Corpus-Based Studies

Existing studies on the translation of Nadsat – the invented language in A Clockwork Orange – neglect the fact that Nadsat is a result of language contact between English and Russian, and ignore the role that translators play in linguistic innovation, as well as the motivating factors behind their creativity. This study addresses this conspicuous gap by examining a multilingual corpus of A Clockwork Orange from a language contact and language change perspective, and creating for the first time a link between adaptation, as understood in contact linguistics, and creativity in translation. The focus is on how Russian-derived nouns in the English version have been rendered in four versions of Nadsat (French, German, Greek, and Spanish), and how these differ from naturally occurring Russian loan nouns in these languages, in terms of gender assignment and inflection. Results suggest that the level of creativity that translators demonstrate is not simply an indication of their talent, but rather a result of an interplay of factors related to translation, and that concepts from the field of language contact are particularly effective in reframing the way in which creativity is viewed in translation studies.

Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/Qui4mZh2eAKjKjYm8HyA/full

Article History This study aims to identify the role of integrating technology in enhancing the use of language. The impact of utilizing the corpus-based approach (CA) on EFL learners' academic writing is investigated; highlighting the effects of this integration on L2 learning and writing approaches. The competence development in EFL academic writing skills is asserted by tackling the contextual factors that influence corpus integration. This qualitative study is based on (10) case studies on non-native students in EFL academic writing courses. The corpus approach in this study was implemented during the fourth year of their English undergraduate program in the first semester of the academic year 2019/2020. Five different instruments were used to achieve the study purposes. The findings indicate the positive effect of incorporating corpus and its use in EFL students' academic writing development and language awareness. The lexico-grammar integration has also been promoted significantly. The corpus-based approach enables participants to solve the problems they encountered while writing independently. Students also gain more confidence and become more autonomous and independent EFL writers. In this study attention is drawn to the participants' language and learning background experience as factors that can shape the students' progress and success in corpus implementation. The distinctive role of general corpora in association with the development of the academic writing skills is further highlighted. It is hoped that that the current study will reinforce the tendency of incorporating grammatical language aspects such as collocations and phrasal verbs in the writing pedagogy process. Contribution/ Originality: This study signifies the connection between teaching practices and technology integration approaches, which can be challenging, especially in the Arab region context where corpus linguistics is not a widely researched topic. Furthermore, since the study highlights individual students' experience, it deepens the understanding of integrating corpus approach in EFL contexts, in particular tertiary education.

This paper addresses both stylistic analysis and literary appreciation. It is a qualitative quantitative approach where content words like nouns, adjectives and verbs are harnessed to be analysed for proving the research question. This research paper is beneficial for corpus and stylistics students and researchers.

The focus of this paper is on such competition that arises regarding the case for which pronouns preceding a verbal gerund are marked. To be more specific, ‘gerundive nominals’ as opposed to ‘action nominals’ can be preceded by either an objective pronoun or a possessive one when they occur as the object of a verb or preposition (cf. Lees 1968 : 73). However, each of these constructions in turn have been shunned in some prescriptive grammar textbooks and accepted and encouraged in others often to the point of contributing more to an existing confusion rather than reducing if not clearing it up. The introduction of tagged electronic corpora and the ongoing progress in the field, however, provides us with an opportunity to have a more accurate analysis of each of these constructions as they occur across different registers and put to test the claims and observations made by both prescriptive and descriptive grammar textbooks regarding the use of each construction in formal and informal styles of English.

"This paper aims to explore the pragmatic aspects of summer school application calls in the framework of Brown and Levinson’s (1987) politeness theory. The first part of the paper elaborates on the theoretical foundation of the phenomena of politeness and facework and the second presents the research work. The corpus for this study was comprised of sixty application calls from thirty-three European countries, referring to the period from 2009 to 2012.
The content of the calls was analysed in terms of the frequency and quality of positive and negative face-threatening acts,as well as the deployment of various politeness strategies. The findings are also interpreted within the context framed by extra linguistic factors, such as the academic field, participation fee rates and the summer school venue. "

The second volume of the IDP series contains papers by phraseologists from five continents: Europe, Australia, North America, South America and Asia, which were written within the framework of the project Intercontinental Dialogue on Phraseology, prepared and coordinated by Joanna Szerszunowicz, conducted by the University of Bialystok in cooperation with Kwansei Gakuin University in Japan. The book consists of the following parts: Dialogue on Phraseology, General and Corpus Linguistics & Phraseology, Lexicography & Phraseology, Contrastive Linguistics, Translation & Phraseology, Literature, Cultural Studies, Education & Phraseology. Dialogue contains two papers written by widely recognised phraseologists: professor Anita Naciscione from Latvia and professor Irine Goshkheteliani.

The volume contains papers by phraseologists from Europe and Asia, which were written within the framework of the project Intercontinental Dialogue on Phraseology conducted by the University of Bialystok in cooperation with Kwansei Gakuin University in Japan (2009-2011). The book consists of the following parts: Dialogue on Phraseology, Corpus Linguistics, Lexicography and Phraseology, Contrastive Linguistics, Translation and Phraseology, Cultural Studies, Education and Phraseology.

The aim of this issue of is to bring together investigation into the lexicon in a variety of languages, in a diversity of manifestations – both at the word level and beyond the word level – and from a variety of perspectives, including not only those which focus on how the vocabulary is internally organized, but also those which deal with the role that lexical units and lexical relations play in the organization of other language levels, particularly in the organization of the discourse. These issues are approached from a variety of perspectives that include not only developments in several disciplines of theoretical and descriptive linguistics, particularly in lexicology, phraseology, word formation, discourse analysis, but also in diverse applied disciplines such as translation, foreign language teaching, English for specific purposes and critical discourse analysis. One of the criteria employed in the compilation of the volume was also the coverage of linguistic diversity. In total, six different languages are investigated in the studies selected in this volume: English, German, Spanish, French, Portuguese, Italian. Without claiming exhaustiveness, we consider that the variety of contributions presented here offers an insight into the vigour of current corpus research into phenomena related to the lexicon. Admittedly, the full range of topics, approaches and methodologies developed in this area of research could not fit in a single volume, but a careful selection of studies representing a variety of interesting advances can be representative of significant developments taking place in the field.

Scientific English is not homogenous but varies in relation to the contexts. As a contribution to the field, this study developed a list of academic words used frequently in physiotherapy research articles (RAs) and compared it with the distribution of high frequency words in Coxhead's (2000) Academic Word List (AWL) and West's (1953) General Service (GSL). By analyzing a 1.7 million-word corpus, 1450 high frequent academic word families were identified and constituted the Physiotherapy Academic Word List (PAWL). The analysis showed that, of the 570 word families in AWL, 562 occurred frequently in physiotherapy research articles (RAs) and this provided a coverage of 11.51 of the tokens in the corpus. In addition, 406 word families (accounting for 28% of the word families in PAWL) found to be used frequently in PRAC had not been listed in GSL and AWL. The results indicate that AWL (Coxhead, 2000) is not entirely useful for physiotherapy learners because of the narrow coverage of some word families and the shortage of frequently used physiotherapy academic words. The established PAWL may serve as a guide for instructors in curriculum preparation, and for physiotherapy English learners in setting their vocabulary learning goals.

The quality of a writing highly depends on cohesion and coherence as they affect the tone of writing to a great extent. Linking adverbials (LAs) are among the types of cohesive devices which help connect ideas in a more smooth way. However, use of linking adverbials is often problematic for non-native speakers of English as they often overuse, underuse or misuse them in their writings (Granger & Tyson, 1996; Lei, 2012). This study aimed to compare LAs used by Turkish native speakers (TNSs) in their English written PhD dissertations with LAs used in PhD dissertations of native English students in terms of frequency of using linking adverbials, and detect if LAs are overused or underused by TNSs. AntConc software was utilized for the quantitative analysis. Frequency counts and log-likelihood calculations were utilized to determine if the frequency differences between two corpora reached statistical significance. The results indicated a significant overuse of linking adverbials by Turkish doctoral students in their PhD dissertations. The study concluded with discussions of overused LAs as well as pedagogical implications and suggestions to improve teaching practices and materials such as implementing extensive awareness-rising activities on LAs and including authentic examples in the ELT materials.

This article investigates the sources of the recapitulation using statistical methods. The recapitulation has traditionally been viewed as an expansion of small ternary forms, resulting in a top-down approach, whereby the repeat of expositional material is explained in rotational terms. Here I present a bottom-up approach, demonstrating that the recapitulation arose as a concatenation between two previously independent practices: the double return of the opening theme in the tonic in the middle of the second half of a two-part form, and the thematic matching between the ends of the two halves of two-part form. Drawing on a corpus of more than seven hundred instrumental works dated 1650–1770, I demonstrate that these two practices arose and functioned independently from each other, increasing in frequency and in length, before being subsumed into an overarching rotational practice.

The article presents the main results of an online survey and corpus research of Slovene paremiological units and discusses how paremiological units of modern origin are gathered. Some practical examples of the advantages of an optimum are given. An overview of the top 50 units of the Slovene paremiological optimum and their Eng-lish equivalents touches upon the question of describing shares of units with a common motivation as "high" or "low", while a comparison of genetically close languages-Slavic languages in this case-points towards a broader context. The article also discusses how the field of minimum-oriented research can be expanded by taking different socio-linguistic criteria into account. Lastly, it argues that the use of spoken corpora could lead to an even more holistic optimum in the future.

Rhythmic complexity, as represented by polyrhythm (the superposition of two or more contrasting rhythms, meters or speeds), is often identified as one of the central features of twentieth-century Western art music. This project uses computational analysis to explore the development of polyrhythm in a corpus of 719 examples extracted from 450 works by composers from Europe and North America from 1900 to 1950 (Suter, 1980). The current study aims to develop complexity metrics to examine the use of polyrhythm in this period, test competing claims about its development, and explore the cognitive processing of complex rhythms. Corpus examples and associated metadata were processed to be analyzed using the Humdrum Toolkit (Huron, 1995). Exploratory analysis was conducted using a stratified sample dataset (N = 80) that includes four randomly selected examples for each composer (N = 20). Correlational analysis using global complexity measures (average nPVI, event density, entropy) showed that differences in entropy and variability between rhythmic groups within each excerpt could be predictive of genre, and that the entropy of the composite rhythms seems to decline in the 1930s and 1940s, before increasing again in the 1950s. These results are taken as starting points for future avenues of research on the interaction of rhythmic groups, variability, and complexity in the use of polyrhythm in Western art music of the twentieth century.

There is a long history of stylometric approaches to questions of authorship of the Íslendingasögur, most particularly the question of whether Snorri Sturluson wrote Egils saga. Wieselgren (1927) used the frequencies of a series of syntactic features to substantiate the argument that Egils saga shared an author with Snorri’s Edda. Although the value of the particular features Wieselgren used was undermined (Nordal 1933), later researchers—van den Toorn (1959) and particularly Hallberg (1962) and West (1980)—have demonstrated conclusively that Egils saga is closer to Snorri’s known works than the other Íslendingasögur are, and closer than to Snorri’s known works than it is to the other Íslendingasögur. Outside the Old Norse-Icelandic sphere, such methods, particularly in the form proposed by Mosteller & Wallace (1964), have had many successes, settling the case of disputed authorship of the Federalist Papers, the Junius letters (Ellegård 1962), proving that Robert Galbraith is really J.K. Rowling (Juola 2013), and confirming that Shakespeare authored Double Falsehood (Boyd & Pennebaker 2015). In this paper, rather than attempt to answer a single question of shared or distinct authorship for some pair of texts, I use statistical methods to map the stylistic geography of the Íslendingasögur. Are there any other clusters of texts as similar as Egils saga and Snorri’s works? Can we see stylistic change over time, or stylistic differences between different types of narrative?

This report describes the open-source Recorded Brahms Corpus (RBC) dataset, as well as the methods employed to extract and process the data. The dataset contains (micro)timing and dynamic data from 21 recordings of Brahms’s Cello Sonatas, Opp. 38 and 99, focusing on note and beat onsets and duration, tempo fluctuations, and dynamic variations. Consistent manual annotation of the corpus in Sonic Visualiser was necessary prior to automatic extraction. Data for each recording and measurement unit are given as TXT files. Scores in various digital formats, the original SV files and diamond-shaped scape plots visualizations of the data are offered too. Expansion of the corpus with further movements of the sonatas, further recordings thereof and other compositions by Brahms is planned. The study of the data may contribute to performance studies and music theory alike.

An Ottoman prose work Tarih-i Naima (Naima’s History) for a long time has been the subject of special interest for literary critics, historians and linguists due to its stylistic features. The general comparison of the chronicle frequency lexical parameters with other Ottoman prose texts by corpus approach demonstrated that it had been created according to the canons of Ottoman Prose Literature and rules of its language norm. Yet at the same time Tarih-i Naima differs from other texts in some obscure, inexpressive form which let the annalist work stay quite famous in Ottoman Literature for two centuries and not be forgotten aswas the
chronicle “Seyahatname” of the famous traveler Evliya Chelebi.

Music theorists distinguish between melodic notes that fulfill structural roles from notes that are considered elaborations or embellishments. Structural notes generally outline or form a part of the local harmony, while embellishing notes commonly are not members of the immediate harmonic structure. Thus, non-chord tones (NCTs) are a type of embellishment that fit outside of the local harmonic grammar. One method for identifying NCTs is to first identify harmonic changes, then tag melody notes as either members of the underlying harmony (chord tones) or as NCTs. However, within the classical tradition, there are compositional and stylistic norms for the use of melodic embellishing tones. As such, melodic features such as metric position, duration, and interval of approach and departure may function as identifiers of NCTs. How much information about NCTs is available from these melodic features? In popular music the relationship between melody and harmony is much freer, a phenomenon dubbed the melodic-harmonic divorce. How, then, might NCTs in popular music compare with usage in classical music? Multiple corpora are used to investigate the usage and predictability of NCTs from purely melodic elements: A classical music corpus, consisting of Bach chorales, theme and variations by Mozart and Beethoven, and string quartets by Haydn; and a popular music corpus consisting of the McGill " Billboard " corpus with melodic information added. The corpora are examined to compare usage of NCTs in classical versus popular music, as well as usage within each genre. Melodies are examined in isolation, and various algorithms attempt to classify melody notes as NCTs based on metric position, duration, and interval of approach and departure. To compare the analyses provided by the algorithms against some " standard, " harmonic analyses are used as an alternative method for identifying NCTs. Implications for musical expectations and Music Information Retrieval are discussed.

This paper studies how parental social actors and co-parental relationships are interactively constructed in traveller forums, analysing a corpus obtained from the London for Kids Trip Advisor forum, and carrying out a qualitative study of the interactants' uses of kids in their choice of transitivity patterns.

Laughter is one of the important components of human interaction and usually expressed acoustically and visually (Hempelmann, 2017; Trouvain & Truong, 2017). People laugh with various emotions, such as joy, affection, amusement, cheerfulness, surprise, nervousness, sadness, fear, shame, aggression, triumph, taunt, or schadenfreude (pleasure in another’s misfortune) (Askenasy, 1987; Chapman, 1996; Mowrer, LaPointe, & Case, 1987; Provine, 1996; Ruch & Ekman, 2001; Szameitat et al., 2009). Laughter plays an important role in the creation and maintenance of interpersonal relationship by displaying affiliation, friendliness and even intimacy. Besides, when it is the laughter of cruelty and triumph, it also has functions for mocking, deriding and belittling others (Glenn, 2003). Partington (2006) studied laughter with a corpus-based perspective. In this study, different concordances of the word kahkaha ‘laughter’ taken from Turkish National Corpus (TNC)v2 (Aksan, Özel, Yılmazer ve Demirhan, 2016) are analyzed and its collocation patterns with various adjectives are determined. In the context of these patterns, different types of laughter are defined in a corpus-based approach based on the laughter classification by McKeown et
al. (2012) and analyzed according to adjective types determined by Dixon (2004; 2005)

Languages differ in how central a role aspect plays in their grammatical systems. In some languages aspect distinctions are central to the system, for example the derivationally related imperfective-perfective aspect pairs in Slavonic languages. In other languages there are only some instances in which aspect is relevant. I confront this with new data from Mian, a Mountain Ok language of Papua New Guinea. Perfective-imperfective stem aspect is an important part of Mian grammar because it imposes restrictions on how the stem can be further inflected. Similar systems can be found in all Mountain Ok languages; they are however rare in Papuan languages in general. A corpus study based on 456 Mian verbs (lexemes) shows that 27% form aspect pairs, derived by a range of diverse morphological processes: various suffixes (sometimes with concomitant tone change), one infix, stem change (in the form of various apophony patterns) or suppletion. About 40% are monoaspectual verbs, which lack either of the stems, in many cases for semantic reasons. There is a large number of biaspectual verbs (29%), which are the default morphological pattern. The evidence from Mian shows that aspect distinctions can be important grammatically, yet are restricted to a subset of verbs.

In this paper, we endorse and advance an emerging bottom-up approach to game studies that utilizes techniques from natural language processing. Our contribution is threefold: we present the first complete review of the growing body of work through which this methodology has been innovated; we present a latent semantic analysis model that constitutes the first application of this fundamental bottom-up technique to the domain of digital games; and finally, unlike earlier projects that have only written about their models, we introduce and evaluate a tool that serves as an interface to ours. This tool is GameNet, in which nearly 12,000 games are linked to the games to which they are most related. From an expert evaluation, we demonstrate that, beyond being an interface to our model, GameNet may be used more generally as a research tool for game scholars. Specifically, we find that it is especially useful for the scholar who wishes to explore a relatively unfamiliar area of games, but that it may also be used to discover unforeseen cases related to topics that have already been thoroughly researched.

В статье излагаются результаты исследования особенностей употребления родительного падежа с партитивной семантикой в позиции прямого дополнения при глаголах морфемно характеризованных способов действия в русском языке. По данным Малого академического словаря выявлены более или менее объемные морфологические группы глаголов, для которых зафиксирована сочетаемость с родительным падежом: глаголы с префиксами по-, на-, под-, при-, от-, до- и суффиксом -(a)ну-. Большинство глаголов каждой группы относится к одному из перфективных способов действия (делимитативному с префиксом по-, кумулятивному с префиксом на- и  т.д.). Анализ примеров, извлеченных из Национального корпуса русского языка и русскоязычного сегмента сети Интернет, позволяет дополнить перечень лексем, способных к употреблению с родительным партитивным в рамках каждого способа действия, а также сделать вывод о системном характере данного явления. При рассмотрении количественного и семантического соотношения родительного и винительного падежей обнаруживаются различия между глаголами, относящимися к способам действия, и не принадлежащими к способам действия перфективными глагольными лексемами. Формы винительного и родительного падежей при глаголах, относящихся к способам действия, не противопоставлены как выражающие полноту и неполноту вовлечения объекта в ситуацию. Синонимия падежных форм может объясняться тем, что глаголы рассматриваемых в статье способов действия не являются предельными перфективными глаголами в строгом смысле и не предполагают выражение полного охвата объекта, при этом родительный падеж эксплицитно указывает на количественное ограничение, а винительный является средством, используемым для оформления прямого дополнения по умолчанию. Также показано, что количественная интерпретация объекта обусловлена значением способа действия, при этом в случае выражения значения большого количества и при переносных значениях глагола более вероятно употребление формы родительного падежа.

Abstract
The paper reports the results of a study on the use of the genitive case with partitive semantics for direct object marking alongside morphologically marked Aktionsarten in Russian. According to the Dictionary of Russian language (Small Academic Dictionary), the following groups of verbs compatible with the genitive case were found: prefixed po-, na-, pod-, pri-, ot-, do- verbs and suffixed -(a)nu-verbs. These groups mostly consist of Aktionsarten (“modes-of-action”), e.g., delimitative po-verbs, cumulative na-verbs, etc. Examples from the Russian National Corpus and the Russian web extend the list of verbs compatible with partitive genitive within each group and highlight the systemic character of the phenomenon. The quantitative and semantic analysis of the use of accusative and genitive cases shows the differences between Aktionsarten and other perfective verbs. Accusative and genitive cases alongside Aktionsarten are not used for expressing the fully-affected vs. partly-affected object. The synonymy of the cases may be explained by the fact that the Aktionsarten discussed in the paper are not telic, in the strict sense, and do not allow for full affectedness of the object. The genitive case is used as an explicit means of expression of the bounded quantity of the object, while the accusative is used as the default means of object marking. The study also showed that the interpretation of the object is dependent on the semantics of Aktionsart. Moreover, the semantics of large quantity and the metaphoric uses of verbs increase the likelihood of the genitive object.