cheek action can be considered a way of mocking willful misunderstandings
of feminism. We also consider whether some of the memes celebrate violence against men in gender binary and essentializing ways. Overall we argue that social media affordances offer women opportunities to engage with and defend feminism in novel and exciting ways that complicate claims that our media culture is overwhelmingly postfeminist and that we are living in a moment that marginalizes sustained feminist political dialogue and critique.

Twitter is repeatedly positioned as a space of hostility for women  with research identifying women being disproportionate targets of misogynist ‘e-bile’ and trolling. Social media in general is presented largely as a space of distraction, and gendered and sexualised risk, addiction, and harm for young people evident in widespread mobile phone regulation and banning at secondary schools in UK and internationally. Use of Twitter amongst school aged children remains under-researched. In this brief chapter, we explore how despite the negative associations of Twitter with cyberbullying and ‘cyberhate’ this platform also offers the possibility of consciousness raising, solidarity and empowerment amongst young people. Specifically, we explore how teenaged feminist girls use the digital affordances of Twitter to connect their personal experiences of sexism and sexual harassment at school to wider cultural critiques of rape culture creating mediated affective solidarities.

In this chapter we look at three different manifestations of social media feminist humour that challenge rejections of feminism or anti-feminism. First we look at the hugely popular twitter account @NoToFeminism, which posts witty rejoinders to anti-feminist discourses, and was initiated specifically to parody the #womenagainstfeminism movement. Next, we examine the twitter hashtag #FeministsAreUgly, to consider how feminists have intervened into the sexist logic that women are feminists because they are sexually undesirable to men. We consider the affordances of the hashtag to stimulate discussion and debate around conventional beauty norms and also how hashtags can be co-opted in ways that mutate far outside its original aims. The hashtag was created in 2014 as a way for people of colour to speak back against beauty standards and cultural privilege and we problematize how it has now potentially become a site of enforcing, and validating the exact same beauty norms it was designed to interrogate. Finally, we explore ‘misandry’ Twitter hashtags and Tumblr posts which ironically present female superiority in an attempt to parody anti-feminist claims that feminists are man-hating. This tongue in cheek action can be considered a way of mocking wilful misunderstandings of feminism. We also, however, consider whether some of the memes celebrate violence against men in gender binary and essentialising ways. Overall we argue that social media affordances offer women opportunities to defend feminism, in novel and exciting ways that move us beyond simplistic claims that we are in any way living in a postfeminist moment without sustained feminist political dialogue and critique.

The purpose of this paper is to expand the understanding of the research potential on the hashtag. The author departs from traditional understanding of the hashtag as a mechanism for structuring information flows in social networks and considers this phenomenon as the key to the study of the relation between language and consciousness under the conditions of the modern media space. In this work, the author adheres to the paradigm of media linguistic research where language is considered to be a cognitive mechanism, and the relationship between language and media is studied from the point of view of their impact on the conceptualization of reality. From the point of view of cognitive semantics, a hashtag can be described as a quantum of content obtained as a result of semantic compression of the content of a publication done by a sender. At the same time, a hashtag is able to set the model of interpretation of the marked message, that indicates its manipulative potential. The article demonstrates the possibilities of combining linguistic analysis of a hashtag, including cognitive semantics methods, with the application of automated monitoring technologies of social networks based on processing Big Data. According to the author, such a combination opens up new possibilities for the research into the relationship between language and consciousness, including the study of the network nature of collective cognitive space. At the same time, the author points out that the algorithms of working with hashtags in solving various problems related to the research of the conceptual sphere of the modern media space require a deeper development involving not only linguists, but also specialists in the field of information technologies, communication theory, sociology, neuroscience and etc.

Cos’è e come funziona un hashtag? La cultura popolare del web lo identifica come una targhetta da assegnare a post, foto, twits, ecc...
L’OED lo definisce “a word or phrase preceded by a hash sign (#), used on social media sites such as Twitter to identify messages on a specific topic”.
Ma un hashtag rappresenta anche un modo di comunicare tutto nuovo, fondato sull’essenzialità e sull’economia del messaggio. Proprio la novità di questo elemento ci ha spinto ad indagarlo a livello linguistico tramite la costruzione di un corpus specialistico, i testi sono tratti dal social Twitter, vero luogo d'origine dell'hashtag.

[Contexte] Cette proposition s’inscrit, dans la recherche de tradition allemande, à l’intersection entre les travaux en linguistique de discours (au sens donc de Diskurslinguistik, Spitzmüller/Warnke, 2011 ; Felder/Gardt 2015), en pragmatique (des nouveaux médias, Herring / Stein / Virtanen 2013 ; Gautier / Michel sous presse) et de la linguistique juridique (au sens de Rechtslinguistik, Felder / Vögel 2017). Plus particulièrement, elle prend pour objet les discours de haine (Hassrede, Scharloth 2017 ; Meibauer 2013) qu’elle visera à éclairer par rapport aux acquis des recherches sur l’invectivité (Invektivität) dont elle cherchera à interroger le positionnement épistémologique dans le champ des sciences du langage.
[Problématique et corpus] Partant de la définition de la catégorie telle qu’elle a été proposée pour les travaux du Sonderforschungsbereich Invektitivität de la TU Dresden, et qui considère comme relevant de cette catégorie tous les discours visant à blesser, abaisser ou exclure un locuteur (Lobenstein-Reichmann 2013 pour une somme historique sur la question), il s’agira, à partir des outils mis à disposition par les deux disciplines de référence, d’en discuter la double dimension pragmatique et discursive, à tout le moins pour le cas particulier des discours de haine tel qu’il se répandent sur les réseaux sociaux, et plus spécifiquement encore à partir d’un corpus compilé automatiquement à la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme de Dijon via l’API de Twitter à partir d’un choix de hashtags à visée diffamatoire du type #DuAusländer ou #IhrJuden.
[Discussion] A la suite de Gautier/Nazarov (soumis), nous partirons d’une perspective constructionnelle (Ziem / Lasch 2013) considérant qu’il s’agit là de paires forme-sens où l’opérateur # lui-même a son propre apport à la construction, et à ce à un double niveau : (i) au niveau pragmatique en ce qu’il dote la construction d’une force spécifique faisant accéder le composé à structure phrastique (d’Avis / Meibauer 2013) au statut d’énoncé à part entière et (ii) au niveau discursif dans la mesure où, à travers la fonction primaire d’indexation du # (Bernard année), c’est un discours spécifique qui est construit, lequel donne lieu, à travers le phénomène de viralité (Stefanowitsch 2020), à la constitution de communautés discursives.

Références citées

d’Avis, Franz / Meibauer, Jörg (2013). « Du Idiot! Din idiot! Pseudo-vocative constructions and insults in German (and Swedish)  », in: Sonnenhauser, Barbara / Noel, Patrizia (Eds). Vocative!: Addressing between System and Performance (= Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs ; 261), Berlin : De Gruyter Mouton, 189-218.
Felder, Ekkehard / Gardt, Andreas (Eds) (2015). Handbuch Sprache und Wissen (= Handbücher Sprachwissen ; 1), Berlin : de Gruyter.
Felder, Ekkehard / Vögel, Friedemann (Eds) (2017). Handbuch Sprache im Recht (= Handbücher Sprachwissen ; 12), Berlin : de Gruyter.
Gautier, Laurent / Michel, Sascha (Eds) (sous presse). Linguistik des Hashtags (= Linguistik – Impulse und Tendenzen), Berlin : de Gruyter.
Gautier, Laurent / Nazarov, Waldemar (soumis). « #IhrRassisten: Pragmatics of Hate Speech Markers on Social Media and their Relevance for Legal Linguistics ». E n cours d’expertise pour Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict.
Herring, Susan / Stein, Dieter / Virtanen, Tujia (Eds) (2013). Pragmatics of computer-mediated communication (= Handbooks of pragmatics ; 9),  Berlin : de Gruyter.
Lobenstein-Reichmann, Anja (2013). Sprachliche Ausgrenzung im späten Mittelalter und in der frühen Neuzeit (= Studia Linguistica Germanica ; 117), Berlin : de Grutyer.
Meibauer, Jörg (Ed.) (2013). Hassrede/Hate Speech: Interdisziplinäre Beiträge zu einer aktuellen Diskussion. Gießen : Gießener Elektronische Bibliothek.
Scharloth, Joachim (Ed.) (2017). Themenheft: Hate Speech/Hassrede. Zeitschrift für Sprachkritik und Sprachkultur, 13(2), Bremen : Hempen Verlag.
Spitzmüller, Jürgen / Warnke, Ingo H. (2011). Diskurslinguistik : eine Einführung in Theorien und Methoden der transtextuellen Sprachanalyse (= de Gruyter Studium), Berlin : de Gruyter.
Stefanowitsch, Anatol (2020). Der Shitstorm im Medium Twitter Eine Fallstudie, in: Marx, Konstanze / Lobin, Henning / Schmidt, Axel (Eds.): Deutsch in Sozialen Medien. Interaktiv – multimodal – vielfältig (= Jahrbuch des Instituts für Deutsche Sprache 2019) - Berlin : de Gruyter, 185-214.
Ziem, Alexander / Lasch, Alexander (2013). Konstruktionsgrammatik: Konzepte und Grundlagen gebrauchsbasierter Ansätze (= Germanistische Arbeitshefte ; 44), Berlin : de Gruyter.

Özet Kadınlara yönelik insan hakları ihlali ve kadınlara karşı ayrımcılık biçimlerinden biri olan şiddet, ülke genelinde mücadele edilmesi gereken öncelikli toplumsal sorunlar arasında yer almaktadır. Yeni medya ortamları, toplum içerisinde hak ihlaline uğrayan grupların seslerini duyurma ve bu grupların mağduriyetlerini giderme anlamında çeşitli hak mücadelelerine imkân tanımaktadır. Demokratik ve yeni bir kamusal alan olarak tanımlanan sosyal medya, toplumun çeşitli kesimlerinden insanları sanal bir ortamda buluşturmakta ve çeşitli konular çerçevesinde kamuoyu oluşturmalarına imkân tanıyarak iletişim düzenini dönüştürmektedir. Bu çalışmada matematik öğretmeni tarafından tecavüze uğrayan Cansel Buse Kınalı'nın intihar etmesinin ardından Twitter üzerinde oluşturulan #canseliçinsusma etiketi ile gelen tweetler incelenerek içerik analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ayrıca tweet paylaşımı yapan kullanıcıların profil analizi de yapılmıştır. Böylece sosyal medyanın gündem oluşturma, hak ve adalet arama mecrası olarak kullanımını belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda elde edilen bulgulara göre #canseliçinsusma etiketi ile gönderilen iletilerin çoğunlukla retweet olması, ileti paylaşımının doğu illerinde yok denecek kadar az olması ve cinsiyet bakımından çoğunlukla kadın takipçiler tarafından paylaşılması dikkat çekmektedir. Abstract As a type of human rights violation of woman and discrimination against woman, violence is one of the key social issues about being dealed with in a country. The new media environments provide a political platform for people as the voice of the groups which are infringed and as the way of defence of the groups which are willing to redress some of the injustices. Social media defined as a democratic way and a new public space is able to transform the communication system by bringing different people together from different levels in a society via virtual environment. This study is focused on the content analysis of the Tweets, (#canseliçinsusma) of Cansel Buse Kınalı, who has suicided just after being raped by her mathematics teacher. Additionally, it is analysed to the profile of users who share tweets. By doing this, it is aimed to illustrate that social media is a way of agenda building as well as justice and right seeking for a society. According to the findings of this study, it is considered that lots of tweets are retweeted. Furthermore, there is almost not any tweet reflecting this news especially in the West part of Turkey and broadly speaking women have shared all of these Tweets.

This paper explores the rough, emergent and partial public culture of race-activist hashtags through the discourses of #RaceFail, a critical race quarrel that started in the sci-fi and fantasy blogosphere, and expanded from there into a broader, sustained discussion over social media; and #Ferguson, a recent race-activist hashtag raising issues around censorship, filtering and ‘gated discourse’. It ends with a discussion of how the frictions between the neoliberal desire to reduce hashtag publics to product publicity, and the activist desire to use hashtags to further public sphere awareness of political issues, is exemplified in the controversy over Facebook’s ‘algorithmic filtering’ of #Ferguson, and how, nevertheless, critical race hashtags are tapping into a developing tradition of vocal social media–supported dissent.

Versión en español del artículo "La comunicación política en Internet: el caso de #RedAMLO.
Resumen
El presente trabajo analiza las modificaciones que las redes sociodigitales han generado dentro del campo de la comunicación política, particularmente la construcción de redes de interacción-comunicación mediante la creación de hashtags como el caso de #RedAMLO en Twitter. Así, este trabajo tiene como objetivo identificar la red de interacción-comunicación que se han formado mediante el hashtag #RedAMLO, para analizar su estructura, flujo de información y aquellos nodos que se posicionan estratégicamente en
dicha red.
Para ello, se ha empleado el Análisis de Redes Sociales (ARS) como cuerpo metodológico y se ha recurrido a la minería de datos para recopilar, sistematizar, depurar y analizar la metacomunicación de dicha red.
Entre los principales resultados se encontró y visualizó una red conformada por 8586 nodos, mismos que son en buena medida ciudadanos que potencian su visibilidad y simpatía política a través de esta plataforma sociodigital. Esto es parte de un proceso más amplio donde una mayor visibilidad implica una descentralización de la opinión pública y una táctica política para mostrar la base que sustenta a la actual administración.
No obstante, dentro de los cinco nodos más relevantes por la cantidad de vínculos, dos presentan una lógica de funcionamiento similar a la de cuentas falsas o bots, por lo que el trabajo también identifica que
en estas redes de orden político-ciudadano también intervienen elementos propios del espacio virtual derivado de sus lógicas operativas e intereses particulares

TikTok es una de las redes sociales emergentes con mayor crecimiento en el mundo, gracias a su popularidad y divulgación ha coadyuvado transmitir contenido en tiempos confinamiento, pues su fácil uso y entretenimiento han sido factores indispensables en momento de crisis. Se aplicó un estudio cuali-cuantitativo, de enfoque deductivo, utilizando como el análisis de contenido de alcance exploratorio para determinar el área de interacción y socialización de los perfiles seleccionados. Los resultados demuestran que a través de esta plataforma tanto influencers como instituciones supranacionales mediante la folksonomía, han utilizado la red social con fines de difusión de temas relacionados a la COVID-19, crisis sanitaria, y medidas de prevención, siendo así el etiquetado social indispensable para la propagación de sus mensajes. En definitiva, el etiquetado es una herramienta fundamental para la ubicación inmediata y difusión sobre temas determinados a la COVID-19.

El hashtag es definido frecuentemente como una etiqueta cliqueable que identifica el tema de un tuit o posteo y propicia la generación de conversaciones en torno al mismo. En la última década, no obstante, lo hemos visto convertirse en símbolo de diferentes causas sociales y nombre de nuevos movimientos colectivos. #BlackLivesMatter, #JeSuisCharlie y #NiUnaMenos son tres ejemplos de ello, que tuvieron lugar en los últimos años en diferentes ciudades del mundo occidental y adquirieron gran masividad, visibilidad y relevancia. Este artículo se propone estudiar en estos tres casos el vínculo entre el hashtag como elemento discursivo y el fenómeno social que con él se identifica. El objetivo será determinar si existen características en común que nos permitan sostener que nos encontramos frente a un subtipo particular de hashtag, que denominaremos hashtag contestatario. El abordaje se realizará desde un marco teórico interdisciplinario que complementará desarrollos de la teoría política y la literatura sobre movimientos sociales con conceptos provenientes del campo del análisis del discurso, en particular las teorías de la polifonía enunciativa y los actos de habla. La metodología consistirá en un análisis polifónico de la materialidad discursiva de los hashtags complementado con estudios cualitativos previos sobre cada caso y seguido de un estudio comparado de los tres ejemplos seleccionados. La conclusión brindará una aproximación a las características principales que comparten los “hashtags contestatarios”.

In recent years hashtag studies have increased their numbers. The role of hashtags becomes increasingly predominant in social media studies. Many researchers wonder how to study them, ending up treating them in an aggregate way and turning to big data and static-mathematical modeling. This type of studies seem to consider hashtags as tools, favoring a single analysis perspective. In fact, The studies and the research carried out in the field of social media deal with what users do with hashtags. This paper wishes to propose a different perspective. The question raised here is not "what users do with hashtags," but "what they do to hashtags." This theoretical approach presupposes a change in the perspective based on the reading of hashtags as speech acts, which impacts the construction of social reality and identifies hashtags as cultural products. This interpretative path of cultural nature seems to be necessary in order to be able to look at the hashtag as a concept that changes its meaning through human interaction. The consequence of inserting this perspective is that the hashtag becomes a multidimensional concept, which in order to be analyzed must be decomposed and analyzed in all its possible dimensions. If the aim of the research is to reconstruct the sense and meaning of the hashtag.

L'analyse du discours natif en ligne est encore un domaine peu exploré par les linguistes francophones et cela nous a paru si stimulant que nous en avons fait le sujet de ce mémoire. La problématique que nous posons ici concerne l'étude du discours politique dans les réseaux sociaux numériques (RSN), en particulier dans le dispositif Twitter. Les RSN constituent de nouveaux corpus pour la linguistique TDI (texte, discours, interaction) francophone ; par contre, dans le domaine anglophone, des études se sont fortement développées à partir de 2010 en CMC (Computer Mediated Communication) et media studies sur Facebook et Twitter.  La tendance générale est d'utiliser les outils d'analyse du discours hors ligne (approche logocentée) : à travers notre travail nous voudrions justifier l'opportunité d'abandonner cette conception en faveur d'une écologie du discours numérique, qui permet de prendre en considération l'ensemble du dispositif de production verbale et non un seul de ses éléments. En premier lieu, nous ferons une présentation des univers numériques, en définissant notre champ d'étude et en reprenant une approche de type écologique. Ayant envisagé ces deux aspects, nous expliquerons une notion qu'il faut considérer fondamentale et que nous avons voulu reprendre dans le titre même de ce mémoire : il s'agit de la technologie discursive. Toutefois, le centre de notre étude porte sur la véritable analyse des tweets concernant le projet de loi réformant le Code du Travail, proposé en France par la ministre Myriam El Khomri au nom du gouvernement Valls. Une attention particulière sera accordée aux productions linguistiques des opposants et, dans un second temps, aux différences relevées par rapport aux compositions des comptes liés au Gouvernement Français.

Digital literacy and social benefits met in the form of the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge in August 2014. This study assessed the experience of participants in the challenge to understand the relationships between altruism, motivation to participate, and digital literacy. Results indicate relationships between altruism and the motivators of product involvement and social benefits. In addition, results offer the perception of contribution to a cause as a predictor of development of digital literacy.

Целью настоящей работы является исследование механизма хэштегирования в формировании политической повестки. Хэштеги рассматриваются как особая разновидность Big Data. Научная проблема видится в недостаточной изученности вопроса воздействия хэштегов на процесс управления политической повесткой различными акторами. Политическое хэштегирование понимается автором как процесс конструирования и распространения политических хэштегов, ориентированных на
управление политическим дискурсом целевой аудитории через новые медиа. В статье проанализированы кейсы применения политических хэштегов в Великобритании, Франции и Саудовской Аравии. В качестве основной научной методологии автор применяет принципы анализа больших данных через ресурс Google Trends. С помощью этой методологии автор проверил и подтвердил результаты политологического исследования С. Джеффереса из Школы изучения правительства и общества
Бирмингемского университета. Проверка доказала, что когда британский департамент Хоум-офис во время выборов комиссаров полиции (PCC) в местных округах Англии и Уэльса попытался контролировать политическую повестку через социальные сети с помощью хэштега #MyPCC, это вызвало усиление использования избирателями альтернативного хэштега #PCC. Автор делает вывод, что для качественного развития академической политической науки большое прикладное значение имеют возможности корреляции переменных, которые дает анализ больших данных через такие ресурсы, как Google Trends. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the mechanism of hash-integration in the formation of a political agenda. Hashtags are considered as a special kind of Big Data. The scientific problem is determined by the insufficient knowledge of the question of the impact of hashtags on the management of the political agenda by various actors. Political hash-tagging is understood by the author as the process of constructing, disseminating political hashtags, focused on managing the political discourse of the target audience through new media. The article analyzes cases of applying political hashtags in the UK, France and Saudi Arabia. As the main scientific methodology, the author applies the principles of big data analysis through the Google Trends resource. With the help of this methodology, the author checked and confirmed the results of the political science research of Stephen Jeffares from the School of Government and Society, University of Birmingham, UK. The audit proved that when the British Home Office during the election of police commissioners (PCC) in the local districts of England and Wales tried to control the political agenda through social networks using the hashtag #MyPCC, this caused an increased use of the alternative hashtag #PCC by voters. The author concludes that for the qualitative development of academic political science, the possibility of correlating variables that big data analysis provides through such resources as Google Trends are of great practical importance.

This paper considers the pragmatic contribution of hashtags on the social networking site Twitter. Taking a relevance-theoretic perspective, I argue that hashtags contribute to relevance by adding a layer of activation to certain contextual assumptions and thus guiding the reader's inferential processes. The information contained in a hashtag may guide the hearer in the derivation of both explicitly and implicitly communicated meaning, and may also have stylistic consequences. Twitter facilitates one-to-many, asynchronous communication, and so tweeters are unlikely to be able to assume that they share contextual assumptions with all or any of their audience. By allowing tweeters to make their intended contextual assumptions accessible to a wide range of readers, hashtags facilitate the use of an informal, casual style, even in the unpredictable and largely anonymous discourse context of Twitter.

In this work we introduce a simple mathematical model, based on master equations, to describe the time evolution of the popularity of hashtags on the Twitter social network. Specifically, we model the total number of times a certain hashtag appears on user's timelines as a function of time. Our model considers two kinds of components: those that are internal to the network (degree distribution) as well as external factors, such as the external popularity of the hashtag. From the master equation, we are able to obtain explicit solutions for the mean and variance and construct confidence regions. We propose a gamma kernel function to model the hashtag popularity, which is quite simple and yields reasonable results. We validate the plausibility of the model by contrasting it with actual Twitter data obtained through the public API. Our findings confirm that relatively simple semi-deterministic models are able to capture the essentials of this very complex phenomenon for a wide variety of cases. The model we present distinguishes from other existing models in its focus on the time evolution of the total number of times a particular hashtag has been seen by Twitter users and the consideration of both internal and external components.

A hashtag is a type of label or metadata tag primarily used on social networking websites and mi-croblogging services. It makes it easier for users to find content of the same topic. Hashtags are created by inserting the hash character (#) in front of a word or phrase (without spaces). The paper presents the process and results of a thought experiment: it aims analyzing the relationship of a new text form (which can be considered as a minimal text), the hashtag and phrasemes. I assumed that hashtags bear the most distinctive characteristics of phrasemes, and they represent a new type of them. After the thorough review of the relevant literature, definitions and characteristics of phrasemes, I concluded that although there are signs of stability of the components of certain hashtags, and a stronger degree of pragmatic and a weaker degree of lexical constraint can be observed in them, and they have common characteristics with the so called situation sentences and collocations, but in general nor real semantic constraints neither real lexical stability (lex-icalization) can be detected in hashtags. To the question in the title of the paper (Hashtags as new phrasemes?) a negative answer can be given, for the time being, but it doesn't exclude that in the future there may be hashtags with more explicit phraseme characteristics.

CURSO A DESARROLLAR EN FEBRERO 2021 EN FORMIGAS.
INSCRIPCIONES ABIERTAS

Introducción
Hablar de los movimientos sociales en los albores del siglo XXI implica reconocer una serie de cambios que se desarrollan tanto en la estructura como en las herramientas que estas acciones colectivas utilizan para ganar visibilidad, concretar sus demandas y materializar su horizonte de posibilidades. Por ello, el curso "Movimientos Sociales y Comunicación. Perspectivas y propuestas analíticas en Iberoamérica" tiene como objetivo establecer un marco común de propuestas analíticas y metodológicas que intentan teorizar sobre la novedosa vinculación entre las acciones colectivas y la comunicación en tanto herramienta y espacio de socialización, particularmente Internet. En este curso se verán algunas perspectivas generadas desde Iberoamérica para entender los cambios referidos en los históricos/nuevos/novísimos movimientos sociales al incorporar las plataformas de comunicación en sus repertorios de acción. De esta manera, se pretende construir un estado del arte en cuanto a perspectivas y metodologías vinculadas a estos nuevos procesos de acción convergente entre lo offline y lo online, con la finalidad de reconocer la vida onlife. El feminismo, el altermundismo, la diversidad sexual y las juventudes emergentes adquieren un papel central en este curso, dado que sus formas de acción se transmutan en la vida de pantallas para presentar y representar sus demandas, así como desmantelar los históricos estereotipos desarrollados en los medios de comunicación tradicionales (prensa, radio, cine y televisión). Por tanto, este curso pretende contribuir a la identificación de estos procesos que convergen entre la Sociología y la Comunicación para renovar marcos, perspectivas y sobre todo dar cuenta de las formas de acción en un mundo en proceso de hipercomunicación.

This paper considers the extent to which the hashtag may be defined as a new textual construct. Though there are various ways of using hashtags as keywords to a Tweet or for other meta-communicative functions, I assume that all hashtags relate to the rest of the Tweet in a specific way. Examining this relation between the hashtag and the Tweet in the context of Relevance Theory, I argue that the hashtag is a paratext that meets media-specific constraints, in that it transcends the single Tweet and connects it it with other Tweets of relevance. I conclude that the hashtag is to be understood as a structural and semantic transmedia connector.

Cette étude s’inscrit dans un programme de recherche qui vise, entre autres objectifs, à montrer que les journalistes québécois, sur le web et notamment sur Twitter, élaborent des stratégies qui leur permettent de recouvrer une « autorité informationnelle », proche de celle dont ils jouissent dans les médias prénumériques. Cette autorité, souvent perçue comme expertise, peut servir de terreau à l’établissement d'une relation de confiance entre le journaliste et son audience personnelle.

Toutefois, la nature même de cette relation de confiance, à défaut d’être totalement remise en question, est fragilisée par la mobilisation des réseaux socionumériques, tant leurs fonctionnalités sont susceptibles d’influer sur les échanges interactionnels et de transformer simultanément les pratiques journalistiques. Cette dynamique entre informateurs et informés est, selon nous, assimilable à un contrat de communication, tel que le conçoit Charaudeau. Dans notre étude, le contrat de communication négocié entre journalistes et public est en recherche constante d’un équilibre : il repose à la fois sur une relation stabilisée issue de la diffusion du contenu des médias traditionnels et sur la reconstruction d’une autorité informationnelle apparemment remise en question dans les médias numériques. Nous avons cherché à savoir de quelles manières cet équilibre contractuel est déstabilisé en examinant précisément des traces interactionnelles de journalistes travaillant pour le compte de médias francophones québécois.