Antithesis

In this article, we describe how antithesis and metaphoric conceptualization interact with each other and which rhetorical effects this interaction brings about. We illustrate this interaction with an analysis of seventeen graffiti art-works by Banksy, who uses the contraposition of visual elements that are characterized by opposite semantic and affective values. This article contributes to the expanding field of empirical studies of visual/pictorial metaphors and antitheses, in which artworks are interpreted according to conceptual dynamics and not only in relation to their thematic, semiotic and representational properties.

У статті розглянуто «українське провансальство» як явище, що нівелює україноцентричну модель держави та руйнує засадничі ідеї поступу. Показано, як мовні засоби, які використовує Дмитро Донцов, увиразнюють аналізовану політичну домінанту.
Ключові слова: українське провансальство, політична домінанта, антитеза, метафора, Дмитро Донцов.
MYKYTYUK Oksana. UKRAINIAN PROVENҪAL PEOPLE BY DMYTRO DONTSOV (LINGUISTIC ASPECT)
The article considers the “Ukrainian Provenзal People” as a phenomenon of Ukrainian history, which reduces the Ukrainiancentric model of the state and destroys the fundamental ideas of progress. The current political situation obliges us to make sociolinguistic and especially linguistic review of the works of a great publicist, whose merits to the Ukrainian state are indisputable. Thus, Dmytro Dontsov’s linguistic experience, whose style is marked by uncompromising, intellectual power and extraordinary expression, is incredibly interesting. The lexeme “Ukrainian Provenзal People” is a core thread through all the works of a political thinker, this thought-making element of texts by Dmytro Dontsov formulates the main impetus for the development of a state-created
world outlook. To clarify the position of the reader regarding the insignificance of the Ukrainian Provenзal People, Dmytro Dontsov
uses the definitions, motivates his words with the antithesis,  comparison, contextual antonyms, and creates distinctive metaphors. Thestudy of the dominant “Ukrainian Provenзal People” allows us to show the expansion of the lexical composition of the language, to find
out the change of language-thinking in a certain historical period, to develop the lexicographic principles of the formation of the linguistic fund, to recognize Dontsov’s texts, to recreate Ukrainian realities and to understand the political situation today. The research proves that the formation of an elitist linguistic personality is impossible without studying the heritage of an outstanding thinker. The prospect of studying is the study of linguistic-stylistic features of Dmytro Dontsov’s works as markers for the formation of a modern strong personality.
Keywords: Ukrainian Provenзal People, political dominant, antithesis, metaphor, Dmytro Dontsov.

Carl Schmitt (1888–1985) was a conservative German political theorist, jurist and philosopher, who analysed the relationship of legal and constitutional concerns in relation to defining the political. He is considered to be one of the most important, yet overlooked critics of liberalism, liberal cosmopolitanism, and parliamentary democracy. The significance of Schmitt's work is still considered controversial, due to his active involvement in and intellectual support for National Socialism.

In 1932, Schmitt published "The Concept Of The Political", in which he analysed the fundamental nature of the "political", and its place in the modern world.  In his analysis, Schmitt criticises Liberalism, and its neutral, utopian stance in attempting to avoid antagonistic conflict, which Schmitt argues is a central, defining, and ineradicable trait of human nature.

Borrowing elements from Hegel's idea of history being aesthetically driven forward by the antipodal distinction of qualitative quantification, Schmitt identified the core concept of the political in the states antithetical distinction between friend and enemy. ...

http://www.whenthenewsstops.org/2017/02/the-concept-of-political-by-carl-schmitt.html

Oscar Wilde's only novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray has been the subject of analysis from a wide variety of theoretical and thematic perspectives. This study endeavours to conduct a philosophical interpretation of the renowned Wildean work of fiction. In specific, the article aims to carry out a dialectic reading of The Picture of Dorian Gray by concentrating on the protagonist and the path he takes throughout the narrative. To this end, the novel is discussed through the framework of GWF. Hegel's dialectic triad of the thesis, antithesis and synthesis. The theoretical section of the study focuses on the Hegelian dialectic system and scrutinises the three stages with references to various texts and sources. The second part of the study contemplates to establish a dialectic reading of Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray, identifying these three stages within the story and exposing the vital dialectic choices the protagonist makes along his quest to preserve youth and beauty forever. The article concludes that Dorian Gray exposes the dialectic nature of human beings and highlights the significance of making the right choices through a rational and moral state of mind. In particular, it has been concluded that Dorian experiences the thesis and the antithesis but ultimately gets caught up in the antithesis and does not manage to achieve the synthesis stage, causing his early self-destruction.

Die Magisterarbeit beleuchtet einen zentralen Aspekt der persuasiven Kunst Caravaggios: Detailliert wird aufgezeigt, wie die Antithese, ein Kunstgriff der antiken Rhetorik zur Spannungserzeugung, das Wesen seiner Malerei bestimmt. Die Erläuterung seines Schaffensprozesses als konzipierte Kunst zementiert die Forschung, die Merisis geschulte Formensprache herausstellt und den Künstler von dem Klischee des Außenseiters und nicht akademischen Malers befreit. Ein Exkurs zur Entwicklung der Stilfigur legt den vermehrten Gebrauch antithetischer Stilmittel im Manierismus und Barock dar und verortet Caravaggios Konzept in eben jener Epoche, die den Kontrast zwischen Himmlischem und Irdischem sucht.

This article is about the metaphorical language in the songs of Juan Luis Guerra, without do not specifying before the pedagogical use of the term, as a literary device. This great singer makes masterly use of this resource to deepen the meaning of the words used, and illustrate with images, personifications and similes that penetrate the consciousness of the lover of his music. The following reasons that Juan Luis Guerra has to use this literary trope is basically unprecedented relationships between the words he used in his musical arrangements and produce unexpected attributes of words with which recreates his verse. This gives it a great poetic force with the use of metaphors in the songs of the famous Dominican musical genius, which lies above all in the ability to infinitely multiply the usual meaning of the words, so you can specify different states of mind that the author seeks to lead the listener to enjoy his musical creations, which constitute genuine works of literary art. Moreover if a message is through the language of poetry, the word becomes feeling so that when you send it to someone you say it with love.

The present study aims to demonstrate how certain argumentative features of a text that exists only in a fragmentary fashion can be used to gain a fuller picture of its original content and structure. The Daoist treatise Wenzi 文子 is particularly suitable for this study, for it is available in two different but similarly distorted and fragmented versions: the received text as well as some Western Han 西漢 (206 B.C.–A.D. 6) fragments obtained at the archeological site of Dingzhou 定州 (1973). The study first deals with the numerous parallels between the Wenzi and other early Chinese manuscripts. In addition to demonstrating the major influence of Laozi 老子 and Xunzi 荀子 and adducing circumstantial evidence for the time of the text’s creation, the intertextual parallels also point to the importance of specific argumentative features. Among them, “antithetical parallelism” appears to be one of the most salient. The focus of the study is the reconstruction of a text sequence using this rhetorical figure. Furthermore, it argues that despite the widespread usage of “antithetical parallelism” in early Chinese texts, including the Laozi, there is some evidence to identify the source of the Wenzi’s inspiration for this particular argument as the Xunzi. In the latter, “antithesis” was one of the important constituents of the “patterned” discourse (wen) meant to reflect the theme of wen, the cultural legacy of the early Zhou Kings. Given the often neglected importance of the notion wen in the Wenzi, signifying the complete realization of the central Daoist notion, the Way (dao 道), the study concludes with the claim that, just like the Xunzi, the Wenzi also attempted to establish a connection between the content of its philosophical teaching and its formal, textual representation.

本研究旨在探討如何從現存殘篇中的論證特點來推測原始文本的整體內容和結構。道家典籍《文子》十分適合用來做這樣的研究，《文子》現有的兩個版本，即今本《文子》和 1973 年定州出土的西漢簡本《文子》，雖然存在一定差異，但都殘缺不全，且為人篡改過。本文首先分析了《文子》與其他早期中國文獻間的相似之處。研究發現《文子》在很大程度上受到《老子》和《荀子》的影響，這也為研究文本的創作時代提供了間接證據；此外，文本間的互文性也反映出特定論證特點的重要性，其中「反義平行」是最為突出的。本文的重點是要通過文本的修辭方式來重建文本序列。儘管 括《老子》在內的中國早期文獻都廣泛使用「反義平行」，但仍然能找到一些證據表明《荀子》才是《文子》的靈感來源，而「反義平行」恰恰構成了《荀子》中「文」的話語模式，並以此來闡釋周代所崇尚的文化價值 —「文」。《文子》中「文」這一概念極為重要，儘管這一點經常被人忽視，它意味著道家的核心概念「道」得以完全實現。本文認為，正如《荀子》一樣，《文子》也試圖建立一種哲學學說內涵與表現形式上關聯。

In the interpretation of Psalm 12, attention has often been focused upon two issues,
namely a number of textual difficulties and the intertwining of formcritical elements. The identification of the elements invariably leads to discussions about the social setting(s) of the psalm. With regard to the overall structure, remarkable consensus exists: Two contrasting strophes can be identified — verses 2—5 are concerned with the words of men, verses 6—9 with the word of God. The hypothesis in this paper is that this consensus leads to a stereotyped interpretation which fails to recognise the true genius of the poem. Psalm 12 describes a profound confrontation between man’s word and God’s word. This confrontation is expressed by means of the poetic technique of antithesis, which occurs on virtually every level of the text. A detailed intratextual analysis is given. Verses 5—6 constitute the pivot point of the psalm, where a direct confrontation between man’s word and God’s word is described. At exactly this point, various antitheses reach a climax. The psalm can
be divided into three stanzas. Stanzas I (2—4) and III (7—9) respectively describe the words of men and the word of God, while the confrontation between the two occurs in Stanza II (5—6). Together, the three stanzas can be described as a "theology of antithesis".

У дослідженні виокремлено мовні та позамовні чинники формування суспільно-політичної термінології. З’ясовано, що для усвідомлення українських державотвірних процесів Д. Донцов використовує численні мовні засоби, приміром антитезу, метафору, синонімний ряд, дефініцію тощо. Доведено, що політичний мислитель здебільшого вживає іншомовні терміни, часто послу-
говується атрибутивним модифікатором, який надає поняттю емоційно-експресивного характеру.
Ключові слова: суспільно-політична термінологія, антитеза, дефініція, атрибутивний модифікатор, Дмитро Донцов.
In the study, the language and extra-language factors of the formation of socio-political terminology are singled out. It is revealed that for the understanding of Ukrainian state-building processes, the author uses numerous language means, for example, antithesis, metaphor, synonym row, definition, etc. It is proved that the political thinker mostly uses foreign terms, often expresses his thoughts with the help of attributive modifier, which gives the concept the emotional and expressive character.
Key words: socio-political terminology, antithesis, definition, attributive modifier, Dmytro Dontsov.

Dr. Amos Winarto Oei brings fresh clarity and understanding of the antitheses of Jesus from the Sermon on the Mount. Providing a thorough evaluation of key historical and contemporary interpretations of Matthew 5:21–48 from notable theologians, Oei illustrates the unity surrounding the teachings of Jesus, even among disparate denominational traditions. Dr. Oei also addresses whether the ethics Jesus set out in the antitheses are for Christians only, or whether they are demands for all individuals and also the state. This book is the product of extensive theological research and sound exegesis and presents a clear argument of the universal nature and individual scope of the ethics and morality of the most famous sermon ever preached.

Since political discourse reflects the close relation between politics and language, it has attracted many scholars’ attention at home and abroad. Therefore, English political public speaking (EPPS for short), the subcategory of political discourse, has been chosen as the subject of the study. Based on the findings of Kenneth Burke’s new rhetoric and classical rhetoric, the identification strategies of EPPS in John F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address from the perspectives of rhetorical content and rhetorical form were probed. Since EPPS is always well-prepared rather than impromptu, the identification strategies via rhetorical content and form are always employed by the speaker to accomplish their purposes.

Boundary preoccupations: geopolitical, cognitive and otherwise
Conflation of binary cognitive modalities in politics and sport
Boundary complexification: 3D, 4D, and more
Australia as cynosure for binary thinking worldwide: "anyone for tennis"?
Hyperobject traces and indications: a subtle cognitive ecosystem?
Hyperobjective entanglement: sacredness, wickedness and the witch meme
Imagining Guernica redesigned
Contrasting orientations indicative of complementary cognitive modalities
Living as a hyperprocess in a hyperobject as a hyposubject?

У статті з’ясовано, що ідеолог та теоретик українського націоналізму Дмитро Донцов у низці праць торкається окреслення суті поняття «націоналізм». У дослідженні подано лексикографічну характеристику аналізованого слова, виявлено численні дефініції терміна націоналізм в українських та зарубіжних джерелах.
У процесі аналізу доведено, що в тексті своєї епохальної праці «Націоналізм» великий публіцист увиразнює власну афористичну методику подання матеріалу за допомогою чітких промовистих визначень, а саме: «Націоналізм – джерело життя і власної правди». Матеріал переконує, що Дмитро Донцов дає розуміння терміна націоналізм різними методами, найпоширенішим з яких є антитеза, де, наприклад, термін націоналізм творить опозицію до матеріялізму тощо.
Джерельна база дає змогу виявити, що Дмитро Донцов доповнює термін націоналізм численними атрибутивами: чинний, самовистачаючий, вольовий, демократичний, перебільшений, які уточнюють, пояснюють та актуалізують якусь його рису. Звуження терміна націоналізм характеризують атрибутиви провінціональний, провансальський. Окремо стоять атрибутивні модифікатори, у яких чітко можна простежити негативну авторську конотацію: зоологічний, недобрий та інші.
Таким чином, лінгвістика шляхом семантичного аналізу дозволяє відтворити розуміння суті націоналізму за різними текстами, зокрема, за «батьком українського націоналізму» Дмитром Донцовим.
Перспективою дослідження матеріалу є розгляд термінів лібералізм, демократизм, соціалізм, тоталітаризм, космополітизм за текстами Дмитра Донцова.
Ключові слова: націоналізм, Дмитро Донцов, термін, дефініція, антитеза, атрибутиви.

Oksana Mykytyuk. CONCEPTUAL BASE OF THE TERM NATIONALISM (BY DMYTRO DONTSOV’S TEXTS)
In the article was found out that the ideologue and theorist of Ukrainian nationalism Dmytro Dontsov in a number of works touches upon the definition of the essence of the concept of “nationalism”. In the research the lexicographic description of the analyzed word is given, numerous definitions of the term nationalism in Ukrainian and foreign sources are found.
In the process of the analysis it is proved that in the text of his epoch-making work, “Nationalism”, a great publicist manifests his own aphoristic method of presenting the material with clear, significant definitions, for example, „Nationalism is the source of life and of our own truth”. The material convinces that Dmytro Dontsov gives understanding of the term nationalism by various methods, the most widespread of which is the antithesis, where, for example, the term nationalism creates an opposition to materialism, and so on.
The source base makes it possible to find out that Dmytro Dontsov complements the term nationalism with various attributes: valid, self-sufficient, volitional, democratic, exaggerated, which specify, explain and update some of its feature. The contraction of the term nationalism is characterized by attributes provincial, Provencal. Separately there are attributive modifiers, in which it is clearly possible to trace a negative author’s connotation: zoological, unkind and others.
Thus, linguistics through semantic analysis allows us to reproduce an understanding of the essence of nationalism in various texts, in particular, by Dmytro Dontsov, “the father of Ukrainian nationalism”.
The prospect of material research is the consideration of the terms liberalism, democracy, socialism, totalitarianism, cosmopolitanism in the texts of Dmytro Dontsov.
Key words: nationalism, Dmytro Dontsov, term, definition, antithesis, attributives.

Dr. Amos Winarto Oei brings fresh clarity and understanding of the antitheses of Jesus from the Sermon on the Mount. Providing a thorough evaluation of key historical and contemporary interpretations of Matthew 5:21–48 from notable theologians, Oei illustrates the unity surrounding the teachings of Jesus, even among disparate denominational traditions. Dr. Oei also addresses whether the ethics Jesus set out in the antitheses are for Christians only, or whether they are demands for all individuals and also the state. This book is the product of extensive theological research and sound exegesis and presents a clear argument of the universal nature and individual scope of the ethics and morality of the most famous sermon ever preached.

This paper discusses how "either-or" thinking worked for the ancient Greeks, who had a more relativistic orientation to reality than we do today.  It explains how this cognitive strategy can be useful and productive, but only when it's not undermined by cultures with a more "oppositional camps" orientation to public knowledge.

У творчій манері Дмитра Донцова полярні протиставлення (або антитези) є основним аргументаційним та актуалізаційним елементом. Аналізований матеріал допомагає усвідомити політичну ситуацію, скеровує читача в певне інформаційне русло. Авторські протиставлення завжди мають конотативний компонент, що дає змогу стати на певну ідеологічну позицію.
Ключові слова: антитеза, суспільно-політичне навантаження тексту, унаочнювальна характеристика, конотація, Дмитро Донцов.
In the creative manner of Dmytro Dontsov the polar oppositions (or antithesis) are the main argumentative and actualizing element. The analysed material helps to understand the political situation, introduces the reader into a certain information direction. The author’s oppositions always have a connotative component, which makes it possible to become a certain ideological position.
The current language situation is relevant to the study of the texts of the ideologue of Ukrainian nationalism, Dmytro Dontsov, since his sharp manner of expression makes it possible to understand clearly the characteristics of numerous political realities.
Purpose of the article: to consider the opposite attitudes in the texts “Nationalism”, “The spirit of our past” and “Literary Essays” by Dmytro Dontsov. The target goal is supposed to accomplish the following tasks: to characterize the author’s views through the prism of antitheses; to analyse the role of antitheses for reproducing of the socio-political load of the text; to find out the connotation of antitheses in the works of D. Dontsov.
Results. Antitheses as Dmytro Dontsov’s world-view guidelines create meaningful contrast and thus conceptual emphasize on the opposite views of numerous cultural and political figures, reproduce the stylistic manner and the original colour of the language of the publicist. For example, nationalism, national truth in the texts of the thinker were actualized as an opposition to liberalism (which took notice of the interests of the masses), democracy (this doctrine implies the interests of the people as a crowd) and socialism (with the interests of the class).
The antithesis differentiation in the texts of the ideologue of Ukrainian nationalism is supported by the reference to specific surnames, which have absorbed in themselves the visual characteristics of political realities. For example, good nationalism – not good nationalism, gradual nationalism – violent nationalism, nationalism of the enslaved – the nationalism of the ruling ones – are explained on the basis of Drahomanov’s views, who convinced that only peaceful methods can be used to educate young people, and that Russia of Nicholas I should be transformed into an equal and fraternal Federation of Slavs.
It is noteworthy that the texts of D. Dontsov reproduce the numerous moral principles of the human psyche. Therefore, an opposite attitude is made by humanity and justice, and – merits and rewards. The quote “Nature does not know humanity and justice, she knows only merits and rewards” should be a guideline for the current political life.
Dmytro Dontsov, in his works, constantly reasonably opposes Ukraine to Russia. Explaining what propagates Bolshevism, the author reproduces those factors that created the country. Thus Russia glorified absolutism and was creating a strong leading stratum, and in the minds of Ukrainians, the idea of an only obedient executor of another’s
will was brought up. The antithesis Ukraine-Russia is not only an appreciable characteristic, but also in the writer’s works a marking sign that forms a position.
Conclusion. Owing to the outlook contrast, the texts of the thinker are an effective means of influence for the creation of national elite that is able to change the consciousness of society. The aphoristic and semantic capacity of D. Dontsov’s antithesis emphases is now applicable for numerous political quotes. Polar oppositional attitudes in the texts of the ideologue of Ukrainian nationalism always have a clear connotation.
The analysed material helps to understand the political situation, introduces the reader into a certain information direction. The antitheses of Dmytro Dontsov ideologically confirm the state-building worldview of today’s generations and actualize the nation-building language function.
Key words: antithesis, socio-political load of the text, visual characteristic, connotation, Dmytro Dontsov.

Peace is one of the invaluable assets which can encourage human socio-economic development in every
society. It encourages interpersonal and group interaction leading to, a platform of trust and mutual understanding.
Although the evidences of the positive impact of peace in the society are obvious in all aspects of the existence of
the society, conflict seems to be inevitable in every human interaction irrespective of the context of such interaction.
Conflict itself is one of the greatest challenges being faced by the world presently at all levels of interactions. There
are many factors responsible of conflicts in the society at all levels. These included material, immaterial, remote
and immediate causes. Among other things in the history of the world, which contribute to conflict in modern time,
high population growth rate and lack of exposure to formal education play significant role in the incessant conflicts
at various levels in the developing nations. These two factors act as the remote factors which build the ground
for other immediate factors to socio-political conflicts. Although much attention had been given to other remote
and immediate factors in the analysis of conflict in the developing nations such as Nigeria, this paper focused on
unraveling the relationship between incessant conflicts in different parts of Nigeria, high population growth and lack
of exposure to formal education among the youth. Based on the findings, the paper suggested the active role of
the School of general studies across the federation in the enlightenment of the youth about remote factors behind
Politico- Religious conflicts, sincerity among the political elite in the effort to eradicate illiteracy in Nigeria, individuals
and groups sincere involvement in the implementation of the population policy for its effectiveness and, that both
parents and government should encourage the youth to embrace formal education.

Проаналізовано антитези зі семою кольору у творі «Дух нашої давнини», показано індивідуально-неповторну картину світу автора, виокремлено стилістичне навантаження основних кольорів у Дмитра Донцова. З’ясовано, що авторські кольороназви вжито для відтворення протилежних ідеологій: національної (з чорною, червоною та золотою барвою) та ліберальної (біленькі хати, сині річки, сонечко).
Ключові слова: мовна картина світу, антитеза сі семою кольору, Дмитро Донцов.
The article analyzes the antithesis with the colour seme in the book «The spirit of our old times», shows the individually unique view of the world of the author, singles the stylistic burden of the main colours in the work of Dmytro Dontsov. It was found out that the authors names of colours are used for the illustration of the opposite ideologies: the national (with black, red and gold colours) and the liberal (little white houses, blue rivers, the sun).
Keywords: linguistic view of the world, the antithesis with the colour seme, Dmytro Dontsov.

Микитюк О. Індивідуально-авторські кольоролексеми Дмитра Донцова в аспекті антитези // Сучасна українська нація: мова, історія, культура [Текст]: матеріали науково-практичної конференції з міжнародною участю 16 березня 2016 року з нагоди 15-річчя кафедри українознавства / Наукові редактори: проф. Чоп’як В. В., проф. Магльований А. В. – Львів: Друкарня ЛНМУ імені Данила Галицького, 2016. – С. 45–47. (Фахове видання, у збірнику 471 с).

L’histoire de la théorisation de l’antithèse fait apparaître les apports conjoints de la rhétorique et de la philosophie. En effet, si c’est à partir de travaux rhétoriques antérieurs qu’Aristote élabore sa définition de ce procédé, il le met aussi en rapport avec sa dialectique et en fait un instrument propre à exprimer le raisonnement rhétorique. Mais avec les progrès d’une rhétorique organisée selon les tâches de l’orateur, l’antithèse rejoint le seul domaine de l’expression et prend place parmi les figures, où ses formes se diversifient en vue de nouveaux effets. C’est le Ps.-Hermogène du De inuentione (Patillon, Corpus rhetoricum III) qui, renouant avec la tradition philosophique, rapproche la forme antithétique d’un des raisonnements fondamentaux du stoïcisme, le «cinquième indémontrable». Mais au-delà de recouvrements théoriques successifs se révèle une certaine continuité doctrinale assurée par une démarche syncrétique qui se manifeste encore tardivement dans un De figuris orationis proto-byzantin des Ve-VIe siècles (Spengel, Rhetores Graeci III, p. 110-160). The history of the theorisation of the antithesis shows joint contributions of both Philosophy and Rhetoric. The Aristotelitian definition of the antithesis was certainly based on earlier rhetorical works, however Aristotle uses that same process linked with his own dialectics and views it as a tool for rhetorical reasoning. In any case as soon as rhetoric became structured according to the five duties of the orator, the antithesis joined the sole domain of style and ranked among the other figures of speech; its forms then diversified according to a new set of goals. It is only when ties were re-established with the philosophical tradition by Pseudo-Hermogenes and his De inuentione (Patillon, Corpus rhetoricum III), that a connection could be made between the antithetical form and one of the fundamental arguments of Stoicism known as the “fifth indemonstrable form”. Despite several theoretical overlaps, doctrinal continuity was guaranteed by a syncretic approach still perceivable in a proto-Byzantine De figuris orationis dating from of the 5th-6th centuries (Spengel, Rhetores Graeci III, p. 110-160).

Review essay of Negativity and Revolution: Adorno and Political Activism eds. Holloway, J. Matamoros, F. & Tischler, S. (2009) (London: Pluto Press) in Logos: A Journal of Modern Society and Culture Vol. 8, Issue 2 http://logosjournal.com/2011/garland/