Enumeration

Ten selective mycological media were evaluated for their suitability to enumerate yeasts in six different dairy products. Although variability was observed in counts obtained for individual dairy products, no significant overall differences (p > 0.05) were observed among the 10 selective plating media. Antibiotic-supplemented media such as oxytetracycline glucose yeast agar (OGY), yeast extract glucose chloramphenicol agar (YGC), rose bengal chloramphenicol agar (RBCA) and rose bengal chlortetracycline agar (RBC) are superior to acidified potato dextrose agar and other acidified media for yeast enumeration in dairy products with neutral pH values. No significant differences (p > 0.05) among the 10 selective media ability to enumerate yeasts in dairy products at low pH values were observed.

In order to recover as many viable bacteria as possible from natural mineral water, in this study we have compared the counts obtained with the standard method (pour plate procedure with Plate Count Agar (PCA)) and counts with alternative test methods (PCA/spread plates, ...

In this paper we establish how many cyclic codes of length n are there over GF (5)
and make generalized deductions in case
n 5n and n 5m, (m,5) 1, where m is not
necessarily prime.A code C is said to be cyclic if it is a linear code and any cyclic shift of a
codeword is also a codeword. Cyclic codes of length n are subspaces of

1
n n x
F x
R . In a
non – zero cyclic code C, the unique monic polynomial gxof least degree, is called the
generator polynomial. Thus in finding cyclic codes of length n, we factorize 1 n x into
irreducible polynomials. We then get all monic polynomials gxthat divide 1 n x . Each
gxis a generator polynomial and generates a cyclic code.
Keywords: Cyclic Codes, length of a code, Factorization of Polynomials.

This article discusses the performative function of enumeration in Arabic prose. Bringing together a great variety of word lists from classical to modern prose (including the 1001 Nights, al-Tawḥīdī, al-Suyūṭī, al-Shidyāq, and Darwīsh), it unveils their often neglected importance to literature by drawing from an emerging scholarship on enumeration. Focusing on “enumerative games” (Mainberger), the article does not ask what the enumerated elements mean, but how the act of enumerating produces meaning. In the first part, the article discusses elements central to the poetics of the enumerative (including items, length, arrangement, and frame). In the second part it deals with the politics of enumeration in the example of al-Shidyāq’s al-Sāq ʿalā al-sāq fī mā huwa al-Fāriyāq (1855). The article seeks to provide a basic approach to enumeration and argues that enumerative games in literature perform acts of cultural politics.

Abstract: In C. E. Gadda's San Giorgio in casa Brocchi the opening argument of Cicero's De officiis is mockingly related to a refrain usually sung by Italian children since the late 19th century, not only in kindergarten and school but also in catechism class. In all its different versions, the refrain entails a patent violation of the very enumeration it introduces, failing to list as many items as it promises – not just by not including some of them, but also by adding some others. The incorrect enumeration may stem, among other things, from specific patterns of rhetorical argument, which may be traced back to Aristotle; these patterns intentionally violate their own tripartite structure by introducing a fourth and unexpected argument for the sake of rhetorical effect. Sometimes (e.g., Petron., Satyr. 48, 4) a seemingly defective enumeration has led the critical editors to change the text and correct the numbers, thereby effacing the comical effect intended by the author.

Over the last three decades, the American Jewish communal public sphere has been flooded with sociodemographic concerns about numerical decline, and a sense of threatened ability to maintain a vibrant collective life. This article argues that this discursive site functions as a means, or technique, for the emotionalisation of Jewish identity and citizenship in the community. The article shows that public discourses on what is known by now as 'the Jewish continuity crisis' are shaped by an emotionalising feature of anxiety. Anxiety serves, all at once, as a tone-setter, an anchor of communal identity, and an object of debate: it sets an intensified volume, assigns its interlocutors particular emotionalised tags, and has also provoked its own fire as an emotional style. On the one hand, the organised community struggles with-that is, it suffers from-deeply entrenched anxieties about how to secure the future of American Jewry. On the other hand, the organised community struggles with having anxiety as such a defining position from which to work towards continuity and to articulate Jewishness. Ultimately, continuity is often taken as a communal struggle, with demographic and affiliation trends, but anxiety is in itself a source of struggle as well. I analyse this double-edged public dynamic, and argue that emotionality in itself constitutes a key component of involvement in the Jewish community. This component develops not only along and against the grain of anxiety, but also against the grain of indifference.

This ethnographic article complicates the common wisdom that the American Jewish elite cares " obsessively " about its constituents' numbers. The article shows the ways in which population numbers matter to American Jewish leaders but also how they matter differently to various sectors of the community. Alongside those who are eager speakers of the language of quantification, there are those who feel unease with what, they feel, creates a reductive and irrelevant conversation about Jewish life in the United States. The article argues that by using the language of numbers and debating affectively over its value, American Jews debate who they are as a collective and struggle to define what counts for the future of the community as a highly diverse, shifting, and assimilating minority group. Building on the metaphor of " accounting of the soul " —one prevalent in religious and public discourses calling to Jews to look at their inner-soul workings—the article suggests that numbers serve as an effective and affective proxy for divergent communal calculations and reflections. American Jewry presents a compelling case study with which to think through the affective attitudes toward quantification, the cultural value of numbers, and the polyvalent work that they do for collectives.

Fresh produce, the most common food, is source of high value nutrients in human diet. However, some pathogenic bacteria associated with fresh produce may cause illness. For example, Listeria monocytogenes is a microorganism that causes a disease of variable severity, such as mild gastroenteritis, severe infections of the blood stream and/or the central nervous system, and even leads to abortion in pregnant women. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Listeria spp. in fresh produce. Four common fresh vegetables (lettuce, carrot, purple cabbage, green cabbage) were tested in the amount of Listeria spp. over a 5-week
period, and eight individual samples of each fresh vegetable were collected from two fruit and vegetable markets each week. Listeria spp. were detected in all the purple cabbage samples collected from these two markets. Listeria spp. were also present in 60% and 100% of the green cabbage samples obtained from market 1 and market 2, respectively. Listeria spp. were found in the lettuce samples collected from both markets during week 1 to week 3. Carrot samples had the lowest percentage (20%) of Listeria spp. Generally Listeria spp. were present in all the four vegetables sampled. However, variations were recorded between vegetable types and sources. Selected ready-to-eat products containing fresh produce were also collected to test the presence of Listeria spp. and it turned out that two samples were Listeria spp. positive. Our data suggested that Listeria spp. were generally prevalent in fresh vegetables and Ready-to-Eat (RTE)
food products containing fresh produce.

Community-based slum enumeration was carried out in Kisumu from 2005 to 2008 as part of a city-wide slum-upgrading initiative. This paper analyses this enumeration exercise particularly in relation to land management and tenure security. The paper draws on a peer evaluation that included interviews with slum-upgrading stakeholders as well as community-based focus group discussions, mainly with enumerators. The paper finds

›Bottom-up‹ and ›top-down‹ are common terms of methods in all sciences. However, both methods are not an invention of modern times, but rather have often been used in the history of science by synonyms and hypnoyms such as ›ascending‹ and ›descending‹, ›induction‹ and ›deduction‹, in order to describe and structure complex banks of knowledge. Paradigmatic for such a structuring are the medieval summa and the modern system. But, according to current research, such a summa has already been made in late antiquity by Dionysius the Areopagite; on the other hand, all modern system requirements were first fulfilled by Johann Gottlieb Fichteʼs ›Science of Knowing 1804‹. For that reason, the present study ›Summa and System‹ analyses the bottom-up- and top-down-methods in Dionys and Fichte, the prehistory of both methods and contrasts them with current models in philosophy of science. In doing so, it has been found that the first completed summa and the first completed system apply several methods, that are as yet unknown, in order to solve the problem of induction.

›Bottom-up‹ und ›top-down‹ sind heutzutage gängige Methodenbezeichnungen in allen Bereichen der Wissenschaft. Dennoch sind beide Methoden keine Entdeckung der Moderne, sondern wurden unter Begriffen wie beispielsweise ›Auf-‹ und ›Abstieg‹, ›Induktion‹ und ›Deduktion‹ in der Wissenschaftsgeschichte häufig verwendet, um komplexe Wissensbestände vollständig aufzuarbeiten und zu strukturieren. Paradigmatisch für eine derartige Aufarbeitung stehen die mittelalterliche Summa und das neuzeitliche System. Aktuellen Studien zufolge hat aber bereits Dionysius Areopagita in der Spätantike eine derartige Summe verfasst, während in der Neuzeit erst J. G. Fichtes Wissenschaftslehre (1804) allen Systemansprüchen genügen konnte. Daher beschäftigt sich die vorliegende Studie mit den Auf- und Abstiegsmethoden bei Dionysius und Fichte, ihrer antiken Vorgeschichte und kontrastiert ihre Methoden mit der aktuellen Wissenschaftsphilosophie. Dabei zeigt sich, dass beide Autoren bei der Aufstiegs- bzw. bottom-up-Methode bislang unberücksichtigte Strategien zur Lösung des Induktionsproblems anwenden.

A total of 128 Strains of moderately halophilic bacteria were isolated from wet, dry and desalted bachalao (salted codfish) as well as from fresh cod and curing salt. The viable count of these bacteria in fully cured wet and dry bachalao ranged from 103 to 107 per g. All strains were characterized with 40 phenotypic tests and clustered using the SSM coefficient and UPGMA linking analysis. The strains clustered into five phena at 75% similarity, with 77 strains in phenon A and 37 in phenon E. Two main colony types, smooth and rough, were observed and correspond to phena A, B and C on one hand and phenon E on the other. These two types seem to represent the dominating bacterial flora in fully cured, wet and dry bachalao, respectively. Representative strains of the smooth colony type were characterized further and found to grow well in 0.1–4.5 mol I−1 NaCl and at 15–37°C. They have not, at present, been assigned to any known bacterial species.