Abdominal Circumference

Objective The present study aims to establish a more sensitive nomogram of fetal sacral length measurements, as well as to specify the accuracy of fetal sacral length for the ultrasonographic assessment of gestational age. Methods The present study investigated a total of 2,184 pregnant women who were referred for routine pregnancy follow-up. All of the reviewed women had uncomplicated singleton pregnancies without known structural and chromosomal fetal anomalies. Results A statistically significant linear relationship was established between sacrum length and gestational age [gestational age = 4.49 + 0.92 × sacrum length (r = 0.98, R 2 = 0.96)]. The rate of increase in sacrum length of fetuses with a gestational age of <28 weeks was formulated as [gestational age = −0.05 + 1.01 × sacrum length (r = 0.96, R 2 = 0.98)], while the same formula was [gestational age = −0.09 + 1.32 × sacrum length (r = 0.94, R 2 = 0.96)] for fetuses with a gestational age of ≥28 weeks. On the other hand, a statistically significant correlation was found to exist between biparietal diameter (r = 0.68, P = 0.001), head circumference (r = 0.590, P = 0.001), femur length (r = 0.719, P = 0.001) and sacrum length (r = 0.696, P = 0.001). However, the same statistically significant correlation exists between abdominal circumference and the other sonographic measurements (r = 0.223, P = 0.375). Conclusions The fetal sacral length appears as an easily acquired and valuable parameter, which directly and strongly correlates with gestational age and other biometrical measurements. Therefore, fetal sacral length may be utilized as a complementary tool in both the evaluation of fetal growth and prediction of gestational age. Further research is required to determine the significance of fetal sacral length in prenatal follow-up.

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of HbA1c levels and umbilical cord thickness upon birth weight, particularly in pregestational and gestational diabetic patients. Method Pregnant women were included in the study and were divided into two groups. The first group consisted of patients who were diagnosed with pregestational or gestational diabetes mellitus. The control group consisted of pregnant women who were not diagnosed with pregestational or gestational diabetes mellitus. Ultrasound examination was performed twice. Examinations were performed at 27–28 weeks and 36–37 weeks of gestation, respectively. During ultrasound examinations, fetal anthropometric parameters, biparietal diameter, abdominal circumference, femur length and estimated fetal weight (which was calculated automatically according to Hadlock’s formula) were measured. Additionally, the sonographic cross-sectional areas of the umbilical cord, the umbilical arteries and the umbilical vein were measured in a free loop of the umbilical cord, using the software of the ultrasound machine. The cross-sectional area of Wharton’s jelly was computed by subtracting the cross-sectional area of the vessels from that of the umbilical cord. HbA1c levels were measured for diabetic patients. Results At 27–28 gestational weeks, umbilical cord area and Wharton’s jelly values were found to be statistically different in macrosomic fetuses compared with non-macrosomic fetuses for both groups (for cord area, P = 0.012; for Wharton’s jelly, P = 0.001). Additionally, umbilical cord diameter vein and artery values were not statistically different between the two groups when macrosomic fetuses were compared with non-macrosomic fetuses. At 36–37 gestational weeks, when the relationship between umbilical cord components and birth weight was examined, there was a statistically significant difference when comparing macrosomic fetuses with non-macrosomic fetuses. There was a statistically significant correlation between umbilical cord area, umbilical cord diameter and fetal weight estimation at 36–37 gestational weeks. HbA1c values and fetal macrosomia did not show a statistically significant relationship (P = 0.701). Conclusion A significant relationship between umbilical cord components and birth weight was not specific for the diabetic group. There was a significant relationship between birth weight and umbilical cord components for the control group as well. If the estimated fetal weight is combined with umbilical cord components, macrosomic fetuses can be predicted with more accuracy.

This study aimed to identify markers of metabolic syndrome (MS) in patients with phenylketonuria (PKU). This was a cross-sectional study consisting of 58 PKU patients (ages of 4-15 years): 29 patients with excess weight, and 29 with normal weight. The biochemical variables assessed were phenylalanine (phe), total cholesterol, HDL-c, triglycerides, glucose, and basal insulin. The patients had Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) and waist circumference assessed. No inter-group difference was found for phe. Overweight patients had higher levels of triglycerides, basal insulin, and HOMA, but lower concentrations of HDL-cholesterol, when compared to the eutrophic patients. Total cholesterol/HDL-c was significantly higher in the overweight group. A positive correlation between basal insulin level and HOMA with waist circumference was found only in the overweight group. The results of this study suggest that patients with PKU and excess weight are potentially vulnerable to the development ...

Objective: The metabolic syndrome (MS) is a clinical entity characterized by a high risk of cardiovascular and metabolic complications. It is interesting to know if there is a relationship between physical activity, measured with a pedometer, with the diagnosis of MS and the body composition. Methods: Thirty-nine adult patients of both sexes were included. MS was diagnosed in 26 of

Objective: The metabolic syndrome (MS) is a clinical entity characterized by a high risk of cardiovascular and metabolic complications. It is interesting to know if there is a relationship between physical activity, measured with a pedometer, with the diagnosis of MS and the body composition. Methods: Thirty-nine adult patients of both sexes were included. MS was diagnosed in 26 of

Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia, componentes y factores de riesgo de síndrome metabólico en la población adulta del departamento de Lambayeque en el año 2004. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal y prospectivo, realizado en el departamento de Lambayeque, se incluyeron 1000 personas entre 30 y 70 años de edad mediante un muestreo probabilístico polietápico, se realizaron mediciones antropométricas y de presión arterial, así como análisis de glicemia, colesterol total, triglicéridos y HDL colesterol. Se usaron las definiciones de síndrome metabólico de la ATP III y de la Oficina Internacional de Información en Lípidos Latinoamérica (ILIBLA). Resultados: La prevalencia del síndrome metabólico según criterios ATP III es 28.3% (IC 25.4-37.1%) y según ILIBLA es de 33.2% (IC 28,1-38,3%), la prevalencia de hipertensión arterial es 17.8%, diabetes mellitus tipo 2 de 3.3%, hipercolesterolemia 47,3%, hipertrigliceridemia 43.4%, HDL bajo 56.3%. La prevalencia de obesidad (í...

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência da hipertensão arterial (HA) e de alguns fatores de risco cardiovasculares na população adulta de uma capital brasileira. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo, observacional e transversal, de base populacional, fundamentado em inquérito domiciliar de amostra aleatória simples (>18a). Questionários padronizados, colhidas informações sociodemográficas, realizadas medidas de PA (duas tomadas), peso, altura, circunferência abdominal. Dados armazenados (programa Microsoft Access) e analisados através do programa Epi Info 6. Foi considerada última medida da PA (critério de HA ±140x90 mmHg). RESULTADOS: Avaliamos 1.739 pessoas (87% do previsto). Predomínio do sexo feminino (65,4%), média de idade de 39,7 anos (±15,6). A prevalência de HA foi de 36,4%, sendo maior entre homens (41,8%) que entre mulheres (31,8%). Encontrada correlação positiva da HA com IMC, circunferência da cintura (CC) e faixa etária, enquanto o sexo feminino representou fator de proteção para o risco de hipertensão. Prevalência de sobrepeso 30,0% e de obesidade 13,6%. Sobrepeso maior entre as mulheres e obesidade entre os homens. Tabagismo teve prevalência de 20,1%, mais freqüente entre homens (27,1%) que entre mulheres (16,4%). Sedentarismo presente em 62,3% da população, sem diferenças entre os sexos. Hábito da ingestão regular de bebidas alcoólicas em 44,4% dos indivíduos, mais freqüente entre homens. CONCLUSÃO: Indicadores de HA e de outros fatores de risco cardiovascular (em particular sobrepeso/obesidade) mostram-se elevados. Esses dados reforçam a necessidade da implementação de medidas objetivas em âmbito nacional, visando combater esses agravos à saúde, com vistas à redução da morbidade e mortalidade por DCV.

Objective: To assess the correlation between ultrasonic manual and automatic ellipsoid measurements of foetal head and abdominal circumferences. Methods: This comparative cross-sectional study was conducted at the Ultrasound Clinic, Karachi, from January to July 2004. Seventy two normal pregnant women with gestational ages between 14 to 38 weeks were included. Foetal head and abdominal circumferences were measured by manual method

Objective: To investigate the influence of the orange juice on the arterial blood pressure and the body composition in men. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 141 men, 41 ± 10 y. Arterial blood pressure, body weight, height, abdominal circumference, and body mass index (BMI) were measured in all individuals. The frequency and the daily consumption of foods and of orange juice were obtained from dietary inquiry. Results: Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were positively correlated with BMI, and negatively correlated with oran- ge juice. It was found a positive correlation between the consumption of orange juice and vitamin C and negative correlations between orange juice and SBP, DBP, and BMI in the men&#x27;s group from 35 to 41 y. In general, it was observed tendency of increase of the SBP and DBP with the age, but this increase was smaller for the individuals with orange juice consumption. Conclusion: The regular consumption of orange juice had incr...

We sought to develop a nomogram for fetal ear length measurements from a large population of healthy second- and third-trimester fetuses and to investigate the correlation of fetal ear length with other standard fetal biometry measurements, as follows: biparietal diameter, head circumference, abdominal circumference, femur length, and humerus length. Ear length measurement was obtained prospectively in 4240 singleton fetuses between 15 and 40 weeks&amp;#39; gestational age. Either complete data for normal karyotype on amniocentesis or normal infant examination at birth or both were available in 2583 cases. These constituted the final study population. A nomogram was developed by linearly regressing ear length on gestational age (Ear length [in millimeters] = 1.076 x Gestational age [in weeks] - 7. 308). There was a high correlation between ear length and gestational age (r = 0.96; P =.0001). The results of this study provide normative data on growth of fetal ear length from 15 to 40 weeks&amp;#39; gestation. Good correlation was also observed between ear length and other fetal biometric measurements (biparietal diameter, head circumference, abdominal circumference, femur length, and humerus length).

To determine optimal sonographic fetal weight estimation formula for male and female infants, a prospective study has been performed. Uncomplicated pregnancies and 465 newborns were evaluated. Measurements included birth weight, length and head circumference in addition to fetal head circumference, femur length, abdominal circumference and biparietal diameter. Actual weights were compared with estimated weights calculated by ten different formula. Estimated fetal weight obtained from all formula, except those of Merz, Warsof and Ferrero, tended to be lower than the measured birth weight. The smallest mean differences were obtained with Hadlock 1, Hadlock 2, Hadlock 4 and Shepard formula (19 g-85 g), whereas Merz and Woo produced largest mean differences (110 g-364 g). Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) generated with Hadlock 1 and Hadlock 2 formula were identical (0.90). ICCs obtained with Hadlock 3 and Hadlock 4, Shepard, Merz, Warsof and Campbell formula varied between 0.84 and 0.88. Hadlock 1 and 2 formula gave the closest approximation of birth weight in Turkish population.

To determine optimal sonographic fetal weight estimation formula for male and female infants, a prospective study has been performed. Uncomplicated pregnancies and 465 newborns were evaluated. Measurements included birth weight, length and head circumference in ...