Cut Flowers

Türkiye’de örtüaltı yetiştiriciliği denildiğinde akla ilk sebze ve bunlar içerisinde de geleneksel örtüaltı ürünleri olarak nitelendirilen domates, biber, hıyar ve yaprağı yenen diğer sebzeler gelmektedir. Bununla birlikte özellikle son yıllarda ülkemiz örtüaltı yetiştiriciliğinde gerek yapılardaki teknolojik gelişme, gerekse yetiştirilen ürünlerin çeşitliliğiyle bitkisel üretimde önemli ilerlemeler kaydedilmiştir. 2009 yılı resmi verilerine göre Türkiye’de süs bitkileri örtüaltı yetiştiriciliği içerisinde ikinci sırayı almaktadır. Bununla beraber toplamda örtüaltında yetiştirilen ürünler içerisindeki payı %5’in altındadır. Türkiye’de örtüaltında yetiştirilen ilk ürün kesme çiçekler olup Yalova ve Marmara Adaları’nda temelleri atılan bu faaliyette günümüzde Antalya başta olmak üzere Yalova, İzmir, Mersin ve Adana’da kesme çiçek, iç ve dış mekan süs bitkileri ile çiçek soğanları yetiştiriciliği yapılmaktadır. Kesme çiçek yetiştiriciliği örtüaltı sebze ve meyve yetiştiriciliğinden farklı olarak pazar ve nakliye şartları nedeniyle özellikle büyük merkezler veya bu merkezlere yakın yerlerde yapılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, ihracatımızda önemli bir yer tutan kesme çiçek üretiminin ülkemizde örtüaltında yetiştirildiği alanlar, dağılımını etkileyen faktörler ve istatistiksel verilerin ışığında kesme çiçek yetiştiriciliğinin gelişimi değerlendirilmiştir.

An experiment was conducted to find out the preservative solution for extending the vase life of cut rose (Red pearl cultivar). Ten chemical preservative solutions were used for vase life analysis and these were T0: Tap water (Control); T1: Sugar (50-ppm); T2: Citric Acid (50-ppm); T3: Salicylic Acid (50-ppm); T4: Chitosan (50-ppm); T5: Silvar Thiosulphate (50-ppm); T6: Sugar + Citric Acid (50-ppm); T7: Sugar + Salicylic Acid (50-ppm); T8: Sugar + Chitosan (50-ppm) and T9: Sugar + Silvar Thiosulphate (50-ppm). From the experiment, maximum stem diameter (4.60 mm), period for first petal spreading (6.1 days), petal water content (65.4%) and vase life (15.7 days) was found from T7. On the other hand, minimum flower head diameter (31.8 mm), petal discoloration score (1.5) and flower freshness score (3.0) were also found from T7. Combined application of sugar and salicylic acid was the best among the chemicals used for extending vase life of cut rose cv. Red pearl.

The electrochemical behavior of Cu–Ni alloys with different Ni contents (5–65mass%) in acidic sulfate solutions was investigated. The effects of working conditions e.g. concentration of sulfate ions, immersion time and temperature were studied and discussed. In this respect, open-circuit potential measurements, polarization techniques and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used. Potentiodynamic measurements revealed that the increase in the Ni content

This experiment was conducted to study the effectiveness of different preservative solutions on vase life and quality of angelica cut inflorescences cv. Single. The concentrations of citric acid at 100, 200 and 300 mg L-1 , sucrose at 3% and 4% and H 2 O 2 at 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% were used as preservatives, while distilled water was used as control. The single factor experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Citric acid and H 2 O 2 solutions effectively inhibited bacterial growthrelated blockage in the vascular tissues, but had adverse effects on the vase life. The inflorescences stored in sucrose (3% and 4%) solutions remained fresh up to 10 days after preservation (DAP), maintaining good solution uptake, controlling transpiration loss and gaining higher relative fresh weight. Different quality parameters like floret diameter and number of opened florets were also significantly higher in inflorescences preserved in sucrose (3% and 4%) solution, followed by control, citric acid and H 2 O 2 , respectively, in different DAP. Overall, the inflorescence of cut tuberose preserved in sucrose, particularly at 4% solutions, showed better postharvest quality than other preservatives and maximum vase life.

This experiment was conducted to study the effectiveness of different preservative solutions on vase life and quality of angelica cut inflorescences cv. Single. The concentrations of citric acid at 100, 200 and 300 mg L-1, sucrose at 3% and 4% and H2O2 at 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% were used as preservatives, while distilled water was used as control. The single factor experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Citric acid and H2O2 solutions effectively inhibited bacterial growth-related blockage in the vascular tissues, but had adverse effects on the vase life. The inflorescences stored in sucrose (3% and 4%) solutions remained fresh up to 10 days after preservation (DAP), maintaining good solution uptake, controlling transpiration loss and gaining higher relative fresh weight. Different quality parameters like floret diameter and number of opened florets were also significantly higher in inflorescences preserved in sucrose (3% and 4%) solutio...

The present paper examined the technical, allocative and economic efficiency of gladiolus cut-flower farms in Punjab, Pakistan. Analysis was carried out by Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) by using DEAP and by using a sample of 100 farmers. Determinants of inefficiencies were also quantified by employing Tobit regression model. Mean technical, allocative and economic efficiencies were quantified as 0.72, 0.89 and 0.63, respectively. Hence, in order to increase gladiolus productivity production function, new production tools should be employed. The results explained that age, family labor, tenant farmers and seed source had negative and significant influences on the inefficiencies of gladiolus farms. Further, the results emphasized the motivation of younger farmers in cultivation of flowers, availability of good quality seed at reasonable prices and better infrastructure increase the efficiencies of flowers farms.

Tied together in tussie-mussies or nosegays, flowers were allegedly used by 19th-century Europe and America, along with herbs, leaves, and twigs, to communicate sentiments. The coding of these was recorded in multivolume floriographical lexica or in small Language of Flowers books the size of a keepsake. By selecting particular flowers and arranging them in a bouquet, the whole spectrum of love and friendship could be communicated sub rosa, including feelings such as rage and hatred as well as socially taboo love beyond class distinctions and heteronormativity. However, since different floriographical lexica vary significantly on the meaning of each flower, the question arises of whether the numerous Language of Flowers books were actually in use or were primarily literary phenomena.
After summarizing the development of the Language of Flowers in the 19th century, including an overview of the cultural parameters that finally led to the extinction of the floriographical obsession, the paper deals with the echoes of floriomania in the writings of Sigmund Freud (The Interpretation of Dreams, 1900) and George Bataille (The Language of Flowers, 1929). Both will be contrasted with Jacques Derrida's deconstruction of the flower-emotion-analogy in his reading of Jean Genet's Notre-Dame-des-Fleurs (Glas, 1974). For Derrida, the language of flowers serves as a role model for the artificiality of all metaphors and for the arbitrariness of language in general: "There is always, absent from any garden, a dried flower in a book" (Jacques Derrida, White Mythology. Metaphor in the Text of Philosophy, 1971).

Flower is a widely used product around the world. Global export of Cut flowers and flower buds for bouquets, fresh or dried (H.S. 0603) was UDS 7375,7680,8387,8480 and 8442 million in 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 respectively. Top 10 Cut flowers-exporting countries are the Netherlands, Colombia, Ecuador, Kenya, Belgium, Ethiopia, Malaysia, Italy, Germany and Israel. Top 10 Cut flowers-importing countries are the United States of America, Germany, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Russian Federation, France, Japan, Belgium, Italy and Switzerland.

Bangladesh exported Cut flowers, worth $16.58m, during July-November 2013 into a few destinations like India, Pakistan, Italy, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, the United States, South Korea, the Philippines, Singapore, Japan, Germany, Britain, Denmark and France. Our stake in the global trade of Cut flowers is negligible i.e. 0.3 per cent. We have good potential in the production of Cut flowers due to favourable environment and fertile land; it's a cash cow crop for the farmers.

Colombia is a country recognized for its variety of fresh flowers for export, among which roses represent a significant quantity. However, cut flowers must meet some quality requirements imposed by the international market. Ascorbic acid in living organisms has an extensive function as a free radical scavenger; therefore, it reduces the negative effects of oxidative stress. It is also involved in the biosynthesis of several hormones, has many functions in chloroplasts, and is a fundamental
compound for the correct functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus. The exogenous application of ascorbic acid improves the quality and nutritional value of agricultural products and induces stress resistance in plants. A greenhouse study was carried out in Cota, Colombia, with the objective of improving the quality of rose flowers by spraying ascorbic acid in concentrations of 0.0 (control), 600, and 1200mgL–1 in the Escimo, Latin Beauty, and Freedom cultivars. In response to the spraying, an increase in stem length and stem thickness was observed in all cultivars which was directly proportional to the concentration of ascorbic acid applied. There was no clear trend found in the response of cultivars to ascorbate regarding head size and chlorophyll content (SPAD) since in some cultivars, the values of these variables increased or decreased with statistically significant differences. As a result, spraying with ascorbic acid significantly improves some components of the quality of rose cut flowers, even though the response is highly dependent on the cultivar.

Carnation is a highly sensitive cut flower, needs to be transported without exposure to ethylene and to prevent the build up of ethylene concentration above the threshold level in boxes, ventilation holes are provided in the sides of boxes which help in free exchange of air. The studies on the wrapping up of the flowers with polyethylene sleeves of 50 gauge thickness, butter paper, newspaper and packed in corrugated fibre board boxes with different percentage of ventilations are important for determining the suitable packaging techniques during transport of flowers to markets. Wrapping in polyethylene sleeves of 50 gauge thicknesses and placing in corrugated fibre board boxes having 4 % ventilation is the best packaging method for transporting carnation flowers to distance market. This packaging would ensure minimum physical damage, physiological loss in weight and membrane integrity and would extend the vase life to 11.67 days when compared with control (newspaper wrapping and CFB boxes with 2 % ventilation) wherein flowers remain fresh for 6.00 days only.

Sustainable agriculture has become a burning issue due to “energy crisis” and
“environmental protection”. One aspect of sustainable agriculture is Integrated Nutrient
Management (INM). Many regions in India like Kashmir, Himachal and other hilly
regions have huge potential for quality flower production. Since floriculture is energy and
cost intensive type of farming, the input cost of fertilisers is very high, which can be
avoided by going for alternative methods like INM. There is scant information available
concerning the use of organic fertilizer as the sole source of nutrients in flower production,
especially in the cultivation of flowers has made its applicability more difficult. INM is a
practice that is being rapidly adopted by growers, combines the use of adjusted nutrient
rates, more efficient fertilizer sources, organic matter and soil inoculation. INM holds great
promise in exhibiting the growing nutrient demands of intensive farming like Floriculture
and maintaining productivity at its optimum with holistic improvement in the quality of
resource base, which is very much important in-case of cut and bulbous flowers.
Investigations by many researchers have revealed the beneficial influence of INM, on
vegetative (plant height, leaf area, leaf number), floral (first bud appearance, floral
diameter, weight of flower) and yield attributes (seed weight, seed production) of many
flower crops, reduced the cost of fertilizer inputs and increased the B/C ratio, despite
maintaining a good soil physico-chemical environment. It can be concluded that by
reducing the levels of chemical fertilizer and optimizing the dose of different organic
fertilizer can improve yield and quality in ornamental crops without adversely affecting the
edaphic and environmental features. Therefore this discourse will mainly discuss on the
integrative approaches on production and management of many flower crops,
commercially grown in India and Kashmir valley.

Objectives:The present study was designed to explore the protective
effect of  Cassia auriculata  L. flower extract (CAE) in high fat diet
and streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetic (T2DM) rats.
Methods:T2DM was induced by a combination of high fat dietand
low  dose  streptozocin.  Rats  in  different  groups  were  treated  with
Cassia auriculata L. flower extract at two different doses viz. 300mg
and 500mg/Kg body weight and the hypoglycemic potential as well
as  lipid  lowering  and  antioxidant  properties  of  CAE in  liver  and
pancreas were evaluated.
Results:  T2DM  rats  showed  significantly  elevated  glucose  and
reduced c-peptide levels in serum. Also there was significant increase
in  serum  marker  enzymes  of  liver  toxicity-alanine  transaminase
(SGPT),  aspartate  transaminase  (SGOT)  and  alkaline  phosphatase
(ALP) along with significant reduction in liver glycogen and increase
in  lipid  peroxidation  levels.  There  was  also  deregulation  in  lipid
levels  in  plasma  and  liver  and  significant  reduction  in  antioxidant
enzymes  in  plasma,  liver  and  pancreas.  Encouragingly,  treatment
with Cassia auriculata extract caused significant improvement in the
glucose, insulin, lipid levels in plasma and the antioxidant status of
liver and pancreas.
Conclusion: Out  of  the  two  doses  of  CAE  used  in  this  study,
500mg/kg b.w dose was found to be more effective inregulating the
levels of antioxidants and lipid levels in plasma,  liver and pancreas
indicating its potential to ameliorate peripheral insulin resistance.

پاکستان میں فلاور انڈسٹری اپنی ترقی کی راہوں پر رواں دواں ہے۔ پاکستان میں زیادہ تر گلاب، گیندا، ٹیوب روز اور گلیڈ اُگایا جاتا ہے۔ جن کی طلب دن بدن بڑھ رہی ہے جس کی وجہ سے کسان اچھی آمدنی کما رہے ہیں۔ ان پھولوں کے علاوہ لیلیم اور ٹیولپ کی ڈیمانڈ میں بھی اضافہ ہوا ہے جو کہ مسلسل بیرونِ ممالک سے درآمد کیے جا رہے ہیں۔ ان پھولوں کو اُگانے کے لیے پاکستان کی آب و ہوا بہت مفید ہے۔ اگر کسان ان کو اُگاٸیں تو وہ کثیر زرِمبادلہ کما سکتے ہیں کیونکہ لیلیم پھول گیندے، گلاب اور گلیڈ سے مہنگے ہوتے ہیں۔ یہ 3 سے 4 ماہ کی فضل ہے۔ جوکہ ستمبر تا دسمبر لگاٸی جاتی ہے۔ اگر لیلی کو مارکیٹ کی ڈیمانڈ کے مطابق اُگایا جاٸے تو نقصان کا خدشہ لاحق نہیں ہوتا۔

A pot experiment was conducted for the first time in Bangladesh, at the Horticulture Farm of Sher-e- Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka during November, 2010 to July, 2011 to asses the adaptability of seven lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum) cultivars namely Micky Rose, Pink Rose, Azuma No Yosooi, Purple Edge Glass, Piccolo Blue, Mellow Purple and Royal Violet for commercial cultivation in Bangladesh. The experiment was conducted in a Randomized Complete Block Design with nine replications. Significant differences among cultivars were noted for all the attributes evaluated. The highest number of flowers (16.0/plant) was produced by Piccolo Blue and the lowest from Pink Rose (7.0/plant). All the cultivars in this study showed very good shelf life (12.0-25.0days) in normal condition. All the seven lisianthus cultivars performed satisfactorily as ideal cut flowers. Further work may be done to develop these as commercial cultivars in Bangladesh.

This MA thesis is concerned with histories of flower selling in Cape Town. Since the late 19th century, images and imaginings of the flower sellers in Adderley Street and to a lesser degree in other areas of the city attained an outstanding place in visualisations and descriptions of Cape Town. The flower sellers were thereby characterised in a particularly gendered, racialised and class-specific way as predominantly female, coloured and poor. This characterisation dominated to an extent that it is possible to speak of a discursive figure of the 'Cape Town flower sellers'. In tourism-related media and in personal memoirs, the 'Cape Town flower sellers' often came to represent both the city and the inhabitants of Cape Town. The images and imaginings of the 'Cape Town flower sellers' can partly be traced back to representations of 'flower girls' in fictional stories, paintings, photographs and film in Europe, particularly in Great Britain. In Cape Town, this European discourse about flower selling developed in a specific way within colonial, apartheid and post-apartheid contexts.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

•  Despite decades of industrialization, Johor remains an agricultural powerhouse.

•  The state is Peninsular Malaysia’s largest contributor to agricultural gross domestic product, and its official agricultural productivity is Malaysia’s third highest.

•    Johor’s agricultural strengths lie primarily in product specialization, namely the farming of oil palms, various fruits and vegetables, poultry, pigs, cut flowers, and ornamental fish.

•    Johor’s production clusters have taken decades, if not centuries, to build up their regional dominance. Urbanization, often blamed for diminishing agriculture’s importance, has actually helped drive Johor’s farm growth, even until the present day.

•    Johor’s agricultural sector will persist for at least another decade, but may become even more specialized.

The loss of commercial quality during storage and transportation of roses is one of the factors that reflect on production costs, leading producers to preventively apply harmful chemicals, mainly to hamper Botrytis cinerea development and reduce further losses. An alternative to increase flower longevity without contaminating the environment with harmful chemicals is the use of natural products, such as essential oils, which have fungistatic and insecticide properties, as well as low toxicity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of essential oils on the vase life of Rosa cv. Avalanche: 12 treatments were tested, resulting from the combination of 5 types of essential oils plus the control in two cold storage periods (2 to 6 days) at 1 °C, 90-95% RH. The essential oils tested were eucalyptus, cinnamon, lemongrass and peppermint (1%), clove (0.1%), plus a control with distilled water. Application was made by spraying the flower buds. After storage at low temperatures, the flower stems were kept in a room (16 °C, 70% RH) during 10 days for evaluation. Flower stems stored for 2 days in a cold chamber showed better means for darkening, turgor and bent neck, as well as a lower weight loss by the stems. The application of lemongrass essential oil at 1% caused burns on the petals, compromising quality and pot life. The essential oils of peppermint and eucalyptus allowed flower quality maintenance until the 10th day of evaluation. It is possible to conclude that post-harvest spraying with peppermint or eucalyptus essential oil at 1%, combined with cold storage for 2 days, provided greater longevity and quality for cv. Avalanche roses. RESUMO Qualidade pós-colheita de rosas tratadas com óleos essenciais A perda da qualidade comercial de rosas durante o armazenamento pós-colheita e transporte é um dos fatores que mais oneram o custo de produção e leva os produtores a realizar a aplicação preventiva de produtos químicos nocivos, principalmente para evitar o aparecimento de lesões do fungo Botrytis cinerea. Uma das alternativas para aumentar a durabilidade das flores de forma ecologicamente correta é a utilização de produtos naturais, como os óleos essenciais, que apresentam características fungistáticas e inseticidas, além de baixa toxicidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação em pós-colheita de diferentes óleos essenciais na durabilidade de hastes de Rosa cv. Avalanche em 2 períodos de armazenamento em câmara fria. Foram testados 12 tratamentos resultantes da combinação de 5 tipos de óleos essenciais mais a testemunha associados à dois períodos de armazenamento refrigerado, 2 e 6 dias, sob 1 ºC e 90-95% UR. Foram testados óleos essenciais de: eucalipto, canela, capim-limão e hortelã-pimenta (a 1%), cravo-da-índia (a 0,1%), e a testemunha, com água destilada. A aplicação foi feita por meio da pulverização nos botões florais. Após o armazenamento refrigerado, as hastes florais foram mantidas em uma sala escura (16 ºC, 70% UR) por dez dias para avaliação. As hastes armazenadas por 2 dias em câmara fria apresentaram as melhores médias para as notas de escurecimento, turgescência e tombamento do pedúnculo, assim como uma menor perda de peso das hastes. A aplicação de óleo essencial de capim-limão a 1% provocou fitotoxidade, indicada pela queima nas pétalas, comprometendo a qualidade e vida de vaso. Os óleos essenciais de hortelã-pimenta e eucalipto favoreceram a manutenção da qualidade das flores até o décimo dia de avaliação. Conclui-se que a pulverização pós-colheita com óleo essencial de hortelã-pimenta ou eucalipto a 1% e o armazenamento em câmara fria por 2 dias possibilitam maior durabilidade e qualidade de rosas Avalanche.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of pinching (P 0 = control, P 1 = Single pinching, P 2 = Double pinching) on various attributes of Lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum) at the Horticultural Farm, Sher-e-bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka Bangladesh during May-October 2015 with three replications. Significant variations in all parameters were found in pinching. Tallest plants (58.7cm) were found from control and shortest plant (41.3cm) from double pinching. Maximum number of branches/plant (4.3), branch length (47.3mm), branch diameter (5.2mm), number of flower buds/plant (21.0), number of flowers/branch (4.5), number of flowers/plant (19.3) and chlorophyll percentage (81.5) were found following single pinching (P 1). Maximum number of leaves/branch (23.3), days to first flower (125.7) were found by following double pinching (P 2) .Whereas minimum number of leaves/branch (14.3), days to first flower (105.7) were found from control (P 0). The experimental findings showed that single pinching could be used for maximizing the flowering thus will bring huge profit for commercial growers.

A pot experiment was conducted at the Horticulture Farm, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh during October, 2010 to December, 2011 to distinguish the performances of different Heliconia cultivars and explore as promising cut flower with its five cultivars namely Pink blush, Scarlet torch, Golden torch, Red devil and Lob-star-claw in the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Significant differences among cultivars were found for all of the attributes evaluated. All five
cultivars performed acceptably well as cut flower and could be explore and popularize as commercial cut flower in Bangladesh after further verification responding various factor as well as cultural practices.

Abstract— The consumption of flowers among the class of consumers called the old age is elevated in countries such as Japan, United States of America, Italy, France and others in Europe, but in Brazil, the consumption of flowers among the people of 60 years or more is still too low when compared with more developed markets. The factors that may be influencing this gap are still unknown, and in this context, in order to subsidize the establishment of marketing actions for the commercial segment floricultural production chain retailer, this study investigated the influence of the 4Ps, namely: price, place, promotion and product of the buying behavior of elderly consumers. The study was conducted from 169 interviews with elders of both genres at the time they bought flowers in 22 florists of the coast of Paraná. The female gender was identified as the majoritarian consumer, and roses, violets and orchids their preferred species among this class of consumers. The retail trade of flowers did not attend the expectation of the customers of the old age, especially in relation to price, offered species and quality of production. The main products which replaced the flowers on consumer preference in old age when they could not find the desired flowers were clothes, perfumes and chocolates, just by the facility to be acquired in many different locations.

Performance of four cultivars of carnation namely Gaudina, Dona, Bizet and Malaga were tried under two different environments viz., wooden frame structure and steel frame structure at Ooty, The Nilgiris. The performance of the cultivars under two different growing structures were compared based on the vegetative, yield and quality parameters of the crop. Among the cultivars, Gaudina under naturally ventilated aerodynamic steel frame structure polyhouse showed better performance when compared with wooden frame structure. The longevity and performance of crop inside the steel frame structure proved better.

Background:  Western  Assam are  located at  the  extreme  western
part of Assam it extends from 89
0
49
/
20
//
E to 91
0
48
/
16
//
longitude and
25
0
27
/
N to 26
0
54
//
latitude covering the lower Brahmaputra valley.
Western Assam is very unique in its bio resources and is inhibited by
different  Tribes  and  Communities.  The  people  of  this  region  use
various plant items including leaves and tender shoot, flowers of
some species which are often seen to be consumed in different forms
like fried, curry form or even eaten raw. Besides using edible items
these  flowers  are  also  used  sometimes  as  a  medicine  for  curing
various  diseases.  Some  of  these  flowers  are  also  seen  to  be  sold  in
local markets of various parts of Western Assam including Guwahati
city for their high demand. Most of these flowers also eaten all over
North East India by different tribes.
Objectives: The objective of the present study is to document the
plant species used by various communities of Western Assam as an
edible flower. This work is very significant because documenting the
indigenous knowledge through ethno-botanical studies are necessary
for  conservation  of  biological  resources  as  well  as  their  sustainable
utilization.
Method: In  the  study  data was  collected by  field  visit  in  various
remote villages and by visiting the local markets of Western Assam.
The present research work was conducted during the year on January
2012- June  2014.  The  present  study  provides  information  on  their
scientific  name,  family,  vernacular  name,  habit,  biological  status,
time of flowering, mode of preparation, medicinal properties and as
well as market value.
Result and conclusion: A total of 35 species of 31 genera belonging
to 23 families of edible  flowers have been recorded from the study
area. There is enormous potential for the use of such edible flowers
which  bear  specific  medicinal  properties  for  which  there  is
tremendous demand even in global level.

پاکستان ایک زرعی ملک ہے۔ ملکِ پاکستان میں زیادہ تر گندم، چاول، مکٸ اور کپاس کی کاشت پر توجہ دی جاتی ہے۔ جبکہ پاکستان میں زیادہ تر چھوٹے کسانوں کا طبقہ موجود ہے۔ جن کے پاس کاشت کرنے کے لیے زیادہ زمین میسر نہیں۔ اس طبقے کے لیے کٹ فلاور کی پیداوار زیادہ مقصود اور فاٸدہ مند ہے۔ کیونکہ کٹ فلاور کی چھوٹے پیمانے پر پیداوار کے ذریعے بھی اچھی آمدنی کماٸی جا سکتی ہے۔ پاکستان میں فلاور انڈسٹری اپنی ترقی کی راہوں پر گامزن ہے۔ اگر چھوٹے کسان کٹ فلاور کی طرف متوجہ ہوں تو وہ پاکستان کی کٹ فلاور کی ضروریات کو پورا کرنے کے ساتھ ساتھ کٹ فلاور برآمد کر کے کثیر زرمبادلہ کما سکتے ہیں۔ جس سے نہ صرف کسانوں کو فاٸدہ ہے بلکہ وہ پاکستان کی خوشحالی کا موجب بھی بن سکتے ہیں۔ اس لیے چھوٹے کسانوں کو چاہیے کہ وہ پھولوں کی کاشت کی طرف متوجہ ہوں۔

Lotus, Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn belonging to the family Nelumbonaceae, is an aquatic perennial plant native to Tropical Asia and Australia and is widely cultivated in water gardens at various countries. It is the national flower of India and Vietnam and also the state flower of Karnataka, Hariyana and Andhra Pradesh in India. In Hindu, Buddhist, Egyptian religions and even Christianity, the lotus is considered as a sacred flower. Because it rises from muddy, unclean water to a blossom as a pure, uncontaminated flower, it represents transparency and renaissance of body, speech and mind. Lots of deities of Asian religions are illustrated as held on a lotus. In classical and folk literatures, the lotus presents in figurative form, representing grace, prettiness, excellence, cleanliness and elegance. In India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Cambodia, Indonesia and Laos, lotus anchors the folk-life in a deep penetration from time immemorial. The lotus is often confused with the water lilies (Nymphaea) in particular Nymphaea caerulea, Blue Lotus. The word "philately" is the English version of the French word "philatélie", coined by Georges Herpin in 1864. He took the Greek root word φιλ(ο)-phil(o)-, meaning "an attraction or affinity for something", and

Cape Town Floriography is a public history and art project that took place at various flower markets in Cape Town on Heritage Day, 24 September 2016. A series of flower wrapping papers was launched which highlight aspects of the history of flower selling in the city. Further, Cape Town Floriography collage postcards were displayed and distributed at the flower market in Adderley Street and Trafalgar Place.

Cape Town Floriography wants to disrupt the dominant ways in which flower selling in the city is framed as an old tradition that has always been there. Instead, Cape Town Floriography highlights that flower selling is not merely a tradition but has a history that was actively made possible by the people and plants involved in the trade. Flower sellers have been working in Cape Town’s streets since the mid-1880s and many families have been in the business for several generations. They regularly had to counter developments that put the future of their occupation at risk, including racist legislation that excluded them from access to the commons, forced removals and unfavourable urban planning. Flower markets emerged not merely as pretty backgrounds of citylife but as sites of urban politics.

Cape Town Floriography wants to complicate perceptions of urban life in the city by shifting the focus on stories that are less heard and seen. Cape Town Floriography is concerned with stories of people, plants and the worlds they share. These stories might help us to envision alternative worlds to the one we currently live in and inspire us to find solutions to the various social and environmental crises we face. Cape Town Floriography experiments with creative ways for researching and documenting knowledge about city life, public space and human-nature relationships. The term floriogarphy literally means writing with flowers. Floriography refers to the idea that a language of flowers exists in which flowers are associated with meanings and messages can be exchanged in the form of flower arrangments. Cape Town Floriography wants to explore how developing ways of reading and writing with flowers could enable us to make sense of what is going on around us. The work of Cape Town Floriography is grounded in the flower markets and takes both the people and plants involved in the cut flower trade serious as guides in its endeavour of learning and documenting.

It is a sad episode that over 2600 workers of one-time world's largest rose flower producer, karuturi Limited were on Friday sent home as the firm shut operations. The workers have gone for months without pay and with just promises. This flower company used to produce six million stems of roses daily for export. Let the government come in and do the same way they revived chase bank, pan paper and the coffee farmers to save the jobs of those workers. Workers have dependants and the workers of karuturi are over 2600 and imagine each worker has over 5 dependants in their homes that translate to 13,000 people who depend on karuturi Flower Company, who will be homeless and jobless in Kenya if nothing serious is done. There are suppliers, business people and traders (shopkeepers and mama mbogas) who also depend on karuturi Flower Company where they earn their living. The only thing for evils to triumph is for good men to do nothing. Mind you we are approaching election period and these 2600 people have votes. These people have representatives in form of Governor, MCA's, M P, senator, women reps and scores of nominated leaders who have never brought the problem of karuturi to county government nor in parliament or in the Senate. Maybe these people have never seen this karuturi company as problem. Let the national government come to the rescue of this company because apart from the company being an international company, it was generating revenue to both the county and National government. There are hospitals and primary as well as a secondary school with more than 2000 students who are taught by teachers seconded by the government where will they go? The workers have been given days to vacate the houses, what will happens to their children and where do they go from here, lord have mercy? This 400 million owed to CFC can be turned into shares to rescue the company. Let the government rescue karuturi company the same way as webuye paper mills, chase bank and the coffee farmers. This problem of debtors moving to court

La cantidad, la calidad y la duración de la luz afectan el crecimiento vegetal. La calidad de la luz, se refiere al color o la longitud de onda que llega a la planta. La manipulación espectral, se orienta a promover, específicamente, respuestas fisiológicas deseadas. Se estudió la influencia de la calidad de
la luz sobre el crecimiento, la producción y la calidad de flor en calas (Zantedeschia aethiopica). Las plantas, se cultivaron en el municipio de Tunja, Colombia, en invernadero, bajo diferentes calidades de luz, proporcionadas por películas de polipropileno (control sin cobertura de color, amarillo, verde, azul transparente y rojo). Las películas de color permitieron,
también, diferentes niveles de sombreado. Los tratamientos, se dispusieron en un diseño de bloques completos al azar, con diez repeticiones. Las películas del filtro, se colocaron 1m por encima del cultivo, desde el momento del trasplante hasta la cosecha de las plantas. La calidad de la flor, en cuanto a la longitud del pedúnculo, fue afectada positivamente por el sombreado; sin embargo, el número de flores, su tiempo de aparición y la asignación de masa seca a las flores no fueron influenciados por los tratamientos aplicados. Las respuestas de las plantas de cala en relación con las tasas de crecimiento fueron la consecuencia de la acción conjunta de
la cantidad y la calidad de la luz incidente. Cala mostró gran versatilidad para adaptarse a las condiciones de la oferta ambiental, lo que se manifestó en modificaciones morfoanatómicas y fisiológicas en los vegetales, que crecieron bajo condiciones de espectro manipulado.

Background: Western Assam are located at the extreme western part of Assam it extends from 89049/20// E to 91048/16// longitude and 25027/ N to 260 54// latitude covering the lower Brahmaputra valley. Western Assam is very unique in its bio resources and is inhibited by different Tribes and Communities. The people of this region use various plant items including leaves and tender shoot, flowers of some species which are often seen to be consumed in different forms like fried, curry form or even eaten raw. Besides using edible items these flowers are also used sometimes as a medicine for curing various diseases. Some of these flowers are also seen to be sold in local markets of various parts of Western Assam including Guwahati city for their high demand. Most of these flowers also eaten all over North East India by different tribes. Objectives: The objective of the present study is to document the plant species used by various communities of Western Assam as an edible flower. This wo...

The present paper examined the technical, allocative and economic efficiency of gladiolus cut-flower farms in Punjab, Pakistan. Analysis was carried out by Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) by using DEAP and by using a sample of 100 farmers. Determinants of inefficiencies were also quantified by employing Tobit regression model. Mean technical, allocative and economic efficiencies were quantified as 0.72, 0.89 and 0.63, respectively. Hence, in order to increase gladiolus productivity production function, new production tools should be employed. The results explained that age, family labor, tenant farmers and seed source had negative and significant influences on the inefficiencies of gladiolus farms. Further, the results emphasized the motivation of younger farmers in cultivation of flowers, availability of good quality seed at reasonable prices and better infrastructure increase the efficiencies of flowers farms.

Flowers and ornamentals are integrated part of human life and have been getting used from pre-historical period to modern days. Flowers are used for several purposes such as; decorating house, garland making, social ceremony, offering to god, perfume industry. But, flowers cannot be preserved for long time due to their highly perishable nature. So, post-harvest management is the one and only way to store and supply flowers throughout the year. Pre-harvest, post-harvest and harvesting (stage of harvesting, time of harvesting, method of harvesting) are strongly related to shelf-life of flowers and ornamentals.

Mount Kenya serves as a natural water tower in the savanna-dominated Upper Ewaso Ng’iro River Basin in the Kenyan highlands. Major water users in the upper reaches of the river include medium- and large- scale commercial horticulture farms that produce flowers and vegetables for export using perennial irrigation schemes. These farms first appeared in the region in 1991 and gradually became powerful stakeholders that compete with small-scale farmers and urban centers over seasonally scarce water, increasing the potential for conflict. A comprehensive survey of commercial horticulture farms in the study area, including expert interviews with managers, enabled detailed analysis of the sector’s development and its impact on local river water resources. Calculation of the horticulture sector’s dry season water use revealed an increase from zero liters per second (L/s) in 1991 to 357 L/s in 2003 and 663 L/s in 2013, far exceeding minimum river flows. Despite this absolute increase in total water use, reliance on river water has decreased by roughly 30% since 2003, with a dramatic absolute increase in the use of alternative sources such as water stored in dams and groundwater. At the same time, the share of river water used varies greatly between specific rivers (2.2–32.5%), depending on the local availability of alternative water sources. Overall, to mitigate water conflicts, long-term monitoring and local stakeholder engagement must accompany practices and policies of efficiency.