Economic Use Value

After providing some background on the domestication and use of elephants in ancient India, this article concentrates on the role of the elephant in Indian statescraft as outlined in Kautilya’s Arthasastra, reputed to have been written in the fourth century BC (over 2300 years ago).  The body of this essay is presented as follows: first background on the nature of Kautilya’s Arthasastra is provided and then his advice is outlined and discussed about the care of elephants.  This care involves the duty of the King, the duties of the superintendent of elephants and the law relating to the treatment of elephants.  Subsequently, Kautilya’s views about the use of elephants in war are considered.  The essay concludes with an overall assessment of the role of the elephant in the polity of ancient India as portrayed by Kautilya.  It is argued that the high use value of elephants to ancient Indian rulers, especially in war, had a significant positive impact on the conservation of Asian wild elephants, and incidentally other wildlife in India as well.  Today, the conservation of the Asian elephant depends mostly on its use for tourism and its non-use economic values which reflect human empathy with it and which are reinforced in India by social and cultural values.

Here I outline some new thinking regarding Lefebvre's concepts of differential space and the right to the city. The previous empirically orientated chapters in the book point to the potential of differential space but have so far left its nature and processes of production unexplored. Following Goonewardena et al (2008: 13) who argue for the need to take Lefebvre's spatial triad and the production of space ideas as a point of departure and Merrifield (2011) who urges us to go beyond Lefebvre, this chapter seeks to do just that. It does so by incorporating a fusion of differential space and right to the city ideas into contemporary contexts and grounded empirical case studies in the three cities which are the focus of this book. What follows is firstly, a conceptual discussion of the nature of the right to the city and its relationship with differential space. In the discussion below I focus on the ludic aspects and politicised appropriation characteristics of differential space. Secondly, is an analysis and discussion of case study empirical research, which argues that, inadvertently the potential for differential space was created through various heritage-led beautification and urban regeneration schemes

The contingent valuation method is often used for valuing environmental goods possessing use as well as non-use values. This paper investigates the relative importance of these values in relation to the existence of the wild Asian elephant.  It does so by analysing results from a contingent valuation survey of a sample of urban residents living in three selected housing schemes in Colombo. We find that the major proportion of the respondents’ willingness to pay (WTP) for conservation of wild elephants is attributable to the non-use values of the elephant. However, differences in the relative importance of these values exist between those who visit national parks and those who do not.  Differences in respondents’ WTP for conservation of elephants are found to be  largely influenced by attitudinal and behavioural factors rather than socio-economic ones. We conclude that policymakers must recognise and take account of the importance of non-use values of the Asian elephant, if this endangered species is to survive in the long run. Nevertheless, the non-consumptive use value of elephants in Sri Lanka is also found to be substantial

Managing hawksbill turtle populations for use and conservation requires (i) adequate scientific understanding of their population status and dynamics and (ii) consideration of the public’s attitudes to this species. This study employs experimental surveys to assess the Australian public’s attitudes towards the hawksbill turtle, their knowledge of it, their views about its sustainable commercial harvesting, and their support and financial contribution for the species’ conservation. Contingent valuation reveals that the Australian public’s willingness to contribute to the conservation of the hawksbill turtle is high even in comparison to threatened Australian bird and mammal fauna. Most of this stated contribution is based on the intrinsic (non-use) value associated with the hawksbill turtle. It seems that the Australian public will only accept its harvesting if the sustainability of this is assured and its population is more secure. The CITES categorisation of the hawksbill as an Appendix I species hampers the development of techniques for its sustainable use.

This paper presents an application of the contingent valuation method (CVM) to determine how the willingness to pay (WTP) for conservation of Asian elephants varies with hypothetical variations in their population. Results from a CVM survey of a sample of urban residents in Colombo, the capital of Sri Lanka are used for this purpose. We find, consistent with the basic principles of consumer demand theory, the marginal change in the respondents’ WTP amounts is positive but appears to diminish in parallel to the increases in the current wild elephant population (CWEP).  In contrast to theoretical expectations, however, we find that the WTP for preserving this species increases at an increasing rate in relation to decreases in the CWEP. This is probably because respondents perceive that extinction becomes more imminent as the abundance of the elephant is reduced and therefore it becomes more urgent to act. However, this adds a new complication to the interpretation of the WTP findings.

Based on the observation of the conditions of a new use value creation, this paper explores the types of commercial real estate. In particular, these types are private manor houses, high-income estate, and hotels. We outline a framework for the analysis of the role of architecture and construction in the development of a modern lifestyle in Oleksandrivsk and other Ukrainian cities within the Russian Empire.

Исходя из условий формирования новой потребительной стоимости, осуществлена классификация коммерческой недвижимости на частноусадебный, крупнодоходный, гостиничный типы. Определены предпосылки изучения архитектурно-строительного дела в свете развития современного способа жизни в Александровске и в других украинских городах, входивших в состав Российской Империи.

Experimental surveys were used to gather evidence on the likeability of the focal species, the stated willingness of survey participants to contribute funds for the conservation of species and the impact of information pro­ vision on these factors. Information was given to participants to increase their knowledge about the focal species, including their conservation status.
After providing some general background on the focal species, the methodology is outlined. The willingness to pay for the conservation of the species (the demand results) obtained from the experimental survey is then reported. This is followed by an estimate of actual expenditures in Queensland (at the time of the surveys) on the conservation of koalas and hairy-nosed wombats and these are compared with the estimated willingness-to-pay figures. Discrepancies are observed and then discussed and possible limitations of the study are outlined.

The purpose of this chapter is to report and interpret the results relevant to tree-kangaroo conservation obtained from surveys and an experiment designed to determine important factors influencing the Australian public's support for the conservation of Australia's tropical wildlife species. This chapter is developed as follows: first, background is provided on the status and nature of Australia's tree-kangaroos, and then the type of surveys conducted and associated experiments are outlined. This is followed by an outline and discussion of these results. Findings reported include the extent to which respondents like tree-kangaroos and their attitudes to the protection of tree-kangaroos; their willingness to pay for tree-kangaroo research, protection and conservation; and their stated willingness to provide financial support for the conservation of tree-kangaroos in Australia compared to a selection of other wild species. Particular attention is given to the impact on these relationships of providing information to those surveyed about tree-kangaroos and the other selected wild mammal species. Although these results were originally reported in Tisdell and Wilson (2004) this chapter enables some of this information to be updated, presented differently and placed in a wider context than originally.
One of the issues given particular attention in this chapter is how the knowledge of a species is likely to influence support for its conservation

This chapter develops as follows: some background information is provided about the mahogany glider, then the willingness-to-pay method used to value the conservation of this glider is outlined, the willingness-to-pay results obtained from a sample are given and then extrapolated to a larger population. Next, estimates are provided of the minimum viable population of the mahogany glider and of the area of suitable habitat needed to support that population. This is followed by a consideration of the adequacy of the existing habitat to support the minimum viable population. It is found to be inadequate. The cost of adding to this area in order to secure an adequate area of habitat to conserve a minimum viable population of this glider is then calculated. This cost is subsequently compared with the estimated willing­ ness to pay for the conservation of the mahogany glider in order to determine the social net benefit of the proposed conservation strategy. Some comments from members of the public supporting increased efforts to conserve the mahogany glider are reported and a discussion and the conclusion follow.

The non-playable characters in the famed massively multiplayer online role-playing game Ragnarok Online are instances of commodity fetishism in the game. In Robert Miklitsch’s From Hegel to Madonna: Towards a General Economy of ‘Commodity Fetishism’ (1998), he mentions how commodity fetishism can be said to constitute a negation of the abstract human labor-power incorporated in use-value, that it is an instance of alienation where man becomes a thing like the goods and services he consumes, and that the commodity-body uses a different form (67). This is evident in Ragnarok Online’s Kafra and Cool Event Corp. NPCs among others. Thousands of players click on these ladies and long-haired blonde men in uniform and avail their teleportation service by hitting the Enter key repeatedly and in a calculated manner throughout their lengthy monologues. The next thing the player witnesses is the brief loading screen before he goes on with his business at his destination. The human-labor done by these NPCs which happen in the background are never revealed to the player. This is an example of how these NPCs, who are no less human than the players, are reduced to commodities no different from in-game teleportation items such as Fly Wings or Butterfly Wings. This evaluation paper aims to discuss how Marx’s commodity fetishism applies to Ragnarok Online.

Tangkil island is one of the attractions in the province of Lampung is a relatively new development and the economic value is not known for many visitors. It is therefore necessary to research with the aim of determining the economic value of tourism services Tangkil Island and determine the effect of the characteristics of the visitors to the economic value of tourism services. Benefits of the research results can be used as a material consideration in determining management policies and the development of this attraction to the next. Research was conducted in December 2014-March 2015 with direct interview using questionnaires to 105 respondents. Determination of the results of the optimization parameters visitors travel costs were then tested by multiple linear regression method, using the software Minitab 16. The results reveal the total cost of the trip visitors Rp37.927.000/visit, the average cost of the trip visitors Rp361,200/person/visit. The economic value of travel service...

En sus obras de madurez -y especialmente en El Capital-, Marx denomina "fetichismo" al hecho de que el trabajo social objetivado en la producción de mercancías aparezca como el valor (de cambio) de éstas, como su propio poder social de intercambiarse por otras en el mercado. Contrariamente, según Marx, el valor de uso de la mercancía coincide siempre con su forma "natural" o directamente sensible, y, por tanto, no presenta ninguna característica de fetiche. En el presente trabajo se intenta reexaminar esta cuestión desde la propia teoría marxiana, y a la luz de la creciente complejización en la producción de mercancías que se ha dado en los últimos 130 años. Asimismo, se propone someter a discusión la lectura del "fetichismo del valor de uso" que postula Jean Baudrillard.

The attitudes of those sampled were canvassed both about the use of wildlife species for subsistence purposes and for commercial gain by Indigenous Australians. While Indigenous Australians have been traditionally allowed to utilize wildlife species for subsistence purposes, in Australia they have been, in the main, restricted or banned from the sale of wildlife species or products derived from these. Nevertheless, the governments of the states and territories of Australia vary in their attitudes to the commercial use of wildlife species by Indigenous Australians. Most ban such use, but the government of the Northern Territory has, in recent times, been receptive to possibilities for the commercial use of wildlife species by Indigenous Australians.
Given these observations, consider the coverage of this chapter. It begins with a brief overview of socio-economic status of Indigenous Australians and gives particular attention to those living in remote areas. Following brief notes on the methodology adopted (which involves surveys of a sample of the Brisbane public), the results of the surveys are reported and then discussed. Subsequently, observations are provided on the economic viability of Indigenous wildlife enterprises and their welfare implications. Particular attention is given to the situation in the Northern Territory.

Tangkil island is one of the attractions in the province of Lampung is a relatively new development and the economic value is not known for many visitors. It is therefore necessary to research with the aim of determining the economic value of tourism services Tangkil Island and determine the effect of the characteristics of the visitors to the economic value of tourism services. Benefits of the research results can be used as a material consideration in determining management policies and the development of this attraction to the next. Research was conducted in December 2014-March 2015 with direct interview using questionnaires to 105 respondents. Determination of the results of the optimization parameters visitors travel costs were then tested by multiple linear regression method, using the software Minitab 16. The results reveal the total cost of the trip visitors Rp37.927.000/visit, the average cost of the trip visitors Rp361,200/person/visit. The economic value of travel services Rp10.888.284.096/year. The variable level of education at the level graduated from high school, the type of work to employers, additional employment, income, dependents in the family, the origin of visitors, visiting times when the Chinese New Year, Christmas and New Year, as well as the way of a visit has a Pvalue<0.1 so that the independent variables these have a significant influence on the economic value of tourism services Tangkil Island. The amount of standard deviation (S) is 77.20, while simultaneously influence the independent variable (R-Sq) is 78.6% and R-Sq (adj) is 70.2%.

Keywords: Tangkil Island, cost of travel, economic value of tourism services

Routledge have agreed to publish this ambitious book. It will be edited by:

Michael E Leary-Owhin (London South Bank University) and
John P McCarthy (Heriot-Watt University)

This book is proposed at a propitious moment for three reasons. Firstly, the recent explosion of Lefebvrian inspired production of space research. Secondly, the implosion of right to the city (RTC) struggles concentrated in cities world-wide. Thirdly, the recent collision of debates around the championing or deriding of: the urban age, cityism and planetary urbanisation. Each of these developments has complicated the already existing complex terrain of Lefebvrian literatures regarding cities, urbanisation and the production of space. Empirical research based on Lefebvre’s ideas has taken myriad form since the 2000s and is now aired in many academic journals worldwide. The range of applied topics and geographical locales has also multiplied at a bewildering rate. Despite or because of this there remains no agreement about how to interpret Lefebvre’s production of space ideas or even the fundamentals of the spatial triad. A somewhat disparate body of literature has emerged rather than one with a significant degree of cohesion. We are delighted that Catherine Regulier-Lefebvre has agreed to write the Foreword.

The approach adopted here differs from the willingness-to-pay approach and from those studies involving the measurement of parameters, such as the degree of concern for the survival of species or attractiveness (Samples et al., 1986; DeKay and McClelland, 1996; Gunnthorsdottir, 2001). This is because it attempts to eliminate the confounding effect of species endangerment from the survey participants' decision-making process. In studies involving willingness to pay, the urgency of the needed action to preserve a species from extinction can influence the amount of resources (funds) allocated by participants to saving it. Here, participants are only asked whether or not they favour the survival of the focal species and this is combined with majority 'voting' to determine the probability that each species will be saved from extinction if only a limited number of species can be saved. This, rather than the stated likeability of species (the approach adopted in the previous chapter), is used to determine the extent to which the similarity principle holds in relation to preferences for the survival of species.

In this chapter, after some general background is provided on crocodiles (with particular attention being given to saltwater crocodiles especially in Australia) public attitudes to the saltwater crocodile and its conservation, as indicated by an Australian survey, are outlined and discussed. The survey provides insights into the level of knowledge that Australians have of the saltwater crocodile, how much they like or dislike it, their willingness to support its survival and pay for its conservation, and the extent to which they favour its sustainable harvesting.
Subsequently, Australian policies for the conservation and management of saltwater crocodiles are outlined and assessed, paying particular attention to the policies of the Northern Territory Government. The policies of the Northern Territory are based on the view that the sustainable use of saltwater crocodiles provides an incentive for their conservation. These policies include the collection of crocodile eggs from landholdings. These eggs are then incubated on commercial crocodile farms, and the hatchlings are reared to provide hides, meat and other products. Because landholders receive payments for crocodile eggs collected on their properties, it has been argued that this provides landholders with an economic incentive to conserve crocodiles (Leach et al., 2009, p. 16). This will be examined. In addition, some farmers breed crocodiles on their farms.

In this chapter after some general background is provided about the hawksbill turtle, the method of collecting data for this study is outlined. The research results from the experimental sample survey are then reported. Results include the survey participants' knowledge of the hawksbill, participants' stated likeability of it and support for its survival, their stated willingness to donate funds for its conservation, and their attitudes towards its sustainable commercial harvesting and use. Subsequently, potential policy applications of the results and their limitations are considered and there is a general discussion of significant issues raised by this research.