Forces

"The thesis vindicates the common-sense intuition that touch is more objective than the other senses.  The reason why it is so, it is argued, is that touch is the only sense essential of the experience of physical effort, and that this experience constitutes our only acquaintance with the mind-independence of the physical world.
The thesis is divided in tree parts.
Part I argues that sensory modalities are individuated by they proper objects, realistically construed.
Part II argues that the proper objects of touch are pressures and tensions, defined as pairs of real an antagonist forces.
Part III argues that experiences of pressures are an essential part of the experience of physical effort and that the experience of physical effort (which amounts to the experience of resistance to our will), constitutes our only immediate access to the mind-independence of the physical world."

SOMMAIRE Editorial L'image du mois : Hunyadi Janos, eau laxative Histoire des instruments :-Eolipyles et cautères : une drôle d'histoire ! (Philippe Lépine)-Forces ancêtres des ciseaux chirurgicaux, à propos de deux modèles égyptiens (Richard-Alain Jean)

Reinforced concrete frame buildings have become common form of construction with masonry infills in urban and semi urban areas in the world. The term infilled frame denotes a composite structure formed by the combination of a moment resisting plane frame and infill walls. The infill masonry may be of brick, concrete blocks, or stones. In the current practice of structural design in India infill walls are considered as non-structural elements and their strength and stiffness contribution are neglected. The effect of infill panels on the response of reinforced concrete frames subjected to seismic action is widely recognized and has been subject of numerous experimental and analytical investigations over last five decades. The framed building behaves differently as compared to a bare framed building (without any infill) or a fully infilled framed building under lateral load. A bare frame is much less stiff than a fully infilled frame; it resists the applied lateral load through frame action and shows well-distributed plastic hinges at failure. In this study high rise buildings of regular and irregular geometry with 200 mm clay infill thickness under earthquake Zones-V with different infill positions are considered so as to evaluate the efficient building frame. These are achieved by comparing the result with different parameter like moment, shear force, peak displacement and drift.

The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of finger spread on the propulsive force production in swimming using computational fluid dynamics. Computer tomography scans of an Olympic swimmer hand were conducted. This procedure involved three models of the hand with differing finger spreads: fingers closed together (no spread), fingers with a small (0.32 cm) spread, and fingers with large (0.64 cm) spread. Steady-state computational fluid dynamics analyses were performed using the Fluent code. The measured forces on the hand models were decomposed into drag and lift coefficients. For hand models, angles of attack of 0 degrees, 15 degrees, 30 degrees, 45 degrees, 60 degrees, 75 degrees, and 90 degrees, with a sweep back angle of 0 degrees, were used for the calculations. The results showed that the model with a small spread between fingers presented higher values of drag coefficient than did the models with fingers closed and fingers with a large spread. One can note tha...

This paper defends the view that Newtonian forces are real symmetrical and non-causal relations. In the first part, I argue that Newtonian forces are real; in the second part, that they are relations; in the third part, that they are symmetrical relations; in the fourth part, that they are not causal relations, (but causal relata) by which I mean that they are not species of causation. The overall picture is anti-humean to the extent that it defends the existence of forces, irreducible to spatio-temporal relations, but is still compatible with humean approaches to causation (and others) since it denies that forces are species of causation.

It is often said that impenetrability is the mark of the material, and that whatever is real is material. This naive materialism however faces many putative counterexamples: 1. a tree and the molecules that compose it (Wiggins, 1968): they are distinct (the tree can survive the loss of some molecules, the molecules can survive the death of the tree) and both are at the same place at the same time.

Introduction The United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador (ONUSAL) was established in May 1991, in the midst of the Salvadoran civil war, before the brokering of a cease-fire or a final peace agreement. The mission had been invited, under Chapter VI of the UN Charter, by both sides of the conflict – the Salvadoran government and the opposition, the Farabundo Marti Front for National Liberation (FMLN) – to monitor the abysmal human rights situation in the country. After the warring sides signed the peace accords in January 1992, ONUSAL expanded to include significant civilian police, military, and later elections-monitoring divisions. Specialists in Central America have argued that, as of the mid-1990s, “of the UN's internal peacemaking efforts since the end of the Cold War, its work in El Salvador stands out as the most unambiguously successful.” While I would argue that the UN was comparatively more successful in Namibia, because of the results of its widespread engagement directly with the population, there is no question that the peacekeeping mission in El Salvador was successful, both in terms of implementing its mandate, and in terms of helping to reform and create domestic institutions that would ensure the future peaceful development of El Salvador. I argue that the operation was a success in large part because the UN mission functioned as a learning organization over the course of shaping and implementing its mandate.

The World Stress Map Project compiles a global database of contemporary tectonic stress information of the Earth's crust. Early releases of the World Stress Map Project demonstrated the existence of first-order (plate-scale) stress fields controlled by plate boundary forces and second-order (regional) stress fields controlled by major intraplate stress sources such as mountain belts and zones of widespread glacial rebound. The 2005 release of the World Stress Map Project database provides, for some areas, high data density that enables us to investigate third-order (local) stress field variations, and the forces controlling them such as active faults, local inclusions, detachment horizons, and density contrasts. These forces act as major controls on the stress field orientations when the magnitudes of the horizontal stresses are close to isotropic. We present and discuss examples for Venezuela, Australia, Romania, Brunei, western Europe, and southern Italy where a substantial increase of data records demonstrates some of the additional factors controlling regional and local stress patterns.

This paper describes a method to determine mutual forces acting between dielectric particles, which form chains. The Maxwell stress tensor method together with finite element method are used. It is shown that particles placed in inhomogeneous field, because of dielectrophoretic forces acting between them, have a tendency to collect one by one giving in effect even long particles chains. In this article, Maxwell stress tensors are integrated over particle surfaces to give total mutual forces interacting between molecules.

There are some obstacles in Newtonian dynamics that are still unresolved. Those obstacles are caused by both of the wrong understanding of inertia and the limitations in Newton’s first & second laws. Therefore, I theoretically analyzed the motion of the spherical inelastic object on a perfectly smooth horizontal surface in a vacuumed system. I hypothesized two new laws in dynamics and a new physical property of forces which is “Force Relative Speed (FRS) ” to explain the unexpected motion of the object and the flaws in Newton’s dynamics. Also, I presented a new definition of inertia and showed why and when this new definition should be used. According to the dynamics that I introduced in this article, Newtonian physics cannot describe any object's motion when that object has inertia, therefore the motion of many objects in nature is misunderstood. Consequently, a lot of physical parameters that were measured by using Newtonian dynamics are not accurate.

Plusieurs théories unificatrices ont été proposées. Une grande unification implique l'existence d'une force électronucléaire. La dernière étape de l'unification nécessiterait une théorie qui inclue à la fois la mécanique quantique et la gravité par la relativité générale (« la théorie finale »). Après 1990, certains physiciens considèrent que la théorie M à 11 dimensions, souvent identifiée à l'une des cinq théories des supercordes perturbateurs, ou parfois à la supergravité à supersymétrie maximale supersymétrique à 11 dimensions, est la théorie finale. L'idée de la théorie M s'inspire des idées de la théorie de Kaluza-Klein, dans laquelle il a été constaté que l'utilisation d'un espace-temps à 5 dimensions pour la relativité générale (une des dimensions étant petite) est vue, du point de vue à 4 dimensions, comme la relativité générale habituelle avec l'électrodynamique de Maxwell.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.30364.62084

ABSTRACT The idea of global governance has attained near-celebrity status. In little more than a decade the concept has gone from the ranks of the unknown to one of the central orienting themes in the practice and study of international affairs of the post-Cold War period. The intensi-fying connections between states and peoples, better known as global-ization, are now frequently presumed to create the need for governance and rule-making at the global level. According to such a view, only with global governance will states and peoples be able to cooperate on economic, environmental, security, and political issues, settle their disputes in a nonviolent manner, and advance their common interests and values. Absent an adequate supply of global governance, states are likely to retreat behind protective barriers and re-create the conditions for enduring conflict. Global governance, then, is thought to bring out the best in the international community and rescue it from its worst instincts. Although the study of global governance has a long pedigree, its prominence increased dramatically after the Cold War. A scholarly journal now bears its name. Several presses now have series on the sub-ject. Although scholars have been less likely to invest global governance with the same heroic qualities as do policymakers, they have tended to see it as capable of helping states overcome conflict and achieve their common aspirations. For policymakers and scholars, global gov-ernance is one of the defining characteristics of the current international moment.. We also acknowledge the bibliographic assistance of Emilie Hafner-Burton and Jonathan Havercroft.

The relevance of the problem which is solved in this article has been substantiated. In modern machines and equipment, rotary motions which cannot be implemented without gear wheels and gear trains are always present. Attainment of high performance of a machine-increase in loading with simultaneous increase in speed, increase in transmitted forces and moments, decrease in noise during operation, ensuring high indexes of failure-free performance and longevity of a machine-depends on precision in manufacturing the gear wheels and gear trains. These requirements to modern machines are put simultaneously with improvement of technology of their manufacturing and with creation of new effective methods of machine parts working. A new effective method of radial-circumferential (RC) gear cutting by disk-type cutting tool under the conditions of continuous generation (revolving) around is described; this way enables us to considerably reduce the expenditures for expensive and complicated cutting tools, to increase productivity of the process, and to increase precision of gear wheels. However, for application of this method in the course manufacturing, it is necessary to develop a technique of prediction of the precision of the gear cutting; such a technique being able to serve as a basis of substantiation of the choice of regimes of gear cutting. Principles of the mathematical model of cutting force of gear cutting, i.e. a model which is based on modelling of parameters of shearings made by a disk-type milling cutter, are presented in this article. This mathematical relation takes into account the intensity of deformation of the layer which is being removed and the strength of the material which is being machined; the model also enables us to determine the force on individual blades and its total value on all the active teeth in RC-method at any instant of time of milling as a function of the turn angle of the cutting tool. Analysis of cutting force has indicated that in one revolution of a milling cutter the cutting force varies according to aperiodic regularity, and its peak values are considerably less than the force of gear-tooth milling by a hobbing cutter under the same initial conditions. Since the disc-type gear milling cutter, as compared with the hobbing cutter, is considerably more sensitive to elastic deformations, the cutting force can essentially influence the error of gear cutting of ring gears. Proceedings from this, the influence of primary errors and that of elastic deformations which are caused by variable cutting force in the cycle of revolution of the milling cutter and formation of gears on the error of the working is investigated. Laws of the influence of radial, axial, and torque deformations of the elastic system of a machine on the deviations of parameters of the teeth from their rated ones and on the error of profiles in the process of gear milling according to radial-circumferential method are presented. The enhance of precision of tooth cutting and reduction of the total error becomes possible due to the choice of such regimes of cutting (first of all, axial feed) under which the necessary precision of the chosen parameter of precision, in particular, profile error, can be attained.

We prove that the non-commutative Gross–Neveu model on the two-dimensional Moyal plane is renormalizable to all orders. Despite a remaining UV/IR mixing, renormalizability can be achieved. However, in the massive case, this forces us to introduce an additional counterterm of the form $\bar{\psi}\imath\gamma^{0}\gamma^{1}\psi$ . The massless case is renormalizable without such an addition.