Decoherence

In this paper we review Castagnino's contributions to the foundations of quantum mechanics. First, we recall his work on quantum decoherence in closed systems, and the proposal of a general framework for decoherence from which the phenomenon acquires a conceptually clear meaning. Then, we introduce his contribution to the hard field of the interpretation of quantum mechanics: the modal-Hamiltonian interpretation solves many of the interpretive problems of the theory, and manifests its physical relevance in its application to many traditional models of the practice of physics. In the third part of this work we describe the ontological picture of the quantum world that emerges from the modal-Hamiltonian interpretation, stressing the philosophical step toward a deep understanding of the reference of the theory.

The Moody pilot wave is a light wave. This light wave is the creation of all things. All answers we seek to the most profound answers of mathematics and physics are found in the reciprocal of the light wave. The reciprocal = 1/ light. This represents an explosion of information made from the light wave collapse yet the collapse is not chaotic it is harmonic decoherence. In this collapse, all information about our universe is revealed. It has now been discovered that this light wave has two forms. An isomorphism is two things that are considered the same.  There is the duality of light in which our reality dwells and there is the perfect light that has not collapsed and has not interfered with itself or any other thing. This creates another realm, a second dimension more fundamental than the reality or the light wave that we live in. It is perfect space, pure potential, and has no duality. It is one thing before it splits into three and creates our reality. It is a perfect paradise, a monopole, and I will prove that the realm exists, the only analogy that can be drawn is this other realm appears to be exactly as Heaven is described, the proof that God is light and we are children of the light. Proven by science and math.

The inclusion of entanglement and decoherence unifying Quantum Mechanics and Relativity. 1. Abstract A new system has been discovered that defies everything we thought we knew about mathematics and science. In a very stunning discovery, for the first time, we can see decoherence, entanglement, and particle creation.
We believed that decoherence would destroy the stable environment and make the particle or wave blink out of existence. However, we now find that decoherence can exist in a stable environment without destroying it and it is crucial to keep the system stable.
Science has largely ignored decoherence because until now we could not calculate or measure it. We assumed it must not be that important. However, with the new system Wave Pattern Entangled Math we have finally lifted the veil on entanglement and decoherence, and we find the bridge to Quantum Mechanics and Relativity.
We find in the decoherence all the answers we have been seeking. In one simple matrix made by decoherence the period or time is accurately calculated not just for the entire cycle but also for each individual photon energy release. Entanglement, coherence, decoherence, time, mass, force, spin, energy, frequency, temperature, and every single attribute known to modern-day physics are represented.
This makes it, I believe one of the most important scientific and mathematical discoveries of all time. It also says that without a doubt it is the key to unlocking the secrets to the universe. The universal code that makes all things. The very code of creation.

Recently I published an article in this journal entitled “Less interpretation and more decoherence in quantum gravity and inflationary cosmology” (Crull in Found Phys 45(9):1019–1045, 2015). This article generated responses from three pairs of authors: Vassallo and Esfeld (Found Phys 45(12):1533–1536, 2015), Okon and Sudarsky (Found Phys 46(7):852–879, 2016) and Fortin and Lombardi (Found Phys, 2017). In what follows, I reply to the criticisms raised by these authors.

A procedure to obtain the dynamics of $N$ independent qudits ($d$-level systems) each interacting with its own reservoir, for any arbitrary initial state, is presented. This is then applied to study the dynamics of the entanglement of two qubits, initially in an extended Werner-like mixed state with each of them in a zero temperature non-Markovian environment. The dependence of the entanglement dynamics on the purity and degree of entanglement of the initial states and on the amount of non-Markovianity is also given. This extends the previous work about non-Markovian effects on the two-qubit entanglement dynamics for initial Bell-like states [B. Bellomo \textit{et al.}, Phys. Rev. Lett. \textbf{99}, 160502 (2007)]. The effect of temperature on the two-qubit entanglement dynamics in a Markovian environment is finally obtained.

I argue that quantum decoherence—understood as a dynamical process entailed by the standard formalism alone—carries us beyond conceptual aspects of non-relativistic quantum mechanics deemed insurmountable by many contributors to the recent quantum gravity and cosmology literature. These aspects include various incarnations of the measurement problem and of the quantum-to-classical puzzle. Not only can such problems be largely bypassed or dissolved without default to a particular interpretation, but theoretical work in relativistic arenas stands to gain substantial physical and philosophical insight by incorporating decoherence phenomena.

Pynchon gives us three indefinite motifs which can take a variety of forms. The first of these, the Decoherence Event, serves as a fulcrum around which the other two flow: the Dynamo (of which the Cosmic Fascist is one version, as well as any and all power structures; it might best be understood as the vital movements of power that necessitate the hypostatized “Them” of conspiracy theorizing), and the Idyll (of which Doc’s ’60s is one instance, as well as any idealized refuge from the Dynamo and Decoherence Event both).

Squeezing and phase space coherence are investigated for a bimodal cavity accommodating a two-level atom. The two modes of the cavity are initially in the Barut-Girardello coherent states. This system is studied with the SU(1,1)-algebraic model. Quantum effects are analyzed with the Husimi function under the effect of the intrinsic decoherence. Squeezing, quantum mixedness, and the phase information, which are affected by the system parameters, exalt a richer structure dynamic in the presence of the intrinsic decoherence.

We show that quantum interference can be interpreted in terms of a phase invariant quantity, not unlike the Berry’s phase. Under this interpretation, closed loops in time become fundamental quantum entities, and all quantum states become periodic. Decoherence is then seen to occur naturally as a consequence. This formalism, although counterintuitive, provides another useful way of assigning meaning to quantum probabilities and quasi-probabilities.

In recent decades, progress in the field of neurosciences has triggered an interest in understanding mind-brain relationships. Quantum Mechanics (QM) has been present in the debate from its beginnings through the well-known measurement paradox. The standard interpretation of QM considers two basic, fundamentally irreducible, processes: the deterministic evolution of the wave-function according to the Schrödinger equation, once the initial conditions have been settled; and the indeterministic wave-function collapse into one of the possible outcomes, after performing a specific measurement. So, QM would point to the limits of a purely deterministic view of nature and, in particular, of brains. Nevertheless, QM’s relevance for the brain’s physics is still to be proven. Detractors of the QM influence are confident of the role of decoherent processes at different physical scales in order to ensure a classical deterministic behavior of the brain. However, little attention is paid to the epistemic implications of invoking decoherence for the mind-brain problem. In this paper, (i) we present lasting QM models stating a specific view of human consciousness and make explicit their position regarding the relationship between the physical activity of neurons and/or networks of neurons and the phenomenal conscious experience; (ii) we review the main criticisms of the relevance of QM in the brain and, most importantly, we bring out the philosophical implications behind the usual recourse to decoherence in the transition from the quantum to the classical world, explaining why the mind-brain problem and the measurement paradox should not be disentangled.

The thought of parallel universes is often relegated to the realms of science fiction. Despite some astrophysicists developing intricate theories about multiverses, they don't appear to apply to our daily life on Earth, and we don't give them too much thought. Reality seems to be one, and only one. So we focus on it, as if there were nothing else to worry about. But what if this world is not what it seems? What if reality is actually much more complex than what we see? How would your life change if you knew that the world you perceive is just one option among many other available options, and that you see it, and not any of the others, because it is the one that you are choosing to perceive? There is a volume of evidence supporting the fact that our thoughts actually affect matter, but the mechanism behind this, and why this happens, is completely unknown. This is probably because we are seeing this all from the wrong paradigm. The " one reality " linear model currently held by most people and scientists is full of failures and paradoxes. It seems to be like that, the same way that the Earth seemed to be a plane and the other celestial bodies seemed to rotate around it. But now we know that appearances can trick us, and this can be the biggest example of it.

Despite being the most empirically successful scientific theory ever developed, quantum mechanics has yet to yield a consensus interpretation of its foundations. Much of the controversy in interpreting quantum mechanics concerns the issue of which ingredients of the theory are more fundamental and which are derivative. Before reconciling debates among possible interpretations of quantum mechanics, it would be helpful to clarify what are the ontological commitments of the theory—What is quantum mechanics about?

Nonrelativistic quantum mechanics (NRQM), as it was first developed in the 1920s, is often taken to fundamentally describe the dynamics of particles, probabilistically related to a wave function, which provides seemingly non-particle, non-local, wave-like, interference phenomena observable in quantum systems, referred to as “wave-particle duality.” Von Neumann was the first to recognize that the various formalisms surrounding quantum me- chanics could be unified and understood as fundamentally dealing with the representation of the state of a system as a vector in a Hilbert space.

First introduced by Dirac, second quantization is a recipe for constructing multiple-particle states that satisfy the proper fermi- or bose-statistics and span the multiple-particle Hilbert (Fock) space, given first the theory for a single-particle system.

Since the development and maturing of Quantum Field Theory (QFT) in the following decades, many attitudes about the fundamentality of particles have shifted to view them as derivative, emergent excitations in a quantum field. In this talk, I review arguments for taking the field picture as more fundamental than the particle picture:

1. Unlike particle-focused NRQM, QFT can be made relativistic by construction by using fields that transform as irreducible representations of the Poincaré group. Particles are a natural byproduct of canonical quantization of fields once, without need of a second quantization. Multi-particle states and wave functions, and their properties from NRQM, can be seen as derivative from the low-energy regime of QFT, where the number of particles which normally varies as they are created or destroyed is constrained to be fixed by the limited available energy of the system.
2. Despite the concerns brought up in Haag’s theorem about the limits of defining consistent particle states in interacting relativistic QFT, asymptotic particle states through the LSZ formalism are definable and enable the remarkably precise and experimentally verified predictions of scattering theory.
3. More recently, progress in the understanding of Effective Field Theory (EFT) shows many systems can be represented by fields when there is a scale at which shorter-length / higher-energy degrees of freedom can be ignored. EFT has shown the broad applicability of QFT in several systems in condensed matter and astrophysics.
4. Fields can dynamically participate in symmetry breaking processes. Extending the Poincaré group with supersymmetry (SUSY) or he extended gauge groups of grand unified theories (GUTs) is a natural discussion in QFT.
5. Decoherence shows how it is natural for a field with local interactions to have emergent, semi-localized excitations that look like particles. A preferred “pointer basis” of the Hilbert space is rapidly selected with wave-packets narrowly defined in position and momentum because of interactions with the environment.

There are misconceptions that entanglement (e.g. with environment) causes decoherence, and that decoherence causes classicality. Yet in an entanglement, barring classical communication, no action taken by one party has any effect on another party, a fact known as no-signaling theorem. The presented analysis reveals, it is the measurement, not entanglement, which turns quantum state into classical event sample, resulting in a loss of correlation terms of density matrix

We address the estimation of the loss parameter of a bosonic channel probed by Gaussian signals. We derive the ultimate quantum bound with precision and show that no improvement may be obtained by having access to the environmental degrees of freedom. We find that, for small losses, the variance of the optimal estimator is proportional to the loss parameter itself, a result that represents a qualitative improvement over the shot-noise limit. An observable based on the symmetric logarithmic derivative is obtained, which attains the ultimate bound and may be implemented using Gaussian operations and photon counting.

A variety of ideas arisiüg in decoherence theory, and in the ongoing debate over Everett's relative-state theory, can be linked to issues in relativity theory and the philosophy of time, specifically the relational theory of tense and of identity over time. These have been systematically presented in companion papers (Saunders 1995, 1996a); in what follows we shall consider the same circle of ideas, but specifically in relation to the interpretation of probability, and its identification with relations in the Hilbert space norm. The familiar objection that Everett's approach yields probabilities different from quantum mechanics is easily dealt with. The more fundamental question is how to interpret these probabilities consistent with the relational theory of change, and the relational theory of identity over time. I shall show that the relational theory needs nothing more than the physical, minimal criterion of identity as defined by Everett's theory, and that this can b...

We present a series of measurements on nine single Cooper-pair boxes (SCBs), where the charging energy, EC, and the Josephson coupling energy, EJ, have been varied. We have investigated both the ground state properties of the SCBs and their quantum coherent properties. The state of the SCBs could be manipulated by an external gate voltage and the charge was measured

Following the final attempts of Reimann to solve his own hypothesis, Moody has added new information based on recent findings of the fundamental pilot wave. This approach has shed great insight into finding a solution to the Riemann Conjecture while tying the conjecture into the real fabric of reality.
Advancement of the Reimann Conjecture and prime number pattern due to the discovery of the harmonic series pilot-wave

The time evolution of the trace distance between two states of an open quantum system may increase due to initial system-environment correlations, thus exhibiting a breakdown of distance contractivity of the reduced dynamics. We analyze how the time evolution of the distance depends on the chosen distance measure. Here we elucidate the behavior of the trace distance, the Hilbert- Schmidt distance, the Bures distance, the Hellinger distance and the quantum Jensen-Shannon divergence for two system-environment setups, namely a qubit bi-linearly coupled to an infinite and a finite size environment with the latter composed of harmonic oscillators.

Aim of this paper is trying to show the possible significance, and usefulness, of various non-selfadjoint operators for suitable Observables in non-relativistic and relativistic quantum mechanics, and in quantum electrodynamics: More specifically, this work starts dealing with:  (i) the
hermitian (but not selfadjoint) TIME  operator in non-relativistic quantum
mechanics and in quantum electrodynamics; with  (ii) IDEM, the introduction of Time and Space operators; and with  (iii) the problem of the four-position and four-momentum operators, each one with its hermitian and anti-hermitian parts, for relativistic spin-zero particles.  Afterwards, other physical applications of non-selfadjoint (and even
non-hermitian) operators are briefly discussed.  We mention how non-hermitian operators can indeed be used in physics [as it was done, elsewhere, for describing Unstable States]; and some considerations are added on the cases of the nuclear optical potential, of quantum dissipation, and in particular of an approach to the measurement problem in QM in terms of a "chronon".  This paper is largely based on work developed, along the years, in collaboration with V.S.Olkhovsky, and, in smaller parts, with P.Smrz, with R.H.A.Farias, and with S.P.Maydanyuk.  [PACS numbers: 03.65.Ta; 03.65.-w; 03.65.Pm; 03.70.+k; 03.65.Xp; 03.65.Yz; 11.10.St; 11.10.-z; 11.90.+t; 02.00.00; 03.00.00; 24.10.Ht; 03.65.Yz; 21.60.-u; 11.10.Ef; 03.65.Fd; 02.40.Dr; 98.80.Jk.  (KEYWORDS: time operator, space-time operator, non-selfadjoint operators, non-hermitian operators, bilinear operators, time operator for discrete energy spectra, time-energy uncertainty relations,
quasi-hermitian Hamiltonians, Klein-Gordon equation, chronon, quantum
dissipation, decoherence, nuclear optical model, cosmology, projective relativity)

We study the photon emission due to a magnetic spin-flip transition of a two-level atom in the vicinity of a dielectric body such as a normal conducting metal or a superconductor. For temperatures below the transition temperature Tc of a superconductor, the corresponding spin-flip lifetime is boosted by several orders of magnitude as compared to the case of a normal conducting body. Numerical results of an exact formulation are also compared to a previously derived approximative analytical expression for the spin-flip lifetime, and we find excellent agreement. We present results on how the spin-flip lifetime depends on the temperature T of a superconducting body as well as its thickness H . Finally, we study how nonmagnetic impurities as well as possible Eliashberg strong-coupling effects influence the spin-flip rate. It is found that nonmagnetic impurities as well as strong-coupling effects have no dramatic impact on the spin-flip lifetime.

Abstract: We introduce an operational interpretation for pure-state global multipartite entanglement based on quantum estimation. We show that the estimation of the strength of low-noise locally depolarizing channels, as quantified by the regularized quantum Fisher information, is ...