Cultural Cooperation

Malgré de nombreuses initiatives et projets de coopération dans le bassin caribéen, il est encore difficile d’observer des résultats concrets, si bien qu’on ne peut toujours pas parler d'intégration régionale dans la Caraïbe. Les petits pays de la Caraïbe ont pourtant tout intérêt à travailler ensemble, pour résoudre des problèmes dépassant leurs frontières. A l’heure d’analyser les efforts de coopération régionale, les facteurs culturels et identitaires sont rarement pris en compte ; ils sont pourtant à la base de la cohésion sociale. Nous tenterons de montrer dans cette étude qu'un des obstacles principaux à l'intégration régionale caribéenne est l'absence d’identification et de participation des populations aux processus de coopération. Plus tournée vers l’Europe et les Etats-Unis, les échanges entre les populations caribéennes sont trop faibles et celles-ci ne se sentent absolument pas concernées par cette coopération, ni même identifiées à la région. Pour surpasser les préjugés qui divisent la Caraïbe, il faudrait peut-être déjà informer et connecter les populations, créer du lien social. Nous verrons que la Convention pour la Sauvegarde du Patrimoine Culturel Immatériel (PCI) de l’UNESCO offre un cadre idéal pour renforcer la coopération culturelle dans la Caraïbe. Construire une coopération à partir du Patrimoine Culturel Immatériel (PCI) apparaît alors comme une opportunité indéniable pour repenser la coopération de manière horizontale ; travailler à partir des éléments qui rapprochent le plus la Caraïbe, la culture et l’histoire, pour une Caraïbe construite et pensée par ses habitants. La coopération culturelle, par la création de réseaux et de nouvelles connexions, ouvrira ensuite la voie à une coopération dans d’autres domaines.

« C’est seulement lorsque nous aurons fait de notre héritage historique et intellectuel un bien commun partagé que la Caraïbe s’enracinera définitivement comme espace culturel. » (Chailloux L.G., 2013)

The paper presents the work of National Ensemble of Folk Dances and Songs of Serbia from its establishing in 1948 to 1955. The author deals with complex issues of setting up this Serbian national folk ensemble in Socialist Federal Republic
of Yugoslavia (SFRY), in controversial period during which Agitprop and Informbiro influenced all spheres of culture. In this paper author explains the “use” of folk music in the context of extensive social changes and revival. Since successful tours abroad marked the founding days of this ensemble, reception and reputation-building are accessed first. The author analysis the sounding concept of work of Ensemble “Kolo” and outlines its position in the existing network of like Yugoslav amateur ensembles. Main problems identified and examined are “authenticity” (izvornost), pedagogy in SFRY, folk dance relations towards high art and ballet practice in SFRY and role of folk dance ensembles in construction of the SFRY image in the first phase of the Cold war. The author consults archive collections from the Archive of Yugoslavia, periodicals and historical essays on politics, culture and ideology of SFRY.
Keywords: Ensemble of folk Dances and Songs of Serbia, Ensemble „Kolo“, folklore, folk ensembles, SFR Yugoslavia, Serbia, Agitprop, music institutions, tours, cultural cooperation, Cold War

Rosyjsko-polskie stosunki przeżyły wiele przekształceń. Ich złożoność wywiera duży wpływ na współpracę Rosji i Polski w każdej dziedzinie polityki. Artykuł stanowi przegląd kulturalnych relacji rosyjsko-polskich w latach 90. – obejmuje okres od momentu rozpadu Związku Radzieckiego po koniec urzędowania Borysa Jelcyna. Stosunki kulturalne między Rosją i Polską zostały przeanalizowane na podstawie źródeł rosyjskich.

El presente artículo hace un recorrido por una selección de exposiciones individuales y colec- tivas en España de artistas contemporáneos de Colombia. A través de ellas indagamos si el “boom” del arte latinoamericano, supuesta- mente ocurrido a partir de la década de 1980, fue un fenómeno que abarca a todas las regio- nes y producciones de arte de Latinoamérica o se centró específicamente en países, movi- mientos o artistas que se relacionan de forma directa con la escritura del arte occidental.

This article reviews a selection of solo and collectives exhibitions in Spain of contem- porary artists from Colombia. Trough them, we ask if the “boom” of Latin American art, supposed ly occurred after the 1980s, was a phenomenon that comprehended all regions and pro ductions of art from Latin American or, if it was specifically centered on countries, movements or artists, that relate directly to the writing of Western art.

The article deals with the political and institutional settings that recently led to the identification of chieftaincy archives as a cultural heritage worth to be preserved in Ghana. More in detail, it stresses the synergy that enlivened the valorization practices jointly promoted by anthropologists and chiefs in the framework of a heritage-making process specifically aimed at preserving and digitizing archival records produced by the Traditional Councils of the Nzema area (South-West Ghana), which has been funded by transnational cultural institutions and locally implemented by the Fort Apollonia Museum of Nzema Culture and History. Within the current nzema context, valorizing the Traditional Councils’ records means acquiring unprecedented sources for the history and the ethnography of the area, as well as generating a potential instrument to be used for legitimating/contesting the local historical discourse.

From the history of the Polish translations of Croatian literature. The third chapter of the book "Croatica. Croatian literature and culture in Poland between 1944 and 1989" about the first part of the whole period. The political relationships between both countries were appropriate throughout most of the period in question which, in turn, positively influenced the development of cultural contacts. Especially beneficial was the situation right after the war between 1944 and 1948 to Cominform resolution after which all the contacts were blocked. Though, a favourable political climate and, as it seems, real and sincere sympathies or even friendship were not enough to broaden the cultural cooperation. The obstacle consisted in the differences between the approach to socrealism, which was considered a biding doctrine in Yugoslavia, earlier than in Poland, and so was it discredited.

Ao analisar um representativo conjunto de ex- posições coletivas de artistas brasileiros contem- porâneos, realizadas em Portugal no período de 1980 até o ano 2000, se propõe problematizar o que se entende pela categoria arte brasileira contemporânea em território português. A busca por este entendimento se dá através da análise dos formatos curatoriais, da sua abrangência temporal, dos nomes dos artistas e dos agentes da arte envolvidos e pelos discursos presentes nos catálogos das mostras. 
Palavras-chave: Arte Contemporânea Brasileira, Exposições, Brasil, Portugal.

On analysing a significant group of collective ex- hibitions of contemporary Brazilian artists, which took place in Portugal between 1980 and 2000, the question of what is understood by the category of Brazilian Contemporary Art in Portuguese ter- ritory is raised. The search for this understanding is carried out through the analysis of curatorial formats of its temporal fan, of the names artists of art agents involved and by discourses in the sample catalogues.
Keywords: Contempory Brazilian Art, Exhibitions, Brazil, Portugal.

The contemporary history of the Persian Gulf has been marked by the British presence since 1819. Great Britain favoured the growing internationalization of this region and the progressive creation of this composite space called "Middle East". France became involved later through its participation in oil concessions. In Iraq and the Emirates, it has thus established its influence, since 1928, through its interests in the Iraq Petroleum Company. However, while the Anglo-Saxons had thousands of expatriates on the ground, France had only a hundred or so, remaining mostly isolated. To limit this weakness, it relied, with the help of the Compagnie française des pétroles, on a local network integrated into the company and reflecting its evolution. At the beginning, this network was mainly composed of Lebanese, but as the latter were increasingly frowned upon by the local authorities, it evolved to include nationals. The French presence in the Gulf has long been approached from the perspective of a history of international economic relations, illustrated by the works of André Nouschi in France, Edward Peter Fitzgerald in the 1990s, from the school of Business History, Nicolas Chigot, or Philippe Tristani. We propose to reverse this perspective and not to make an economic history of the company, but to demonstrate that the sources of the company are today the most capable of helping to write a history of the field and of the various actors who participate in the redefinition of the balance of power between Westerners and oil-producing countries. We therefore propose to approach the subject by placing the company, the men who run it and their local contacts at the heart of the reflection. Thus, in the Emirates, French oil companies established contacts with local officials, companies and foreign powers, before France set up diplomatic representations in 1971. In this sense, the PSC developed a real corporate diplomacy, still little studied by historians, and whose examination participates in a renewed history of contemporary diplomatic practices.

The article defines the concept of «Turkic world» and analyzes its significance.  The role of cultural ties in coordinating Turkic unity was considered. The need to intensify cultural ties is of great importance in foreign policy. Especially at a time when it is impossible to find different historical, cultural and other areas of direct interaction of the Turkic world, it is explained that cultural interaction is the most effective way of solving the problem of educational, cultural and linguistic rapprochement of the Turkic world. It was noted that cultural cooperation is a key prerequisite for the realization of the idea of «unity of the Turkic world». By regulating the mechanism of cultural relations, the Turkic world will determine the necessary conditions for its activation on the international stage in the 21st century.

Entre 1970 et 1979, la France mène en Iran une politique de coopération culturelle et éducative ambitieuse qui vise en priorité à réimplanter la langue française dans le système éducatif iranien. Les multiples projets lancés durant cette décennie se heurtent cependant à l’émergence des contestations sociales qui vont mener à la Révolution islamique. Dans un contexte de dégradation des relations politiques et diplomatiques entre la France et l’Iran entre 1980 et 1983, la coopération culturelle, scientifique et éducative est d’abord envisagée comme un canal de communication entre les deux pays, avant d’être progressivement démantelée. Certains acteurs (chercheurs, universitaires, etc.) parviennent cependant à conserver des relations interpersonnelles qui seront des prémisses au rétablissement des relations culturelles officielles dès 1986.

Between 1970 and 1979 in Iran, France led an ambitious policy for cultural and educational cooperation, which firstly aimed at bringing the French language back into the Iranian school system. During this decade, several projects were initiated, but they never came to fruition as the social protests which eventually led to the Islamic Revolution emerged. Thereafter, political and diplomatic relationships between France and Iran deteriorated. Between 1980 and 1983, cultural, scientific and educational cooperation were progressively dismantled, after firstly being mainly considered as a communication channel between both countries. Nonetheless, several stakeholders (researchers, academics, etc.) maintained interpersonal connections, which paved the way for the reinstatement of official cultural relationships from 1986 onwards.

In the last fifteen years, the Italian Ethnological Mission to Ghana (IEMG), established in 1956, has been supporting cultural cooperation projects aiming to the valorisation of natural and cultural heritage of the Nzema area (South-West Ghana). The long-term relationships between IEMG anthropologists and local actors have led representatives of Ghanaian communities and institutions to ask for a restitution of knowledge gathered throughout the years by researchers. In order to meet these requests, in mid-1990s IEMG opened the way to the international cooperation in the area, and promoted development projects focused on micro-credit. However, the restitution of ethnographic knowledge has mostly been achieved through the cultural cooperation project Fort Apollonia and the Nzemas. Community-based Management of Natural and Cultural Heritage, Western Region (2008-2011). Managed by COSPE NGO (Cooperation for the Development of Emerging Countries) in collaboration with IEMG and many Ghanaian institutional actors, this project culminated in in 2010 in the establishment of a museum-cultural centre. Today, the Fort Apollonia Museum of Nzema Culture and History plays a leading role in the safeguarding and valorisation of local heritage, as it is testified by its recent participation to a project – founded by the British Library and Sapienza University of Rome – concerning the conservation and digitization of archival documents belonging to Nzema traditional authorities. This project is part of a wider program aiming to the establishment of a digital archive including the documents related to Nzema chieftaincy as well as the research materials produced by IEMG scholars, currently being catalogued and digitized at Sapienza University of Rome.
This paper will illustrate the main features of the ongoing ethnographic restitution process, focusing on synergetic interactions among anthropologists, local actors and NGOs. Thus, the authors will discuss how an academic Mission, within a specific area, can trigger development processes and then contribute to the shifting of development cooperation into cultural cooperation. Finally, they will point out the results of this multifaceted relation among academia, Ghanaian interlocutors and development operators, in terms of local empowerment.

Sanotaan, että kulttuurinen kuilu Suomen ja Venäjän välillä on yksi maailman suurimpia. Tämä näkyy esimerkiksi kielimuurina, lainsäädönnössä, elintasossa ja ennakkoluuloissa. Venäjä ja venäläinen kulttuuri ovat keskimäärin suomalaisille hyvin vieraita. Juuri tämän takia Suomen ja Venäjän välisillä kulttuurivaihtohankkeilla on suuri painoarvo.

Durante el verano de 2007, el entonces Coordinador del Programa de Cultura de la OrganizaciÛn de Estados Iberoamericanos (OEI), el politÛlogo y sociÛlogo Fernando Rueda, Director del Centro Cultural de EspaÒa en Santo Domingo, Rep ̇blica Dominicana, comentÛ algunas particularidades sobre los espacios prioritarios de concertaciÛn, di·logo e intercambio en el plano de las polÌticas culturales de hoy en IberoamÈrica.1
A partir de su experiencia como organizador de las Conferencias Iberoamericanas de Ministros de Cultura, preparatorias de las Cumbres de Jefes de Estado y de Gobierno, como coordinador del ·rea de cooperaciÛn cultural y editor de la revista Pensar IberoamÈrica, abordÛ este campo desde la arista de su institucionalidad en la regiÛn, a travÈs de la pr·ctica de su organizaciÛn multilateral. Temas como la diversidad, los derechos culturales y la cooperaciÛn horizontal atraviesan sus respuestas a algunas de las problem·ticas de un campo que, cada vez m·s, parece salirse de la diplomacia cultural y colocarse en ·mbitos sociales y polÌticos m·s amplios, de profunda incidencia hoy en los problemas del desarrollo.

The study is aimed at detection of the features of social and humanitarian cooperation between Russia and
Georgia and their impact on the development of relations between the two countries. The possibilities of implementing
this cooperation are considered in the absence of political and diplomatic relations. The authors analyze the specifics of
inter-state ties and relations development in social, cultural, scientific, educational and spiritual spheres, as well as the
obstacles that hinder such interaction. The potential of inter-state dialogue formats such as the "Geneva discussions on
security and stability in Transcaucasia", as well as the "Karasin-Abashidze" diplomatic line is being studied. Special
attention is paid to the role of non-profit organizations and foundations, including those operating on the territory of
Georgia, contributing to the expansion of contacts and ties between the two countries and promotion of the Eurasian
vector of Georgia's development. Based on the empirical data of sociological research conducted both in Russia and
Georgia, the author of the article identifies the problems that exist in the relations between the two states, and shows the
importance of deepening social and humanitarian cooperation to solve them. Research data shows that currently the
number of supporters of the pro-Russian vector of the country development, which can become a significant factor in
solving many social, economic and political problems of the Georgian state.

The topic of the paper is the scientific, cultural and educational cooperation between individuals and institutions of the Kingdom of S.C.S. and Bulgaria during the first postwar decade, the role of the state (government) and political circumstances in making scientific, cultural and educational connections. We will show that there was a very pronounced correlation between political relations and relations, conditionally speaking, on the "non-political" level. " High politics " dictated the dynamics of relations in all other fields. However, linguistic and geographical closeness has made it possible to survive cultural contact, at least to a minimum, regardless of the very unfavorable political environment. The research, based on unpublished and published sources, press, and historiographic literature, represents a scientific contribution to the knowledge of mutual relations, as this topic is not researched in both domestic and Bulgarian historiography.

Teritorijalna suradnja danas je jedan od glavnih ciljeva regionalne politike Europske unije. Znatan napredak u euroregionalnom udruživanju Europa je doživjela 1990-ih, a u to je doba i Hrvatska dobila svoju prvu euroregiju, Dunav–Drava–Sava, koja je osnovana 1998. U radu se analiziraju međukulturni dijalog i kulturna interakcija unutar te euroregije i to kroz tri kategorije za ovo istra-živanje relevantnih podataka – opće informacije, povijesnu baštinu i kulturna događanja. Cilj je rada utvrditi ostvaruje li ta euroregija međukulturni dijalog i kulturnu suradnju, ako da, na koji način, te je li on uspješan. U radu se provodi i kraća usporedna analiza međukulturnoga dijaloga i kulturne suradnje te i preostale dvije hrvatske euroregije.

La cooperación cultural es un campo en boga en la esfera de las relaciones internacio- nales. Su vínculo con los problemas del desarrollo y los llamados Objetivos del Mile- nio hace que la relación entre cultura y desarrollo visibilice un elemento estructural de ambos: las políticas. En este sentido, numerosos instrumentos han sido creados en los más diversos espacios para regular la dinámica entre las políticas culturales y el desa- rrollo, emplazando al compromiso a Estados y Gobiernos. Ahora bien, ¿cuáles son las posibilidades reales de concertación de estos recursos institucionales en la esfera bila- teral? ¿Cómo puede el desarrollo entrar en la lógica de las políticas culturales tradicio- nales de nuestros Estados?
Palabras clave: Políticas culturales, cooperación, desarrollo, Cuba, España.

With the rise of creative industries, culture in international relations achieves strong competitive economic advantages. At the same time, it is often a fertile tool in reconciliation between conflicted communities and long-term consolidation of their relations. Economic peace theory claims economic interdependence as being the key factor in achieving peace between communities. Starting from this premise, this paper analysed the success of specific EU funding within cross-border cooperation schemes between Croatia and Serbia in enhancing social relations between the two states and their cooperation, as indirect effects. Adapted Conflict Management and Mitigation Matrix (CMM) served as a basis to confirm the assumption that international relations are enhanced if direct economic benefits for the communities are involved. The research confirmed this assumption and provided recommendations for future EU financial instruments.

With the rise of creative industries, culture in international relations achieves strong competitive economic advantages. At the same time, it is often a fertile tool in reconciliation between conflicted communities and long-term consolidation of their relations. Economic peace theory claims economic interdependence as being the key factor in achieving peace between communities. Starting from this premise, this paper analysed the success of specific EU funding within cross-border cooperation schemes between Croatia and Serbia in enhancing social relations between the two states and their cooperation, as indirect effects. Adapted Conflict Management and Mitigation Matrix (CMM) served as a basis to confirm the assumption that international relations are enhanced if direct economic benefits for the communities are involved. The research confirmed this assumption and provided recommendations for future EU financial instruments.

The article considers inter-university cultural cooperation in the cultural sector as a relevant and singular dimension of international cooperation; describes its main topics and objectives – institutional strengthening and knowledge development through research – and establishes a typology for analysis. In the specific field of European Union/Latin America and the Caribbean bi-regional relations, the authors point out how cultural cooperation is established historically through inter-university
projects, government programmes, the creation and reinforcement of different networks, and individual initiatives from bi-national centres and institutes. In this sense, examples of each form of inter-university cultural cooperation in different countries are described, together with its objectives and functioning conditions.
By way of conclusion, the existing asymmetries between the two regions are highlighted, pointing out that in Latin America and the Caribbean, the institutionalisation of the cultural field as a whole is weak, scarcely formalised and its development is uneven among different countries, thus limiting the impact of the university system on concrete actions of international cooperation. On the other hand, two necessary
conditions for fostering positive change within the context are proposed: strongly increasing inter-university communication, and adopting new and more dynamic protocols and organisation forms, to update and overcome the existing bureaucratic forms of inter-university cultural cooperation among countries and regions.

Este artículo tiene la intención de explorar brevemente las relaciones UNESCO– Estados Unidos, a partir de seguir la trazabilidad de los momentos críticos que han tenido estos actores como contrapartes a lo largo de los 70 años de existencia de UNESCO. De igual forma, sin pretensiones exhaustivas, se sigue una ruta de explicaciones a estas tensiones que se vincula con la Guerra Fría, el conflicto Israel-Palestina y el financiamiento al multilateralismo.

Este Manual de Exposiciones servirá tanto a las autoridades de gobierno como a las entidades solicitantes de piezas para exposiciones, con el fin de favorecer la implementación de procesos estandarizados que fortalezcan las gestiones ministeriales, principalmente en la exigencia de requisitos y procedimientos que se deben cumplir, sin excepción alguna, y para las acciones de protección de nuestro patrimonio cultural tangible, que deben ser apropiadas y precisas.