Categorization of ancient Egyptian script

The Twentieth Dynasty tomb of Ramesses VI (KV9) includes
two copies of the cosmological treatise known to modern scholarship as the Book of the Night. Both versions of the book in KV9 include a cryptographic annotation to the twelfth hour, which is unique to that tomb. This annotation accompanies a file of jackals, the “bas of the westerners,” who tow the solar barque through the Underworld, toward the moment of sunrise. The content of this “Jackal Hymn” overlaps partially with cryptographic annotations to the baboon-, ibis-, and ram-headed bas of the east, north, and south, found in the Book of the Day. The present study offers a new translation and analysis of the Jackal Hymn, discarding numerous readings proposed in earlier studies, which had been based upon the phantom “principle” of acrophony, while taking into consideration orthographic, grammatical, and thematic parallels from the broader cosmological corpus. A careful reading of the cryptographic signs, utilizing only well attested substitution mechanisms (e.g., reduction of weak consonants), demonstrates clearly that the two versions of the text agree in every major respect and that divergences presumed in earlier studies are largely illusory. In addition, analysis of the grammatical structure of the text itself and identification of its thematic divisions help to clarify the meaning of several otherwise obscure passages.

Since its discovery by Battiscombe Gunn, it is believed that Saqqara's Ostrakon is able to improve our understanding of how Egyptians designed curved elements, but the geometric significance of the hieratic values is still uncertain. Indeed, in order to obtain an indisputable result, the distance between the vertical ordinates is required, and this distance is not explicitly indicated on the limestone artefact.
But since there were no algebraic formulas at the time of the Pharaohs, a simple grid-based procedure was developed such as those used by the Egyptians to reproduce the scale drawings, to try to decipher the geometric meaning of the curve drawn on the find.
To conclude, this simple process permits to understand that the five hieratic values of the Saqqara Ostrakon describe a segmental arch whose span and rise correspond to the architectural proportions of several Egyptian tombs and arches, and that the numerical sequence of the artefact could be considered the most "ancient" mathematical formula of the circle.

Since its discovery by Battiscombe Gunn, it is believed that Saqqara's Ostrakon is able to improve our understanding of how Egyptians designed curved elements, but the geometric significance of the hieratic values is still uncertain. Indeed, in order to obtain an indisputable result, the distance between the vertical ordinates is required, and this distance is not explicitly indicated on the limestone artefact.
But since there were no algebraic formulas at the time of the Pharaohs, a simple grid-based procedure was developed such as those used by the Egyptians to reproduce the scale drawings, to try to decipher the geometric meaning of the curve drawn on the find.
To conclude, this simple process permits to understand that the five hieratic values of the Saqqara Ostrakon describe a segmental arch whose span and rise correspond to the architectural proportions of several Egyptian tombs and arches, and that the numerical sequence of the artefact could be considered the most "ancient" mathematical formula of the circle.

The paper investigates Egyptian "inscriptions" that are more or less unreadable and establishes a typology for them. Type I are hieroglyphic inscriptions made up of text snippets or even senseless pseudo hieroglyphs, type II are rows of uniform signs and type III are empty inscription fields. Examples for each are presented and the context of their production and use are discussed.

This paper presents in a summarized and correlated faction the mathematical information of Ancient Egypt with a special focus on the study of The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus. The aim of this paper is to provide a clearer view considering aspects such as the importance and the high role that mathematical calculus had on the mind and social development in the Egyptian Civilization and its influence in such fields as cognitive development, spatial inference capability and practical use of a science that progressed in a unique way over millennia, not only from a historical point of view but also is a clear and scientific point of view. To help understand the disparities, and quite ingenious ways to solve problems, between the current use of mathematical functions in comparison with those developed by the Ancient Egyptians, some exercises of The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus will be solved side by side with a " modern " comparative resolution, using for that both the Egyptian methodology of solving mathematical problems such as simple addition, division, first and second degree equation problems and volumetric calculus, and the present way we currently use, to solve the exact same mathematical problems. It will be the main aim of this essay to try and prove how ancient Egyptian Mathematical problems had, in several exercises, a far easier resolution than that of our modern mathematics, especially in volumetric calculus, resolution of first and second degree equations and mainly how all was done with a non-existence of several of what today are considered key mathematical elements for solving a simple or complex mono and bi-dimensional calculus problem.

The communicative process implies objects, sounds, images and words which can convey ideas and cultural ways of interpreting and representing a society; therefore, many linguistic anthropologists—especially Searle, but also Bauman and Briggs underline how speech and textual acts are regulated by defined cultural schemes, and how their study cannot exclude analysis of the original context as well as of the specific conventions ruling it. This paper is intended to provide an interpretation of some particular graphic solutions concerning the human determinative occurring in the Pyramid Texts of the Fifth and Sixth Dynasties, and to analyze the possible reasons and underlying anthropological apparatus that led to these choices.

Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is the process which enables a system to without human intervention identifies the scripts or alphabets written into the users' verbal communication. Optical Character identification has grown to be individual of the mainly flourishing applications of knowledge in the field of pattern detection and artificial intelligence. In our survey we study on the various OCR techniques. In this paper we resolve and examine the hypothetical and numerical models of Optical Character Identification. The Optical character identification or classification (OCR) and Magnetic Character Recognition (MCR) techniques are generally utilized for the recognition of patterns or alphabets. In general the alphabets are in the variety of pixel pictures and it could be either handwritten or stamped, of any series, shape or direction etc. Alternatively in MCR the alphabets are stamped with magnetic ink and the studying machine categorize the alphabet on the basis of the exclusive magnetic field that is shaped by every alphabet. Both MCR and OCR discover utilization in banking and different trade appliances. Earlier exploration going on Optical Character detection or recognition has shown that the In Handwritten text there is no limitation lying on the script technique. Hand written correspondence is complicated to be familiar through due to diverse human handwriting style, disparity in angle, size and shape of calligraphy. An assortment of approaches of Optical Character Identification is discussed here all along through their achievement.

One of the 'free epithets' of Egyptian King created during the Old Kingdom attracts attention for the multiple readings which have been proposed for it: F35+G5 [F35 + G5]. In this paper, a new approach to its reading, different of those made until now, has been presented, based upon the comparative analysis of the uses as a grapheme of both signs in texts of the Old Kingdom. From this analysis, it has been found that most probably the sign of the falcon [G5] operates as a semagram, not as a logogram, as it previously was read. Thus, this royal epithet can be understood as 'Nfr', and translated as 'the Youthful' or 'the Present One'. The function of the epithet inside the titulary of the Egyptian kings of the Old Kingdom and its cultural and religious context have also been studied, perspectives which have not been contemplated in the several studies on this subject.

Pharaonic Egypt, and especially Early Egypt, appears as a favoured field for an intersemiotic analysis and, in particular, for the interpretation of hieroglyphic script through the non-linguistic signs-system conveyed by the iconography.
Many of the Egyptian cultural products speak a double language in an inextricable network between image and word: on the one hand, the script identifies itself with the image, due to the figurative dimension of the hieroglyph; on the other hand, the image follows the same symmetric and rigorous scheme of the writing system.
Such an association seems to be a prominent feature of the so called preformal stage of the Egyptian civilization, still effective during the Old Kingdom, when the forms of material culture as well as of intellectual speculation are permeated by archaic marks that well express the identity between image and script.
In this perspective, the paper will address a peculiar case of image processing attested in the Pyramid Texts, from Unis to Neferkara, where all the human figures serving as determinatives are omitted or just partially represented.
Developing some key-points discussed in a PhD thesis recently defended, an attempt will be made to show how and why this phenomenon occurs, underlying the intrinsic performativity and creative power of the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic system and of the images that constitute it.