Cathedral chapters

Chartres Cathedral, also known as the Cathedral of Our Lady of Chartres (French: Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres), is a Roman Catholic church in Chartres, France, about 80 km (50 miles) southwest of Paris and is the seat of the Bishop of Chartres. Mostly constructed between 1194 and 1220, it stands at the site of at least five cathedrals that have occupied the site since the Diocese of Chartres was formed as an episcopal see in the 4th century. It is in the High Gothic and Romanesque styles.

800 years later in 2020 we have Schumann Resonators which are little boxes you plug into the wall that produce electromagnetic radiation tuned to 7.83 Hz.
This is the frequency that the earth/atmosphere system “rings” at when the Earth is struck by lightning. It is also a common frequency your brain “ticks” at.
If we are out of sync with Earth's Frequency (Schumann Resonance) we begin to exhibit signs of discomfort that can range from anxiety, insomnia, illness, suppressed immune etc… Conversely we have discovered that when we humans are in sync with 7.83hz the body is able to heal and increase its vitality. I use PEMF (pulsed electro magnetic field) therapy devices by Swiss Bionics with Schumann resonators. 

It seems the ancients knew about this too.

The cathedral is known as "the high point of French Gothic art" and a "masterpiece" and is well-preserved for its age: the majority of the original stained glass windows survive intact, while the architecture has seen only minor changes since the early 13th century.
The building's exterior is dominated by heavy flying buttresses which allowed the architects to increase the window size significantly, while the west end is dominated by two contrasting spires – a 105-metre (349 ft) plain pyramid completed around 1160 and a 113-metre (377 ft) early 16th-century Flamboyant spire on top of an older tower. Equally notable are the three great façades, each adorned with hundreds of sculpted figures illustrating key theological themes and narratives.


At least five cathedrals have stood on this site, each replacing an earlier building damaged by war or fire. The first church dated from no later than the 4th century and was located at the base of a Gallo-Roman wall; this was put to the torch in 743 on the orders of the Duke of Aquitaine. The second church on the site was set on fire by Danish pirates in 858. This was then reconstructed and enlarged by Bishop Gislebert, but was itself destroyed by fire in 1020. A vestige of this church, now known as Saint Lubin Chapel, remains, underneath the apse of the present cathedral.
It took its name from Lubinus, the mid-6th-century Bishop of Chartres. It is lower than the rest of the crypt and may have been the shrine of a local saint, prior to the church's rededication to the Virgin Mary.

In 962 the church was damaged by another fire and was reconstructed yet again. A more serious fire broke out on 7 September 1020, after which Bishop Fulbert (bishop from 1006 to 1028) decided to build a new cathedral. He appealed to the royal houses of Europe, and received generous donations for the rebuilding, including a gift from Cnut the Great, King of Norway, Denmark and much of England. The new cathedral was constructed atop and around the remains of the 9th-century church. It consisted of an ambulatory around the earlier chapel, surrounded by three large chapels with Romanesque barrel vault and groin vault ceilings, which still exist. On top of this structure he built the upper church, 108 meters long and 34 meters wide.
The rebuilding proceeded in phases over the next century, culminating in 1145 in a display of public enthusiasm dubbed the "Cult of the Carts" – one of several such incidents recorded during the period. It was claimed that during this religious outburst, a crowd of more than a thousand penitents dragged carts filled with building supplies and provisions including stones, wood, grain, etc. to the site.

In 1134, another fire in the town damaged the facade and the bell tower of the cathedral.
Construction was begun immediately on a new tower, the north tower, which was finished in about 1150. It was just two stories high and had a lead roof. The south tower, begun in 1144, was much more ambitious; it had a spire atop the tower, and, when finished in about 1160, it reached a height of 105 metres or 345 feet, one of the highest in Europe. The two towers were joined on the first level by a chapel devoted to Saint Michael. Traces of the vaults and the shafts which supported them are still visible in the western two bays.
The stained glass in the three lancet windows over the portals dates from some time between 1145 and 1155, while the south spire, some 103 metres high, was also completed by 1155 or later. The Royal Portal on the west facade, between the towers, the primary entrance to the cathedral, was probably finished between 1145 and 1245.

Indagini per una storia del clero tra medioevo ed età contemporanea, XIX Convegno di Studio 13-15 gennaio 2022, Accademia Alfonsiana Largo Brancaccio, 31 (già via Merulana, 31) Roma, con il patrocinio Associazione Italiana dei Professori di Storia della Chiesa

The history of the Italian churches, chapels and clergy was closed in early 1986 by a decree of the President of the Republic, which, among other things, entrusted the Military Ordinariate with the spiritual assistance of the Head of State. Their history had seen in pre-unification Italy, especially during the modern age, an efflorescence of varied events and experiences, which poured into the context of the unified Kingdom and followed the political fortunes of the Crown. The apostolic visit ordered by Pius X to the Italian dioceses and seminaries (1903-1914) also included the churches, the Chapters and the Palatine clergy and, in particular, the Chapters of St. Barbara in Mantua, St. Nicholas in Bari, St. Michael in Monte Sant'Angelo and the archpriests of Acquaviva delle Fonti and Altamura. The report of the apostolic visit (1907) to the palatine territories of Puglia offers a mirror of their condition before the Concordat of 1929 and the Convention of 1939, which led to significant changes in the structure of the churches and the canonical chapters connected to them.

Die Grabdenkmäler der Erzbischöfe von Trier, Köln und Mainz bilden drei einzigartige Denkmalserien, die bereits in der Romanik einsetzen und in der Gotik, der Renaissance und dem Barock zahlreiche Meisterwerke der Bildhauerei von europäischem Rang hervorbrachten. Der vorliegende Band stellt erstmals die Geschichte der erzbischöflichen Grablegen vom hohen Mittelalter bis zum Ende des Alten Reichs in vergleichender Perspektive dar, wodurch die Unterschiede, aber auch die Gemeinsamkeiten deutlich hervortreten. Inhaltlich steht die Frage der Grabmaltopographie, der Orte des Gedenkens in der Kathedrale, im Mittelpunkt. Einen weiteren Schwerpunkt bildet die Typengeschichte, die Herausbildung bestimmter Traditionen in Trier, Köln und Mainz, ihrer Botschaft und ihrer Korrespondenz mit den Denkmälern anderer Herrschaftsträger. Der Seriencharakter der Monumente wird als überzeitliche kirchenpolitische Botschaft gedeutet.
Die Studie bietet einen ebenso umfassenden wie anschaulichen Überblick zur Entwicklung des Bischofsbildes, der individuellen Frömmigkeit und der Amtsmemorie der Inhaber des ranghöchsten geistlichen Amtes im mittelalterlichen Reich, gleichzeitig aber auch ein Panorama von neun Jahrhunderten europäischer Kunstgeschichte.

Las relaciones entre Catedral y Universidad son fecundas y heterogéneas desde el origen del Estudio salmantino, que tuvo como precursor en el tiempo a la Escuela Catedralicia asentada en los espacios claustrales. Muchos estudios se han aproximado a las relaciones seculares entre ambas instituciones. Este artículo pretende aportar nuevas vías para la comprensión de esas relaciones, desarrollando dos aspectos complementarios: los espacios y las personas

Il volume studia l’evoluzione delle relazioni che intercorsero tra il certosino Niccolò Albergati, vescovo di Bologna dal 1417 al 1443 e cardinale (dal 1426) con il titolo di S. Croce di Gerusalemme, e il Capitolo cittadino. Prendendo come punto di partenza la difficoltosa elezione dell’Albergati, i cui contorni vengono meglio precisati alla luce di documenti inediti, è ripercorso lo sviluppo multiforme dei rapporti tra il vescovo ed il suo Capitolo, di cui sono preliminarmente ricostruite ed analizzate l’articolazione, la composizione e le forme di reclutamento, quali si erano cristallizzate nel corso del primo Quattrocento. Un punto di svolta decisivo per comprendere l’azione riformatrice operata dal presule sul  più importante corpo ecclesiastico diocesano è una visita pastorale, di cui si fornisce l’edizione in appendice, condotta alla cattedrale di S. Pietro nel 1437, momento in cui la curia pontificia di Eugenio IV si trovava a Bologna e in cui Tommaso Parentucelli, familiaris del cardinale e futuro Niccolò V, era da poco entrato a far parte del novero dei canonici. Il decisivo impulso impresso dall’Albergati successivamente all’ispezione, grazie anche al fondamentale contributo dello stesso Parentucelli, fu teso ad un deciso innalzamento del prestigio del Capitolo bolognese sul piano materiale, morale e – soprattutto – culturale: a questo proposito vengono ripercorse attraverso nuovi documenti – relativi anche a modifiche di carattere istituzionale – le tappe della fondazione della biblioteca capitolare e del progetto di organizzazione di una scuola per i chierici, snodi decisivi che porteranno in quel delicato frangente storico (gli anni a cavallo del Concilio di Basilea) ad una accresciuta importanza della Chiesa bolognese in relazione a quella romana. Completano il volume una nutrita serie di documenti inediti, tra cui la nomina ad arcidiacono di Pietro Barbo, futuro papa Paolo II, e le schede biografiche dei sedici canonici bolognesi in carica al momento della visita.

The series Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae traces the English cathedral clergy from the Norman Conquest of 1066 to the later nineteenth century. Cathedral positions were often used either to reward individuals of outstanding merit or to support important servants of church and/or state. Accordingly, many of the individuals catalogued here were significant in the leadership and administration of church and state, were active members of the universities, were prominent in authorship and scholarly endeavour, and so forth.

The Fasti enables users to trace networks of patronage, competition and collegiality among these most prominent members of the English church. It is also useful in interpreting historical documents. For example: In an archive, one might find an undated letter from the archdeacon of this place to the dean of that cathedral, obliquely referring to comments made by a certain bishop in the House of Lords. By looking up the individuals concerned, the range of dates when the individuals held these offices enables approximate dating of the letter and gives the document, perhaps otherwise uninterpretable, enough historical context that it can contribute to our knowledge.

This volume follows the clergy of Hereford Cathedral from the Reformation to the later nineteenth century, and is based on over 50,000 pages of unpublished manuscript material.

Le fonds du chapitre cathédral de Clermont conserve, sous forme majoritairement d’originaux mais aussi de copies anciennes, une petite centaine de documents d’origine laïque ou ecclésiastique (chartes, notices, inventaires, contrats divers, convenienciae, copies dans un cartulaire en rouleau) que produisirent ou reçurent les évêques et les chanoines de Clermont aux Xe et XIe siècles. Quantitativement modeste au regard des masses documentaires laissées en Basse-Auvergne par les cartulaires monastiques de Brioude et de Sauxillanges, le corpus se caractérise par une grande variété typologique (nature, format, écriture, langue) et permet d’apercevoir la nature et le fonctionnement du siège épiscopal de Clermont (Arvernis), ses « dignitaires » (abbé, doyen, prévôt, capiscole), la desserte d’églises à Clermont et dans ses environs par le clergé cathédral, le patrimoine commun (communia fratrum) et la vie des chanoines, ainsi que la topographie de la cité à la veille de la « crise grégorienne » et avant la cristallisation institutionnelle, à l’orée du XIIe siècle, du capitulum (nommé « chapitre cathédral » seulement après 1250), distinct de l’« évêché ».
Outre les institutions ecclésiastiques de la cité et du diocèse, les actes originaux donnent un aperçu des paysages, des structures matérielles de l’habitat, des conditions juridiques des exploitations rurales, voire de la civilisation matérielle aux alentours de l’an mil. Ils constituent aussi un témoignage linguistique direct de la scripta latina rustica, dont émerge l’ancien occitan écrit, mais qui est évincée dans le corpus par le latin restauré et normalisé dès la seconde moitié du XIe siècle. Dotée d’index qui recensent séparément personnes, lieux et matières, l’édition entend satisfaire aux normes tant diplomatiques que philologiques.

Pomimo prowadzonych od wielu lat badań nad historią miasta Wilna, wciąż niewiele wiemy o jego mieszkańcach, szczególnie ludziach drugiego i trzeciego planu historii, żyjących w cieniu wielkich dworów i pałaców. Równie słabo zbadane pozostają jurydyki wczesnonowożytnej stolicy Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego, w tym jurydyka kapituły wileńskiej. W oparciu o rękopiśmienny materiał źródłowy podjęta została próba jej zarysu oraz ukazania ludzi i problemów w niej zachodzących; jej zobrazowaniu posłużyć może załączony w aneksie Rejestr wybierania poboru z 1602 roku, dokument publikowany po raz pierwszy. Problemy własnościowe i personalne krzyżowały się w licznych sprawach związanych z występkami kanonika Izaaka Fechtinusa († 25 V 1607), który przez wiele lat gorszyć miał ulicę wileńską, mieszkańców miasta i kapitulnych konfratrów. Na przestrzeni kilkunastu lat wielokrotnie zarzucano kanonikowi nocne włóczęgi z podejrzanymi osobami, pijaństwo oraz utrzymywanie i mieszkanie z kobietami, najczęściej na terenie jurydyki kapitulnej. Bezskutecznie nakładano nań kary pieniężne, wstrzymywano wypłatę refekcji, grożono pozbawieniem kanonii, stosowano areszt domowy i zakazywano wstępu do Kościoła.

This paper presents the second part of the biographical study of a representative number of the members of a Spanish cathedral chapter, that of Cordoba, between the last fifteenth century and the first years of the nineteenth century. To do that, I chose a format of simplified entries with basic information on the origin, parentage, studies and career of these churchmen.

"The chapter of Santiago de Compostela was the biggest landlord in the city from the Middle Ages. Most of its properties were urban houses, used as residence by the members of the chapter or rented for collect income for the cathedral. Many of these houses preserve nowadays their «property markings» made in baroque times to distinguish the owner of the building. Studying those markings makes possible to reconstruct one of the most important pieces of the urban history in Galicia."

"El cabildo catedral de Santiago de Compostela fue desde la Edad Media el mayor propietario de la ciudad. La mayoría de esas propiedades eran casas urbanas, utilizadas como vivienda por los propios canónigos o alquiladas para conseguir ingresos para la catedral. Muchas de esas casas conservan actualmente sus «marcas de propiedad», labradas en época barroca para distinguir al propietario del edificio. Estudiando estas marcas podemos reconstruir uno de los más importantes fragmentos de la historia urbana de Galicia."

Entre los siglos XVI y XVII existió un mercado en torno a la fiscalización de las gracias pontificias con centro en la Curia Romana. El territorio andaluz fue muy activo en este espacio de negocios, que hizo posible el enriquecimiento a través de la participación en el mismo como intermediarios profesionales, buscadores de beneficios eclesiásticos o simples especuladores. Entre ellos, la presencia de españoles y portugueses de ascendencia judía es llamativa hoy para nosotros y era muy notable entonces para los coetáneos. Este artículo pretende analizar el papel jugado por el mercado curial en las posibilidades de integración y ascenso social de la minoría conversa por medio de una de sus facetas: la inversión patrimonial como base para el ennoblecimiento.

Percorsi ecclesiastici e pratiche personali e familiari "controcorrente" hanno portato i signori di Cocconato a guidare la diocesi astigiana nel XIII secolo, permettendo loro un'ascesa sociale, economica e politica non solo ecclesiastica e avvicinando in modo anomalo, quasi strategico, le terre di Cocconato agli ambienti astigiani, pur appartenendo durante il Medioevo  alla maglia delle terre monferrine e alle diocesi di Ivrea o di Vercelli.

Analisi della struttura e delle vicende del capitolo della cattedrale di Trento, dal momento in cui le fonti lo permettono fino alla metà del XIV secolo: rapporti con il vescovo e i poteri concorrenti, diritti e doveri, le persone dei canonici, aspetti economici. Appendici con documenti e schede biografiche.

Per la prima volta viene offerto un quadro storico del complesso di beni fondiari extraurbani della Basilica Vaticana, dall'età Costantiniana ai primi anni dell'epoca postunitaria, amministrati a partire dall'XI secolo dal Capitolo di San Pietro.
Il vastissimo patrimonio della Basilica si costituì e si consolidò in massima parte attraverso concessioni pontificie e donazioni di facoltosi benefattori, ma anche attraverso una consapevole politica di acquisizioni, oculatamente condotta dai canonici. La maggior parte delle proprietà facevano parte di una massa comune (la mensa capitolare), mentre altre venivano gestite da uffici specifici o organismi subalterni, ai quali erano state assegnate come dotazione particolare, a garanzia della loro piena e libera capacità operativa. Per questo motivo si è ritenuto necessario illustrare l'evoluzione dei sistemi gestionali adottati tanto dai contabili del Capitolo, quanto da quello di detti uffici subalterni.
Ad una prima sezione dedicata all'evoluzione del patrimonio capitolare inteso nel suo complesso, fa seguito una ponderosa disamina, articolata in oltre 150 schede, della specifica storia delle singole proprietà individuate. Ciascuna scheda è corredata da un indispensabile supporto cartografico che ne consenta l'individuazione sul territorio col miglior grado di approssimazione possibile.
In appendice vengono infine forniti i necessari ragguagli sui sistemi monetari e sule unità di misura in uso in area romana prima dell'adozione del Sistema metrico decimale. Riguardo a quest'ultimo tema l'autore propone alcune originali riflessioni sui rapporti reciproci fra più sistemi di misurazione differenti, utili a spiegarne non solo i meccanismi, ma lo stesso processo genetico.

Depuis les années 1980, l’histoire religieuse du Moyen Âge s’est renouvelée autour de concepts mieux à même de caractériser la puissance des institutions ecclésiales. Après les figures de l’évêque et du moine, celle du chanoine cathédral mérite d’être abordée au regard de ces concepts périodisant, la Réforme grégorienne (F. Mazel), et globalisant, le dominium ecclésial (A. Guerreau) pour comprendre son intégration et son agentivité au sein de la société féodale.
La province ecclésiastique de Tours offre un terrain de recherche propice. Du XIe au milieu du XIIIe siècle, l’historien dispose d’un éventail de documents qu’il peut définir comme les sources de son travail. Cartulaires, enquêtes, chroniques, nécrologes : l’objectif de ce mémoire est de les quantifier, de les présenter et de les critiquer.
L’inventaire privilégie les sources diplomatiques et envisage leur apport dans une perspective d’histoire globale des chanoines cathédraux. Le déséquilibre des sources en faveur du chapitre Saint-Julien du Mans n’empêche pas une approche comparative et réticulaire des chapitres de la province, avec les chapitres d’Angers, de Tours et même de Bretagne.

t Inthis paper, we suggest that architectures, especially sacred ones, play a significant role to shape cognition. Therefore, cognition is the result of the relationships between the subjects and their surroundings. By sharing the same environment and the relationships with it, the members of a
community would weave “common-sense”, as a common attitude towards what they define as the “reality”. This shared set of values, methods, and attitudes shapes all kinds of cultural artifacts, like language and performative actions. The effect of natural languages on cognition has been intensively studied by philosophers, linguists, and other cognitive scientists; however, the role of thinking architectures seems underrepresented by them. Although the design of the living spaces greatly contributes to the nurtural formation of our cognition, it hasJosuke been historically underestimated or neglected

This paper focuses upon the Cathedral Chapter of Salerno, from the first attestations (10th-11th century), till the end of the Middle Age. Furthermore, this study deepens into peculiar aspects of the 16th and 17th century, enlightening the phenomenon and the importance of the college of clerics and its effect on the city life of Salerno. Besides, an analysis of the formation and recognition of the chapter's records is offered, together with the role that the college played within the society and the Church of Salerno, eventually pointing to the transformations entailed by the historical transition to the Modern Age.

Esta publicación recoge la primera parte del estudio biográfico de un conjunto representativo de los miembros del cabildo de una catedral española, la de Córdoba, entre finales del siglo XV y los primeros años del XIX. Para ello, he optado por el formato de entradas simplificadas con los datos básicos sobre el origen, la filiación, los estudios y la carrera de varios cientos de eclesiásticos.

Una historia litúrigica de la posición del coro en las catedrales españolas. Desde su origen en la cabecera, hasta su traslado a la nave generalizado entre los siglos XV y XVI, para volver a la nave o ser eliminado como un estorbo  en las celebraciones.

León cathedral's cloister is similar to other buildings where the burial function was assimilated along with liturgical purposes, such as anniversary processions, feasts or solemn celebrations from the Ordinary Time, but also laic events where the cathedral chapter played not only a significant but an extraordinary role. The main goal of this paper is to examine the funerary sculpture from 13th and 14th centuries along with the canons' testaments and wills; these will allow us to track a series of personal relations based on friendship, the positions the deceased held among the chapter or the direct desire to perpetuate the own and collective memory of the Leonese canons.

Dopo un confronto introduttivo di carattere comparato tra i lavori di area tedesca e quella italiana relativi alla storia sociale del clero delle chiese cattedrali, il presente saggio mira ad analizzare l’origine familiare e l’estrazione sociale dei componenti del Capitolo Cattedrale di Molfetta, attraverso la consultazione di documentazione a tutt’oggi inedita, al fine di ricostruire le relazioni che il collegio canonicale tessé con il ceto laico dirigente della città dal 1386 sino alla fine del XV secolo (1495). Il lavoro è, infine, corredato da un’appendice con l’elenco dei componenti del Capitolo, la cronotassi delle “dignità” e quattro grafici esplicativi.

Il contributo ha l’obiettivo di segnalare quattro rogiti notarili inediti che forniscono nuove informazioni circa la committenza e la datazione del "Polittico di Santa Reparata" del pittore giottesco Bernardo Daddi (1290 ca.-1348), pala d'altare oggi parzialmente conservata presso le Gallerie degli Uffizi in Firenze.

Il saggio affronta lo studio della ricezione nei capitoli delle cattedrali subalpine dei canones dei concili lateranensi III e IV riguardanti l’istruzione del clero. Sono state analizzate le presenze di canonici dotati di un alto livello di istruzione,attestato dal titolo di magister, e le loro inclinazioni culturali che emergono dai fondi librari personali e del capitolo. Si è riscontrata una maggiore articolazione delle attività di alcune scuole cattedrali operanti nell’area studiata e una più evidente circolazione di chierici studenti tra di essea partire dagli anni Venti-Trenta del Duecento. Gli effetti della c. 11 De magistris scholasticis del IV concilio lateranense si palesano nelle realtà già fortemente dinamiche, come le scuole delle cattedrali subalpine settentrionali (Vercelli, Novara, Ivrea, Aosta e Torino), espressione di un tessuto culturale ricettivo e pronto a dare attuazione a tali disposizioni. Tra le diocesi meridionali si distingue per il suo dinamismo la schola cattedrale di Asti.

This paper aims the study of the reception in the Piedmontese cathedral chapters of the canones of the Third and Fourth Lateran Council concerning the clergy education. We have analyzed the presence of canons with a high level of education, level certificate from the qualification of magister, and their cultural inclinations that arise from their personal libraries. The study showed a greater articulation of the some cathedral schools activities since the Twenties and Thirties of the Thirteenth century, and a more noticeable movement of clerics students between the Piedmontese chapters.The c. 11 De magistris scholasticis of the Fourth Lateran Council had more obvious effects in contexts already highly dynamic, such as cathedral schools of northern dioceses (Vercelli, Novara, Ivrea, Aosta and Turin). The Asti cathedral school stands out among the southern diocese for its cultural dynamism.

"*Obra distinguida com o Prémio «Armando de Almeida Fernandes: História Medieval Portuguesa 2004».

** Recensões críticas
Armando Luís de Carvalho Homem - “Lusitania Sacra”. 17 (2005) 540-542;
Josefina Mtugé I Vives - “Anuario de Estudios Medievales”. 36/2 (2006) 961-963.

Este volumen continúa el trabajo que se publicó en 2007. En esta ocasión se recogen los resúmenes de los cabildos en la Catedral salmantina de 1489 a 1506. Un total de 12 libros de actas capitulares analizados y recensionados, a los que acompañan los índices onomástico, toponímico y temático para facilitar el acceso de los investigadores a la rica información que proporciona esta serie documental