Engineering Properties

The incorporation of waste tire rubber into asphalt binders has emerged as a promising method to improve the properties and performance of bituminous road mixes. This study examines the effects of varying crumb rubber contents and blending temperatures on the engineering characteristics of VG 30 grade bitumen. Bitumen was modified with 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% crumb rubber using the wet process at temperatures of 175 °C, 200 °C, and 225 °C. Comprehensive testing, including penetration, softening point, ductility, viscosity, and Marshall stability, was conducted to assess the performance of the modified binders. Results indicate that increasing crumb rubber content led to a reduction in penetration and an increase in softening point, reflecting a stiffer binder. Additionally, Marshall stability values improved, suggesting enhanced load-bearing capacity of crumb rubber-modified bituminous mixtures. These findings highlight the potential benefits of using crumb rubber in asphalt binders for road construction applications.

Finger millet (Eleusine coracana) is one of the rich sources of supplements contrasted with other minor developed cereal harvests. It contains dietary fiber (18%), calcium (344 mg/100g), tannins (0.04-3.47%), phytate (0.48%), oxalate (0.27%), cyanide (0.17%), saponins (0.36%), phenolics (0.3-3%) and polyphenols. It is likewise rich sources of amino acids (isoleucine, phenylalanine, leucine and methionine), minerals (calcium, phosphorous and iron) and nutrient including B (1.71 mg) and E (22 mg). Because of its high dietary nourishing substance, it can gives various sources as well as and restorative advantages like the expectation of diabetes (Type 2 diabetes mellitus), mitigating, against tumerogenic (K562 persistent myeloid leukemia), antiulcer, atherosclerogenic impacts, antimicrobial, hostile to diarrheal and cell reinforcement limit. Finger millet ought to be harvested as soon as conceivable to limit losses because of birds, and awful climate. Mature grain Finger millet in the field contains around 30% dampness. At moisture levels higher than 25%, the seeds are excessively delicate to endure the threshing activity. The seeds in the panicles of stopped plants sprout in the sodden field and accordingly influence grain yield and quality. The best stage to gather Finger millet is the point at which the plants arrive at the physiological development. Physiological development not entirely settled by the dark (dull) spot at the lower part of the grain. When the yield develops the leaves become yellow and present an evaporated appearance. The grains are hard and firm. The grain is isolated from the ear heads by utilizing a mechanical harvester or by drawing a stone roller over the ear-heads or stomping on under the feet of cattle. The isolated grain is then cleaned by winnowing and dried. Grain at or underneath 14% dampness is viewed as dry. For long haul stockpiling (over a half year), grain dampness content ought to be a limit of 13.5%. Generally Hagevu storage, mud container, bamboo container and metal receptacle are used for storing the finger millet grains.

A review of Instrumentation and Evaluation Process of some Engineering Characteristics of Grain Crops and Utilization for Mechanized Production and Processing in Nigeria was conducted. Various related works which were relevant to the study were explored and used for the review. Proper evaluation and utilization of engineering characteristics of grain crops would enhance the design and/or development of equipment which would effortlessly boost up the production and post-harvest handling/processing process of grain crops and minimize unnecessary damage/loss of the seeds. The review revealed that moisture content had great influence on the engineering properties of grain kernels. Results of researchers showed an increase in mass of coriander seed from 8.89 to 9.826 g when the moisture content was increased from 8.5 % to15.89 % (w.b.); angle of repose increased from 25.5 to 31 o with increase of moisture content from 8.5 % to 15.89 % (w.b.). The coefficient of friction for various surfaces increased with the increase in the moisture content while the bulk density decreases with the increase in moisture content.

The engineering properties of stabilized soils are varied for many factors such as soil heterogeneity, soil composition, soil structures, geological conditions, and the difference of interaction between the soil and stabilizers. These variations required the consideration of stabilization at a specific site option. These natural materials, therefore, critically influence the success of a construction project. The reason for this study was to quantify the improvements achieved in the engineering properties of expansive soils due to lime stabilization. This study considered quantitative experimental to determine lime-stabilized expansive clay soil's engineering properties using a laboratory program. Laboratory tests were to determine Atterberg Limits, compaction test, free swell test, California Bearing Ratio (CBR), and pH values of the mixtures. The collected soil samples were stabilized using 2, 4, 5, 6, and 8% of hydrated lime by weight. The optimum lime for the stabilization of expansive soils was 5% using hydrated lime. As percentages of hydrated lime increased, there were improvements in stabilized subgrade soil properties. The more significant upgrade in engineering properties was observed on California Bearing Ratio (CBR), and lower improvements were on maximum dry density. The result indicated that the stabilizer is very effective in improving strength parameters than index parameters. The hydrated lime stabilized soils under the optimum ratio fulfill the standard requirements as subgrade soils.

This study was carried out to determine some engineering properties of germinating shoot of Palmyra Palm tree (Borassus aethiopum) relevant to the design of an agricultural harvesting machine. Seed volume, sphericity, weight, surface area, aspect ratio and compressive strength were determined at three different moisture contents of 41.72%, 26.11% and 18.39% (wb) respectively. Standard methods and instruments were used to conduct the experiments. The results of the physical properties revealed that the major, intermediate and minor diameters, surface area and weight increased with the increase in moisture content. The maximum mean values of the major, intermediate and minor diameters were 280.00 mm, 33.00 mm and 25.90 mm respectively while the minimum mean values were 209.67 mm, 16.67 mm and 15.21 mm at the three moisture contents respectively. The mean coefficient of variation for the major, intermediate and minor diameters were 10.57%, 32.84% and 10.59% respectively. The statistica...

This presentation aims to provide a sense of what happens when a bCLEARer project is faced with data in the FORM paradigm (a kind of semi-structured data). It aims to show how the implicit FORM syntax can be made explicit. The presentation walks through a sanitised case history based upon real project, but both simplified and sanitised. This is a sample of actual work, but not intended as an example of best practice – or even good practice. It does, however, show some typical approaches and the challenges faced, particularly at the early alpha stage.

The project is aimed at improving on the Design, Construction, and Testing of a Bean Sheller” with the intention of modifying the old concept. This was necessary not only to improve efficiency and user-friendliness but also to save time. It constitutes shelling and cleaning units. The shelling unit comprises of beaters and a screen while the cleaning unit has a fan that blows off the chaff to have clean beans falling under gravity to the outlet. The machine required 3kW power and a floor area of 0.64m^2. The shelling unit contains a concave screen with a diameter of 300mm and a length of 600mm. The shelling drum has a diameter of 200mm with a thickness of 2mm and length of 580mm carrying rubber spines of 300mm length and thickness of 5mm. The centrifugal blower requires a maximum power of 690W to clean the threshed product. The fan air flow rate is 3.25 m^3⁄s. The machine was tested using cowpea with a pod moisture content of 7.0 to 9.0%, threshing speed of 650rpm, and fan speeds of 1300rpm. The threshing efficiency was 82.5% for the above moisture content and the percentage of breakage was 13.9%. The cleaning unit has an effectiveness of 78.8% and the machine throughput was determined to be 61.8 kg grains/h.

This study deals with the evaluation of the compaction and consolidation characteristics of untreated as well as hydrochloric acid (HCl)- and sodium chloride (NaCl)-treated red mud wastes. A series of standard and modified Proctor compaction and one-dimensional consolidation tests were conducted for the study purpose. Sodium chloride solutions of 1·71 and 3·42 M and hydrochloric acid solutions with pH of 1, 1·5, 2, 3 and 4 are selected to treat the waste. Results show that standard Proctor compaction tests yield inconsistent and low dry unit weight values with relatively high optimum water content. On the other hand, modified Proctor compaction test produced consistent dry unit weight values with low optimum water content. There is only a marginal improvement in dry unit weight and compression properties of hydrochloric acid- and sodium chloride-treated samples; however, the treatment proved effective in reducing pH of the waste. It has been noticed that the compressibility of both ...

The construction industry’s current dependence on primary aggregates is unsustainable as these are non-renewable resources and the consumption of these materials has a high environmental impact. The global annual production of primary aggregates is estimated to be 50 billion tonnes. In Europe, where 2 billion tonnes of primary aggregates are produced annually, approximately 90% of aggregates are utilised by the construction industry, whilst over 1 Gt of waste are sent to landfill; in the UK, 44% of landfilled waste arises from the construction industry. The drive to adopt a circular economy necessitates changes in resource use (including non-renewable aggregates). Recycling wastes, such as aggregates, could help this situation; whilst this concept is not new, it does not appear to have been widely embraced in geotechnical engineering. The aim of this paper is to highlight the benefits of increasing the use of alternative aggregates as this would enable the reserves of primary aggreg...

A review of Instrumentation and Evaluation Process of some Engineering Characteristics of Grain Crops and Utilization for Mechanized Production and Processing in Nigeria was conducted. Various related works which were relevant to the study were explored and used for the review. Proper evaluation and utilization of engineering characteristics of grain crops would enhance the design and/or development of equipment which would effortlessly boost up the production and post-harvest handling/processing process of grain crops and minimize unnecessary damage/loss of the seeds. The review revealed that moisture content had great influence on the engineering properties of grain kernels. Results of researchers showed an increase in mass of coriander seed from 8.89 to 9.826 g when the moisture content was increased from 8.5 % to15.89 % (w.b.); angle of repose increased from 25.5 to 31o with increase of moisture content from 8.5 % to 15.89 % (w.b.). The coefficient of friction for various surfac...

The physical properties of soybean are important in designing and fabricating equipment and structures for handling, transporting, processing and storage, and also for assessing the quality of soybean. The study was conducted to investigate some physical properties of soybean at various moisture levels. The average length, width, thickness and thousand mass were 6.55 mm, 5.56 mm, 4.53 mm and 103.57 g, respectively, at moisture content of 7.37% (dry basis). The geometric mean diameter increased from 5.44 to 5.57 mm and the sphericity varied between 0.83 and 0.84 as moisture content increased from 7.37% to 15.80% (db), respectively. In the same moisture range, the bulk and true densities decreased from 749.1 to 644.4 kg / m 3 and 1250 to 1111.11 kg / m 3 , respectively, whereas the corresponding porosity increased from 40.07% to 41.9%. As the moisture content increased from 7.37% to 15.80% (db) angle of repose as found to increase from 26.35 ° to 30.96 ° . The static coefficient of fr...

Some mechanical properties of mucuna bean seed were studied at different moisture levels to provide relevant data for development of cracking machine for the seed. The frictional coefficient of the seed on five structural surfaces (plywood, aluminum, glass, steel, and wood) was determined using the incline plane method. The mechanical properties were determined using a Universal Testing Machine. The coefficients of friction of the seed on the respective structural surfaces were observed to have increased with increasing moisture levels. The force to crack the seed on its major axis decreased from 1595.1 to 244.9 N as moisture level increased from 4.79 to 18.53%(dry basis), with a similar trend also observed on the minor axis. The deformation on both axes decreased as moisture level increased. The stress on the major and minor axes respectively increased from 2.79 to 21.61 N/mm2 and 5.12 to 21.01 N/mm2, as moisture level decreased. The force required to crack the seed and energy to break on both axes decreased as moisture level increased. The stress on the major and minor axes increased with moisture level. Regression equations were used to establish relationships between the properties measured and the moisture level of the seed.

Hem gecmis donemlerde hem de gunumuzde cok cesitli amaclar icin kullanilan dogal taslar farkli ayrisma, dagilma ve bozunmaya ugramaktadirlar. Bu sartlar cevre ve kayacin turune (mermer ve tas) siki sikiya baglidir. Bu calisma Fas mermerleri ve taslarini tuza (Na2SO4) karsi dayanimlarini ve bazi jeolojik ozelliklerini anlamak icin yapilan ilk calismadir. Bunun icin Fas’tan getirilen cok kullanilan 4 dolomit, 2 kristalize kirectasi, 1 kirectasi ve bir bazalt (toplam 8 adet) ornegi secilmistir. Ornekler mumkun mertebe Fas’in degisik yerlerinden secilmistir. Karbonat kayaclari (kirectasi ve dolomit) temel olarak dolomit ve kalsit minerallerinden mutesekkil olup cimento mikrit ve sparittir. Karbonatsiz tek kayac olan Khenifra bazalti esasen plajiyoklas ve piroksen icerir. Genel olarak orneklerin kuru ve ogutulmus agirliklari birbirlerine benzer. Bir Jdid kirectaslari en yuksek etkili porozite (% 10.81) ve kuru agirlik kaybina (%4.61) sahiptir. En dusuk ates zayiati Khenifra bazaltlarinda...

qualitative and quantitative losses from wheat grains, it is necessary to consider and study their engineering properties. The present study was conducted to determine the moisture-induced changes in the engineering properties and debranning characteristics of colored wheat varieties. Wheat was tempered to three moisture levels (12%, 14%, and 16%), and parameters were recorded using standard techniques and methods. Engineering properties such as bulk density, true density, porosity, and grain hardness decreased; the angle of repose, coefficient of external friction, arithmetic mean diameter, geometric mean diameter increased, while the coloring properties (chroma and hue angle) varied erratically with the increase in moisture content. Debranning characteristics also showed a positive correlation with moisture content.

Use of shredded palm leaf for improving soil property is advantageous. Because palm leaves are cheap, easily available, eco-friendly and biodegradable. This paper investigates the stabilizing effect of shredded palm leaf on soil properties and to investigate the property and behaviour of shredded palm leaf in sandy-silty soil reinforcement. Previously work has been done for improvement of sandy-silty soil using palm fibre and investigation of resultant strength and ductility behaviour of randomly distributed palm fibre in the use of silty-sandy soil has been carried out. Here we investigate the property and behaviour of shredded palm leaf in sandy-silty soil reinforcement. Various research have been done for stabilization of soil using different materials like rice husk, fly ash, coconut coir fibres, multiwall carbon nanaotubes e.t.c.. Palm leaf is cheaper than above materials and easily available in any region of India and Indian subcontinent. The Indian palm trees are generally of...

Black cotton soil deposits in India are a boon to farmers but are problematic to civil engineers. Civil Engineering structures experience large scale damage due to heaving accompanied by loss of strength of these soils during rainy seasons and shrinkage during summer. In India the soil mostly present is Clay, in which the construction of sub grade is problematic. Keeping this in view stabilization of weak soil may be done with suitable admixtures to save the construction cost considerably. Soil stabilization can be explained as the alteration of the soil properties by chemical or physical means in order to enhance the engineering quality of the soil. The main objective of the soil stabilization is to increase the bearing capacity of the soil. The best way to stabilise such type of soil is to disturb the soil sample by physically adding an additive. In the present work an organic waste product which is readily available and is quite effective and cost friendly is used. The material u...

Stabilization of Black Cotton (BC) soils have been in recently attracted many researchers. The stabilization of Black Cotton Soils by Copper slag (CS) and Rice husk ash (RHA) were tried in the past separately. The authors tried to use both of them together in stabilization of BC soils. Present study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of different percentages of rice husk ash and copper slag as soil stabilizers. The tests performed on the mixed proportion of BC soils, Copper Slag and Rice Husk Ash are Vane shear, California Bearing Ratio (CBR), Atterberg limits, free swell index (FSI), and compaction tests. Limited studies have been reported for the combination of copper slag and rice husk ash in soil stabilization. The optimum mix was found to be in the proportion of 64%BC+30%CS+6%RHA. FSI of soil treated with RHA+CS decreased steeply from 100% to 20.4%. There was a slight change in maximum dry density of the treated soil. The unsoaked CBR test shows that strength of optim...

The studies on engineering properties of total mixed ration for development of block making machine was carried out at the Department of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur. The different formulation of total mixed ration is affected by engineering properties. The properties of total mixed ration play a fundamental role in design of components for block making machine. Nine total mixed rations were formulated with sorghum stover and paddy straw as roughage sources and standard concentrates of varying ratio at 50:50, 60:40 and 70:30 consisting of molasses as binding agent at 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 percent. In this study, observed parameters i.e., particle size, moisture content, co-efficient of static friction and initial bulk density for varying ratio of roughage and concentrate of total mixed ration with different percent binding agent were determined.

Background: Pulses are a kind of legume crops which can be utilised for both food and animal feed. Pulses are also termed a "poor man's meat" because of high protein content. The physical properties of pulses are useful to design the processing equipment. The moisture content of agricultural materials greatly affects various physical properties. Nitty-gritty data on germination and physicomechanical properties of pulses are provided in this paper at different moisture contents, which is extremely helpful in the design of equipment used in harvesting operations and food processing operations. Methods: The experiment was conducted at Department of Agricultural Engineering, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. All the experiments were replicated thrice and mean±SD (standard deviation) values were taken using R software to check the level of significance (p0.05). Result: Physical properties, mechanical properties and germination of pulses were evaluated as functions of moisture content. It was observed that average length, breadth, thickness and geometric mean diameter, sphericity, porosity, angle of repose and static coefficient of friction of pulses increased linearly and bulk density, true density, hardness and germination decreased density with increase in moisture content from 9.98 to 20.4% (db).

The technological advancement ensures the durability of the constructed roads in a cost friendly manner. The utilisation of soil additives, such as lime, cement, cement kiln dust, Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) Powder, Rice husk ash (RHA), limestone ash and asphalt, has become a prevalent technique for enhancing the geotechnical characteristics of substandard building materials, particularly expansive soils. The present study aims to examine the impact of (GGBS) Powder and rice husk ash on the engineering characteristics of black cotton soil (BCS). In this work, the strength of BCS has been examined by incorporating different concentration of GGBS and rice husk ash power for both soaked and unsoaked soil samples using California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test. The findings of the study suggested that the optimal combination of materials for achieving the highest soaked CBR value is a proportion of 10% Rice husk ash powder and 8% GGBS Powder when added to soil. Therefore, this ratio can be utilized in the construction of road pavements and embankments.

In today scenario most of land's area is
covered by soil which is expansive in nature which is quite
risky for the structures constructed over it, as it deteriorate
by severely damaged due to expansion and contraction of
expansive soil . So, proper modification method is needed to
improve the engineering performance of swelling clays. The
use of different additives like cement, lime etc as a
stabilizing material is quite common. The use of industrial
waste products as an alternative for these conventional
binders is gaining more attention in recent times.
Around 85% of the residual product is still dumped into the
ocean or stored in ponds or leaps them without purification.
This kind of disposals causes harmful contamination.
Reduction in the disposal of this by-product has economical
and environmental benefits. The present work is carried out
to establish the viability of using the combination of Brick
Kiln Dust and calcium chloride and Rubber Fiber for
stabilizing expansive soils. In experimental evaluation, the
observations are made for different mixes like soil-Brick Kiln
Dust, soil-Brick Kiln Dust- calcium chloride and Rubber Fiber
at different proportions. Calcium Chloride has to kept
constant for all mixes to obtain the base line values at 15 %
and brick kiln dust percentage mixed in samples varies at
15%, 20%, 30% and 50% has been added to untreated soil
with Rubber Fiber at the variation of 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%
percentage. Test specimens were subjected under various
tests such as unconfined compressive tests at 3, 7, 14 and 28
curing days. Free swell index test and Atterberg’s limit test
were conducted. It is concluded that mixes with calcium
chloride exhibited high strength, low plasticity index and
low free swell index.

Encountering weak fine-grained soil presents a significant challenge during highway construction. The conventional approach to address this challenge involves incorporating calcium-based stabilizers, particularly cement, for stabilization. However, despite its widespread use, the application of cement for soil stabilization has adverse environmental consequences. Accordingly, finding alternative methods to minimize cement usage has become a prominent area of research, from researchers worldwide. This study evaluates the effectiveness of utilizing discarded polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottle shreds as soil reinforcement alongside lower cement contents. To this end, soil samples were mixed with varied contents of two grades of shredded PET. The ground PET pellets, which displayed diverse shapes, demonstrated properties resembling fibres. Compacted samples were subjected to CBR to determine optimum PET content. Strength, small-strain stiffness and durability of soils in original s...

Construction and demolition wastes (CDW) are a concern in urban areas, in addition, it is well understood that soft soils are inappropriate for paving designs. Therefore, this paper presents an alternative solution combining CDW and a soft silty soil, aiming to overcome the soft soil drawbacks by repeated loadings. For this purpose, a laboratory study was developed, comprising both resilient modulus (MR) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests over soil and soil-CDW compacted blends, to evaluate the mechanical properties of the proposed stabilization. Also, three compaction efforts (standard, intermediate, and modified) and a curing time of up to 90 days were used. The UCS of blends was also measured with the identical specimens with which the resilience tests were carried out. The results indicated that incorporating CDW (size sand and gravel materials) into the soil improves the qu and MR for all compaction energies, and the Resilient Modulus test affects the UCS of all bl...