Eye tracking

The present study investigated the visual scanning pattern of children with typical development in three different age groups(4–6,6–8,8–10 years old). We used a data set from one related research, which included images with different low-level features: Green and Normal. This study analyzed age-associated inter-individual differences and was intended to show that graph profiling combined with a fixation time approach could help us to better understand the developmental visual pattern. Thus, degree centrality as one of the graph theory measures was implied to analyze gaze distribution. We explored the influence of bottom-up features, comparing the first 2 s (early phase) with the interval from 4 to 6 s (late phase) of scene exploration during age development. Our results indicated that degree centrality and fixation time increased with age. Furthermore, it was found that the effects of saliency are short-lived but significant. Moreover, we found that Green images during the early pha...

Digital games aimed at improving cognitive and/or motor-sensory skills need to be carefully designed to take into account the characteristics and needs of particular categories of users. Several novel mini-games explicitly aimed at children with visual impairment (VI) were co-designed by a multidisciplinary team which involved computer engineers and a therapy team from the Robert Hollman Foundation (Padova, Italy). These games are played by children moving within a large-scale interactive environment – i.e., a floor portion placed under a motion capture system capable of tracking one or more people – with the game linking the players movements to the audio and visual output to produce meaningful interactions. We report on a pilot study of the usability of the system involving 11 children with VI. The results allowed us to improve the system and to define a set of guidelines useful for designers and developers of similar systems.

Theory shows that huge amount of labelled data are needed in order to achieve reliable classification/regression methods when using deep/machine learning techniques. However, in the eye tracking field, manual annotation is not a feasible option due to the wide variability to be covered. Hence, techniques devoted to synthesizing images show up as an opportunity to provide vast amounts of annotated data. Considering that the well-known UnityEyes tool provides a framework to generate single eye images and taking into account that both eyes information can contribute to improve gaze estimation accuracy we present U2Eyes dataset, that is publicly available. It comprehends about 6 million of synthetic images containing binocular data. Furthermore, the physiology of the eye model employed is improved, simplified dynamics of binocular vision are incorporated and more detailed 2D and 3D labelled data are provided. Additionally, an example of application of the dataset is shown as work in progress. Employing U2Eyes as training framework Supervised Descent Method (SDM) is used for eyelids segmentation. The model obtained as result of the training process is then applied on real images from GI4E dataset showing promising results.

Congenital simple hamartoma of the retinal pigment epithelium (CSHRPE) is a rare benign tumor often detected incidentally during routine eye exams. We present a case of multifocal CSHRPE in a 32-year-old Hispanic woman, emphasizing the diagnostic challenges posed by its presentation and the pivotal role of multimodal imaging in accurate diagnosis. Despite initial difficulties due to a history of trauma and pigmented fundus, advanced imaging techniques, including optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT angiography (OCTA), fluorescein angiography (FA), and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), facilitated a precise diagnosis. Notably, OCTA revealed high signal intensity and flow at the largest nodule site while FA and ICGA exhibited characteristic blockage patterns. Moreover, smaller nodules exhibited OCT findings supporting the theory of islands of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells proliferating ectopically within the retina. Our case underscores the importance of comprehensive imaging assessment in distinguishing CSHRPE from other lesions, contributing to a deeper understanding of this rare ocular condition.

Introduction & Objective: Birth to the age of 3–5 y.o. is the critical period of visual acuity development in children. Preferential looking is an early eye examination to detect visual impairment in children and has been known as an objective test for children below 5 y.o. The purpose of this study was to examine the children’s accuracy in answering the computer-based preferential looking test. Methods This research was conducted using a cross-sectional method. The subjects used were children aged 3–5 y.o. who were taken by convenience sampling technique in four urban kindergartens in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, and had met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The visual acuity measurement technique used was a preferential looking with hemispatial Gabor patch written in Python application. The eye tracker was used as a control. The analytical method used was descriptive analysis to determine the characteristics of the subject and the average accuracy of both eyes followed by the one-wa...

Historically 3D effect in film has been used as a relatively superficial aesthetic attraction. Here we consider and test the idea that 3D can be used to guide viewer attention and narrative interpretation in film. The current study used self-report measures in conjunction with eye-tracking technology to record attention, memory and narrative interpretation of 32 participants (25 female). Eye-gaze behaviour was recorded while half of the participants were randomly assigned to watch Michel Gondry’s The Green Hornet (2011) in 3D and the other half watched the same film in 2D. We concentrated on a particular moment where the use of 3D technology brings some aspects of the image to the forefront, such as a prop that might have narrative significance for the story as it unfolds. We were unable to confirm that 3D effect in Gondry’s film is effectively used to direct viewers’ visual attention towards narratively relevant information. Also, we found no evidence that the 3D version of Gondry’s film contributes to better memory or narrative interpretation of this particular scene. In discussing our findings, beyond the technical conditions of our eye-tracking research, we consider the role of film genre, narrative mode, viewers’ expectations and media literacy in shaping such visual attention and narrative interpretation.

This paper presents an eye-tracking study in which number processing in simultaneous interpreting was investigated. Interpreting accuracy and eye behaviour were studied together to unveil the processing and rendering of numbers by interpreting trainees (N = 22) and professional interpreters (N = 26). While professional interpreters rendered numerals and the context in which they appeared with better accuracy, there was also a positive correlation between number interpreting accuracy and context interpreting accuracy. Our results indicate that interpreting arithmetic values of numerals is more cognitively demanding than interpreting their context, which is reflected in longer mean fixation duration on numbers than on the elements they referred to. Further research is needed to investigate numerical data processing in other tasks, involving other language pairs and interpreting directionality. The study outcomes may be a useful contribution to research on the cognitive aspects of simu...

Video-based eye-tracking systems are especially suited to studying eye movements during naturally occurring activities such as locomotion, but eye velocity records suffer from broad band noise that is not amenable to conventional filtering methods. We evaluated the effectiveness of combined median and moving-average filters by comparing prefiltered and postfiltered records made synchronously with a video eye-tracker and the magnetic search coil technique, which is relatively noise free. Root-mean-square noise was reduced by half, without distorting the eye velocity signal. To illustrate the practical use of this technique, we studied normal subjects and patients with deficient labyrinthine function and compared their ability to hold gaze on a visual target that moved with their heads (cancellation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex). Patients and normal subjects performed similarly during active head rotation but, during locomotion, patients held their eyes more steadily on the visual t...

In this work, we present a research about ocular behavior during immersion in virtual reality. To enhance our comprehension of human behavior in immersive conditions, we will focus on vision and its reactivity to non-photorealistic rendering and cinematic procedures. Using physiological data collected in real time with an eye tracker, we compare attentional and pupillary response in order to describe the visual immersion experienced by the user. This proposal could be useful to identify physical sickness produced by perceptual mismatches and to evaluate the cognitive efficiency of virtual reality experiences in different fields of applications, giving feedback to content producers about user´s ocular behavior.

This work presents a novel end-to-end trainable CNN model for high performance visual object tracking. It learns both low-level fine-grained representations and a high-level semantic embedding space in a mutual reinforced way, and a multi-task learning strategy is proposed to perform the correlation analysis on representations from both levels. In particular, a fully convolutional encoder-decoder network is designed to reconstruct the original visual features from the semantic projections to preserve all the geometric information. Moreover, the correlation filter layer working on the fine-grained representations leverages a global context constraint for accurate object appearance modeling. The correlation filter in this layer is updated online efficiently without network fine-tuning. Therefore, the proposed tracker benefits from two complementary effects: the adaptability of the fine-grained correlation analysis and the generalization capability of the semantic embedding. Extensive ...

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“这个秦天真是胆大包天啊，居然敢当众轻薄众男弟子的梦中女神？”西月内心感慨道，对秦天不知道是夸奖还是嘲讽。“秦天……你太厉害了，敢爱敢恨，敢于追求自己的女人，无惧任何强敌，我欣赏你。”苏紫瞬间改变了对秦天的看法，俏脸兴奋到红扑扑，她最希望被秦天这种有胆魄的男人追求和宠爱，现在她都有些嫉妒梦雪了。“看来我猜测没有错，秦天果然是一个有担当有气魄的不凡男人，哎。”苏兰目光复杂的注视秦天，内心轻轻一叹，似乎在为自己而轻叹。听着众人的怒嗷，站在秦天附近的张悦感觉很有压力，他目光崇拜的注视秦天，由衷的感慨道：“秦天师弟，原本我就非常佩服你了，现在我对你佩服到五体投地，你是我的偶像，并且还是终极偶像，以后能否介绍一个美原版复刻加州大学圣克鲁斯分校研究生毕业证学位【办证微信Q：741003700】美国UCSC研究生毕业证原版复刻成绩单电子版女给兄弟我？嘿嘿……”“一边凉快去。”秦天横了一眼捣乱的张悦，接着目光继续温柔注视梦雪，抬起空闲的右手，捋了捋梦雪垂落在肩头的发丝，心疼的道：“梦雪，多日不见你，我感觉你瘦了不少，看得我心疼，是那个王八蛋欺负你了？告诉我，我打他不死，敢欺负我家梦雪，活得不耐烦了，管他天王老子，我都不会放过他！”“……”在场全部人再次瞬间石化，无一不目瞪口呆，一是因为震惊秦天对梦雪更加过分的“轻薄”，二是佩服秦天当众对某些大人物的侮辱和宣战。在场的内门弟子都听说了梦雪是被沈鹰特殊关照才提前进入内门，也知道沈龙对梦雪垂涎三尺，现在听到秦天的豪言壮语，他们表情顿时精彩起来，感觉要出大事了。“秦天你……”梦雪也被秦天的话惊了一跳，内心感动不已，同时无比担忧，生怕秦天得到沈鹰的报复，于是她不再害羞，目光跟秦天的目光对视，有点嗔怪的轻声道：

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在场几乎所有人都认为秦天就是一个十足的狂妄之徒，他们都知道秦天的底细，也知道秦天的祖父还在闭死关，然而秦天现在表现得如此狂妄，似乎有些……不知死活。梦雪隐藏在丝巾背后的绝美脸蛋也出现了古怪之色，不过她眼眸深处出现了一丝不易觉察的笑意，性感红唇勾起了一道小小的弧度，魅惑天成。梦雪释放出武灵境强者的神识，特意感知了一下秦天的修为，发现秦天的修为不过武徒境中位，她不知道秦天这个表现得非常纨绔的少年哪里来的自信？萧龙和萧厉再次相视一眼，脸上的冷笑更甚，他们巴不得秦家内讧，到时候他们收拾秦家会省些力气。蓝齐天再次深深的看了一眼秦天，确定秦天的修为是武徒境中位后，他轻轻的摇了摇头，不再看秦天一眼。“秦天，你才是蠢货，十足的蠢货，没有本事还来这里装蒜，幸好我们已经没有任何关系了，你我注定是两个世界的人，希望你能给在秦凤的报复下多活几日吧？”原本因为上次秦天出售柳絮剑法对秦天抱着一丝期待的蓝月儿，这一刻对秦天完全失望了，如同她父亲一般不再看秦天一眼，她料定秦天这样没有自知之明的纨绔少爷注定没有好下场。“啊？少爷他……”站在秦天身后的秦双听到秦天的话语，被震得不轻也吓得不轻，直接目瞪口呆了，目光注视秦天的背影，内心惊叹道：“秦天少爷成为又变回了纨绔少爷了？不对，有些不一样，现在的少爷表现得虽然纨绔，但是散发出无比的淡然和自信,我都看不懂少爷究竟是什么一个人了？不过，现在的少爷还是挺帅的，嘻嘻。”“你……”秦凤差点又爆发怒火了，不过她依然保持一丝冷静，于是强忍杀人的冲动，狠狠的瞪了一眼秦天，然后别过脸去，不再看秦天一眼了。“好了，闹剧到此为止！”就在这个时候，吴强威严的开口道：“萧族长，宣布选拔比赛开始吧！”“是，吴大人。”萧龙收起了冷笑，一脸恭敬之情的冲着仿制英国赫瑞瓦特大学毕业证书PDF电子版学位【办证微信Q：741003700】HeriotWatt毕业证书PDF电子版仿制成绩单吴强拱拱手，这才目光冷冷扫视一眼下方，宣布道：“日月宗招手弟子选拔比赛正式开始！”

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第133章 痛苦并快乐着众多弟子议论纷纷，都认为秦天无法走完最后的三步，不少人感到有些遗憾，感慨乱石林的威力太过恐怖了，让人望而生畏，估计以后都没有人可以走完百步。“秦天师弟，快退回来！”梦雪第一个惊呼出声，呼唤秦天快点出来。紧接着张悦也开口要求秦天退出来，显然他也以为秦天坚持不住了。“秦天师弟，你已经非常不错了，千万不要逞强，赶快退出来吧？你刚才答应请我们去吃大餐，可不能食言啊。”西月居然也开口了，她说话很巧妙，具有很强的说服力和诱惑力。“秦天师弟，你不能出事啊，你原版制作马里兰大学帕克分校毕业证书PDF电子版学位证书范本【办证微信Q：741003700】美国UMD毕业证书PDF电子版原版制作毕业成绩单要是出事，我嫁谁去？快点出来，我陪你去游山玩水，好不好？”苏紫语出惊人的道，显然她彻底沦陷了，深深中了秦天的毒。人常说，女人有毒，男人容易中女人的毒，现在苏紫和秦天的关系完全反过来了，苏紫中了秦天的毒，似乎中毒不轻。眼见秦天随时会出事，苏兰顾不得教育自己的妹妹，因为她也非常担心秦天，不过她比较矜持，听到如此多的人呼喊秦天，于是她暂时没有开口。秦天虽然听到关心自己的人的呼喊，但是他没有功夫去回答，此时他痛苦并快乐着，在身体受伤后被治愈然后再受伤再被治愈，如此循环反复下，他的身体包括灵魂在加速强大和强悍。轰隆隆！霹雳啪！呼呼呼！乱石林内持续雷声隆隆，电弧闪耀，狂风呼啸，浓雾翻滚，好在没有飞沙走石，否则任何生命都不能呆在里面长久，除非强大如武王境强者才能抗衡乱石林的恐怖力量。

Different empathic responses are often reported in autism but remain controversial. To investigate which component of empathy is most affected by autism, we examined the affective, cognitive, and motivational components of empathy in 25 5-to 8-year-old autistic and 27 neurotypical children. Participants were presented with visual stimuli depicting people's limbs in painful or nonpainful situations while their eye movements, pupillary responses, and verbal ratings of pain intensity and empathic concern were recorded. The results indicate an emotional overarousal and reduced empathic concern to others' pain in autism. Compared with neurotypical children, autistic children displayed larger pupil dilation accompanied by attentional avoidance to others' pain. Moreover, even though autistic children rated others in painful situations as painful, they felt less sorry than neurotypical children. Interestingly, autistic children felt more sorry in nonpainful situations compared with neurotypical children. These findings demonstrated an emotional overarousal in response to others' pain in autistic children, and provide important implications for clinical practice aiming to promote socio-emotional understanding in autistic children. Lay Summary The present study investigated the potentially divergent patterns among affective, cognitive, and motivational components of empathy in autistic children. Children were presented with visual stimuli depicting people's limbs in painful or nonpainful situations while their eye movements, pupillary responses, and oral ratings of pain intensity and empathic concern were recorded. We found that autistic children displayed emotional overarousal, as reflected by greater pupil dilation, accompanied by attentional avoidance. They also expressed reduced empathic concern for others' pain. Our findings provide important insights for clinical interventions aiming at improving social functioning in autism.

Visual attention is a significant gateway to a child’s mind, and looking is one of the first behaviors young children develop. Untreated caries and the resulting poor dental aesthetics can have adverse emotional and social impacts on children’s oral health-related quality of life due to its detrimental effects on self-esteem and self-concept. Therefore, we explored preschool children’s eye movement patterns and visual attention to images with and without dental caries via eye movement analysis using hidden Markov models (EMHMM). We calibrated a convenience sample of 157 preschool children to the eye-tracker (Tobii Nano Pro) to ensure standardization. Consequently, each participant viewed the same standardized pictures with and without dental caries while an eye-tracking device tracked their eye movements. Subsequently, based on the sequence of viewed regions of interest (ROIs), a transition matrix was developed where the participants’ previously viewed ROI informed their subsequentl...

Visual analysis of artefacts is fundamental to archaeological research. However, learning and teaching the methods of artefact analysis can be challenging, since it is cognitively demanding to observe and explain how visual processing works. This paper addresses this challenge and evaluates eye movement modelling examples, a newly adopted method for teaching visual analysis of artefacts. Educational materials containing recordings of eye movements of experts analysing artefacts have been shown to be beneficial to students. As a consequence, they may boost the accessibility of archaeological knowledge, both for in-class and remote education.

The Noun Phrase Accessibility Hierarchy cannot explain the difference in relativizability between Chinese and Korean in authentic discourse. Korean exhibits a higher preference for relativization compared to Chinese and this article aims to account for this difference from the perspective of topic continuity. Specifically, the continuity of head nouns within relative clauses is stronger in Korean than in Chinese. By analyzing the parameters of referential distance and potential interference, this study finds that the head nouns in Korean relative clauses display a broader range on the continuum of continuity compared to those in Chinese relative clauses. Furthermore, the difference in the strength of continuity of head nouns between Chinese and Korean relative clauses is attributed to the typological distinction between the Component-Integral Languages and Component-Metonymic Languages postulated within the framework of the Event-Domain Cognitive Model.