Engineering Properties

Engineering properties of rice are essential for designing of the storage bin. The physical properties of rice (ADT-43) namely, size, shape, thousand grains mass, aspect ratio, surface area, volume, bulk density, true density and porosity at a moisture content ranging from 11.55 to 26.84% (db) were determined using standard techniques for development of ozone based storage bin. In this case, a thousand grains mass, surface area and volume increased from 10.70 to 14.59 g, 14.58 to 16.94 mm2 and 3.78 to 4.76 mm3, respectively, with an increase in moisture content from 11.55 to 26.84% (db). Geometric mean diameter, sphericity, aspect ratio, true density, and porosity increased from 2.30 to 2.48 mm, 0.45 to 0.46, 33.10 to 34.66%, 961.89 to 975.24 kg·m-3 and 26.97 to 29.66%, respectively, with an increase in moisture content from 11.55 to 26.84% (db). These properties are very essen​tial for designing of different parts of the ozone based storage bin.

Currently, polymer modified asphalt mixture is a relatively costly mixture for paving roads. One way to reduce the cost of such constructions and rendering them more convenient is by using inexpensive polymers, i.e. waste polymers. The main purpose of this research is to determine the effect of incorporating waste plastic bottles (Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)) on the engineering properties of stone mastic asphalt (SMA) mixture. The volumetric and mechanical properties of asphalt mixes that include various percentages of PET (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%) were calculated and assessed with laboratory tests. The appropriate amount of PET was found to be 6% by weight of bitumen. The outcomes were statistically analysed and the determination of the significance at certain confidence limits was performed with the two factor variance analysis (ANOVA). Moreover, some studies conducted on polyethylene modified asphalt mixture have also been taken into consideration in this paper. The results show that the addition of PET has a significant positive effect on the properties of SMA and it can promote the re-use of waste material in industry in an environmentally friendly and economical way.► The PET increased the stiffness level of the mixture improving its resistance level against permanent deformation. ► The effects of waste PET on Marshall Stability, air void and bulk specific gravity of the mixture are significant. ► The appropriate amount of PET was found to be 6% by weight of bitumen.

In this study, fly-ash is used as a stabilizing material to stabilize the expansive soil dealing with engineering characteristics as the parameter for it. Present paper describes a study carried out to check the improvement in the properties of expansive soil with fly-ash in varying percentages. Fly-ash is added in 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and the change in index properties and engineering characteristics is examined. It has been found that significant variation in liquid limit, plasticity index, and swelling index. In expansive soil, liquid limit decreased from 55.2% to 36.3% and plasticity index decreased from 27.1% to 18.1% , differential free swell (DFS) also reduced from 52% to 14% respectively .the compaction test results showed increase in optimum moisture content (OMC) from 19% to 23% and decrease in maximum dry density (MDD) from 1.63g/cc to 1.52g/cc. Test result indicates that fly-ash has a potential to improve the properties of black cotton soil.

Currently, polymer modified asphalt mixture is a relatively costly mixture for paving roads. One way to reduce the cost of such constructions and rendering them more convenient is by using inexpensive polymers, i.e. waste polymers. The main purpose of this research is to determine the effect of incorporating waste plastic bottles (Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)) on the engineering properties of stone mastic asphalt (SMA) mixture. The volumetric and mechanical properties of asphalt mixes that include various percentages of PET (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%) were calculated and assessed with laboratory tests. The appropriate amount of PET was found to be 6% by weight of bitumen. The outcomes were statistically analysed and the determination of the significance at certain confidence limits was performed with the two factor variance analysis (ANOVA). Moreover, some studies conducted on polyethylene modified asphalt mixture have also been taken into consideration in this paper. The results show that the addition of PET has a significant positive effect on the properties of SMA and it can promote the re-use of waste material in industry in an environmentally friendly and economical way. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261306911004225

The average length, width, thickness, geometric mean diameter, sphericity index, surface area, bulk density, true density and porosity of tamarind fruit at the moisture content of 25 % on dry basis were determined. Angle of repose during filling and emptying were in an average of 33.53 ο and 49.72 ο, respectively. Coefficient of friction for tamarind fruits on different surfaces namely, hard board, mild steel, stainless steel, aluminium and galvanized iron sheet were found to be 0.43, 0.59, 0.41, 0.48 and 0.58, respectively.

Peaty soils are not suitable as foundation soils as they are weak and highly compressible. This paper describes a study on peat soil stabilisation to improve its physical and engineering properties. It investigates the effect of additives (binder amount 5%, 10% and 15% (85%cement, 15% bentonite) and range of sand 5% to 25% on the index properties as well as, pH, compaction, California Bearing Ratio and unconfined compressive strength of tropical peat soils. The amount of additives added to the peat soil sample was investigated in terms of the percentage of the dry soil mass. The results showed that of the additive admixtures altered the engineering properties of tropical peat soils. The soil liquid limit was found to decrease with increase of the additive content. The pH was found to increase with increase binder. The maximum dry density was found to increase while the optimum moisture content was found to decrease with the increase of the additive content. The California Bearing Ratio of the soil was found to increase significantly with increase in the additives. © 2008 ejge.

ejge.com/2008/Ppr0834/Ppr0834.pdf

Black Cotton Soils exhibit high swelling and shrinking when exposed to changes in moisture content and hence have been found to be most troublesome from engineering considerations. This behavior is attributed to the presence of a mineral montmorillonit. The wide spread of the black cotton soil has posed challenges and problems to the construction activities. To encounter with it, innovative and nontraditional research on waste utilization is gaining importance now a days. Soil improvement using the waste material like Slags, Rice husk ash, Silica fume etc., in geotechnical engineering has been in practice from environmental point of view. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of using Rice Husk Ash with lime as soil stabilization material. A series of laboratory experiment has been conducted on5%lime mixed black cotton soil blended with Rice Husk Ash in 5%, 10% 15% and 20% by weight of dry soil. The experimental results showed a significant increase in CBR ...

Engineering properties of stones have a crucial importance when they are used for civil engineering works. In this study, the suitability of rocks blocks or stones as a construction material is established. Cove and Dan cities surroundings in the southern part of Zou Province have large blocks and aggregates quarries operated recently. In this study, laboratory tests were carried out to investigate the performance of rocks blocks and aggregates quarried in the region. For this purpose of the study, three wooden containers with rocks blocks and aggregates samples were collected from three different quarries, and so, laboratory tests including particle density and water absorption test, resistance to wear, magnesium sulfate test, compressive strength and methylene blue absorption test were performed in accordance with the international standards to explore the quality of stones to be used for modern construction. Concluding that rocks blocks and aggregates satisfy the relevant regulation (that is, a norm, European standard).

This article reports the results of an investigation on the engineering properties of concrete containing black sugar palm fiber. Three fiber lengths of 15, 25, and 35 mm in four volume fractions, namely 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, and 0.8%, were utilized in this investigation. The values of compressive, flexural, toughness, first crack deflection, first crack toughness, and toughness indices are reported for ages up to 90 days. It was observed that the addition of palm fibers slightly increased the flexural strength of concrete. The incorporation of the fibers had no significant effect on the compressive strength. The mix with 0.8% volume fraction and 35 mm length fiber gave higher toughness and ductility compared to other mixes. © The Author(s) 2011.

http://jrp.sagepub.com/content/30/11/994.full.pdf

The average length, width, thickness, geometric mean diameter, sphericity index, surface area, bulk density, true density and porosity of tamarind fruit at the moisture content of 25 % on dry basis were determined. Angle of repose during filling and emptying were in an average of 33.53 ο and 49.72 ο, respectively. Coefficient of friction for tamarind fruits on different surfaces namely, hard board, mild steel, stainless steel, aluminium and galvanized iron sheet were found to be 0.43, 0.59, 0.41, 0.48 and 0.58, respectively.

Peaty soils are not suitable as foundation soils as they are weak and highly compressible. This paper describes a study on peat soil stabilisation to improve its physical and engineering properties. It investigates the effect of additives (binder amount 5%, 10% and 15% (85% ...

According to central board of India, Our country generates 25,940 tons plastic per day which is close to the weight of 9000 Asians elephant, 86 bowing and 747 jets. Out of which 10376 per day is uncollected plastic. The gathering of plastic items in the condition that unfavorably influences Wildlife, wild environment or people. Plastic that acts as pollutants However, it is slow to degrade. Plastic pollution can unfavorably affect lands, waterways and oceans. Living organism particularly marine animals can also be affected through entanglement, direct ingestion of plastic waste. The productions of plastic have been increasing day by day and it is to big question have arisen, how can be disposed plastic waste. This research involves an investigation on the effects of plastic waste on some geotechnical properties of locally available soil. The investigation includes evaluation of properties such as compaction, Atterberg limits and strength of soil by performing triaxial test, CBR test, permeability test. These test are perform on the untreated soil and soil treated with plastic waste content in the form of random size and perforated strips with percentage of 0.1%,0.3%, 0.5%,0.7%, and !% By this entire test we will find the optimum percentage of plastic strips in soil Keywords: Engineering properties, locally available soil, random size and perforated strips.

This research work aims at the experimental analysis of engineering properties of some selected African timber species for sustainable building development. A well-designed questionnaire distributed to the correspondents was used to select the test samples. using availability and demand of the identified species, Mitragyna ciliata (Abura), Khaya senegalensis (Mahogany) and Terminalia superba (White Afarara) respectively were discovered as the three dorminant higher known species while Funtumia ebrifu (Ire), pterocarpus erinaceus (Madoobiya) and Albizia labbek (Ayinre) the three dorminant lesser known timber species. Samples of these species were obtained from Rijia lemu timber market, Kano Nigeria. Several experimental tests were conducted to determine the engineering properties of the samples in line with EN13183-1, EN408 and ASTM D193, using three-and four-point bending strength test methods. The formulated properties were used to acquire the characteristic values of the engineering properties in corespondant with EN384. The remaining engineering properties were calculated from the empirical formular given in EN338. Mitragyna ciliate was classified to C20, Khaya senegalensis to D35, Terminalia superba C14, Funtumia ebrifu D24, pterocarpus erinaceus D50 and Albizia labbek to class D40. The software EasyFit was used to create Stochastic probability distribution models on the reference properties of the timber species in which Kolmogorov Smirnov test was the supporting distribution, which indicates that most suitable distribution for bending strength, modulus of elasticity and density was weibull, gumbel and lognormal distributions respectively. However, the questionnaire analysis indicates specie popularity as the major factor for the increased demand pressure on the higher known species instead of engineering properties. Therefore, for sustainable building development the use of lesser known timber species with good engineering properties should be encourage so as to reduce the escalating demand pressure on the higher known species to prevent the species from going into extinction.

Stress–strain and volume change behavior for clean sands which have distinct particle shape (rounded and angular) with very similar chemical (mineralogical) composition, size, and texture in one-dimensional (1D) compression and drained triaxial compression are presented. The effect of particle morphology on the crushing behavior in one-dimensional loading is explored using laser light diffraction technique which is suitable for particle crushing because of its high resolution and small specimen volume capability. Particle size distribution in both volume/mass and number distributions are considered for improved understanding associated with the process of comminution. Number distributions present a clearer picture of particle crushing. It is argued that particle crushing in granular assemblies initiates in larger particles, rather than in smaller particle. It was found that rounded sand specimens showed greater crushing than angular sand specimens with higher uniformity coefficient....

Stress–strain and volume change behavior for clean sands which have distinct particle shape (rounded and angular) with very similar chemical (mineralogical) composition, size, and texture in one-dimensional (1D) compression and drained triaxial compression are presented. The effect of particle morphology on the crushing behavior in one-dimensional loading is explored using laser light diffraction technique which is suitable for particle crushing because of its high resolution and small specimen volume capability. Particle size distribution in both volume/mass and number distributions are considered for improved understanding associated with the process of comminution. Number distributions present a clearer picture of particle crushing. It is argued that particle crushing in granular assemblies initiates in larger particles, rather than in smaller particle. It was found that rounded sand specimens showed greater crushing than angular sand specimens with higher uniformity coefficient. In 1D compression, loose specimens compress approximately 10% more than dense specimens irrespective of particle shape. Densification of angular sand results in improvement
in stiffness (approximately 40%) and is comparable to that of loose rounded sand. In general, density has a greater influence on the behavior of granular materials than particle morphology. The effect of particle shape was found to be greater in loose specimens than in dense specimens. The effect of grain shape on critical state friction angle is also quantified.

The cracking force of groundnut (Arachis hypogeae), Bambara nut (Voandzeia subterranean) and African yam bean (sphenostylis stenocarpa) were determined for both intact pod and seed by quasi-static method of loading using instron universal testing machine (UTM), the Testometric M 500/50 kN AX having a maximum load of 50 kN, with an error ±0.0001 kN at the National Centre for Agricultural Mechanization (NCAM), Ilorin, Nigeria. A two-factor 3 x3 and 2 x2 Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used for Groundnut and bambara nut respectively. The seed and the intact pod containing a number of seeds form the two factors. Thus, for groundnut it has three levels of one seed per pod, GOSP, two seeds per pod, G2SP, and three seeds per pod G3SP and their corresponding seeds; GOS, G2S and G3S. Similarly, bambara nut has two levels defined as one seed per pod, BOSP and two seeds per pod, B2SP and their corresponding seeds, BOS and B2S. In the case of African yam beans, it is a one-factor, Completely Randomized Design (CRD) experiment at three levels with the seed, AYBS, as control. The three levels are the positions along the pod identified as the stalk end, AYSE, the middle, AYBM, and curved tip end, AYBT, all along the line of natural cleavage. All the quasi-static tests were done at 10 replications each. The materials were characterized in terms of moisture content which was determined using oven method in three replicates. Correlation analysis, ANOVA and separation of means were carried out.

This research work aims at the experimental analysis of engineering properties of some selected African timber species for sustainable building development. A well-designed questionnaire distributed to the correspondents was used to select the test samples. using availability and demand of the identified species, Mitragyna ciliata (Abura), Khaya senegalensis (Mahogany) and Terminalia superba (White Afarara) respectively were discovered as the three dorminant higher known species while Funtumia ebrifu (Ire), pterocarpus erinaceus (Madoobiya) and Albizia labbek (Ayinre) the three dorminant lesser known timber species. Samples of these species were obtained from Rijia lemu timber market, Kano Nigeria. Several experimental tests were conducted to determine the engineering properties of the samples in line with EN13183-1, EN408 and ASTM D193, using three-and four-point bending strength test methods. The formulated properties were used to acquire the characteristic values of the engineering properties in corespondant with EN384. The remaining engineering properties were calculated from the empirical formular given in EN338. Mitragyna ciliate was classified to C20, Khaya senegalensis to D35, Terminalia superba C14, Funtumia ebrifu D24, pterocarpus erinaceus D50 and Albizia labbek to class D40. The software EasyFit was used to create Stochastic probability distribution models on the reference properties of the timber species in which Kolmogorov Smirnov test was the supporting distribution, which indicates that most suitable distribution for bending strength, modulus of elasticity and density was weibull, gumbel and lognormal distributions respectively. However, the questionnaire analysis indicates specie popularity as the major factor for the increased demand pressure on the higher known species instead of engineering properties. Therefore, for sustainable building development the use of lesser known timber species with good engineering properties should be encourage so as to reduce the escalating demand pressure on the higher known species to prevent the species from going into extinction.