AYUSH

Unani Medicine in the Making examines the institutions and practices of Unani medicine, the Graeco-Islamic healing practice based on the humoral theory attributed
to Hippocrates and officially recognized as a system of medicine in India. Drawing on diverse materials, including Urdu sources, interviews with practitioners,
and observations in clinics, the book explores what Unani medicine is today by attending to its multiplicity, scrutinizing apparent tensions between the
understanding of Unani as a system of medicine and its multiple enactments as Islamic medicine, medical science, or alternative medicine. Ethnographic details
provide vivid descriptions of the current practice of Unani in India, and invite readers to rethink the idea that humoral medicine is incommensurable with modern medicine and science, and that the modernization of Asian medicines invariably leads to
their biomedicalization. Ultimately, the book also discusses the relationship of Unani with Muslim communities, examining the growing practice of Prophetic Medicine in Urban India and increasing representations of Unani as Islamic Medicine.

Plants have always been a common source of medicament either in the form of traditional preparations or pure active principles. It is well known that traditional herbal medicines existed before the application of the modern scientific methods to health care; and even today majority of the world population depends on herbal health care practices1. Cyprus rotundus is a plentiful species occurring throughout the plains of India, especially South India. It is well documented in ancient literature for the therapeutic uses of skin, urinary, digestive and reproductive diseases. The present review covers the basic botanical information, Physical properties, Therapeutic actions, Phytochemistry, Ethno medicinal uses, Experimental Pharmacology and Classical preparations from AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha & Homeopathy) systems of Medicine.

Pharmacovigilance is essential for developing reliable information on the safety of AYUSH medicines. The system existed in India developed for synthetic medicines required some modification to address the specific requirements of medicinal herbs. In concurrence to this, Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, launched the National Pharmacovigilance Programme for reporting the adverse drug reaction for Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani (ASU)drugs, in the year 2008. Consequently, in collaboration with WHO, a Protocol of National Pharmacovigilance Programme for ASU (NPP-ASU) drugs published by Department of AYUSH to facilitate proper documentation, regulation, monitoring and control of the activities related to pharmacovigilance. This was followed by introduction of new scheme by Ministry of AYUSH in the year 2017-18, namely Central Sector Scheme for promoting Pharmacovigilance of Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Homoeopathy (ASU&H) Drugs. The principal goal of the scheme is to develop a culture of recording adverse effects and initiate safety monitoring of Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Homoeopathy drugs along with surveillance of misleading advertisements that appears in the print and electronic media. Pharmacovigilance remain a challenge in AYUSH systems of medicine, particularly given the increasing complexity of therapeutics, an ageing population and rising multi-morbidity. This article summarizes some of the key facts about pharmacovigilance with respect to AYUSH systems of medicine and explores aspects relating to prevention, diagnosis, reporting and management of adverse drug reaction in current clinical practice.

Con questo breve intervento, destinato soprattutto ai lettori italiani, riportiamo uno stralcio in bozza tratta dal testo, in corso di redazione:
Dall’Uno della Tradizione ai Sistemi Aperti, Patañjali Yogasūtra. Il “punto di vista” dello Yoga Vol I -Yama e Niyama, delle astensioni e delle osservanze.


Yoga-terapia e Āyurveda आयुर्वेद
Parlare di Yoga-terapia è impossibile senza fare un riferimento all’Āyurveda , scienza complementare allo Yoga. Entrambi costituiscono frutti specifici della stessa pianta, i Veda. Non a caso l’Āyurveda  è considerato da alcuni autori autorevoli come estensione (upāṅga) dell’Atharvaveda, “il quinto Veda ”. Entrambi hanno come elemento centrale d’indagine la stessa triade; i tre Guṇa: Sattva, Rajas e Tamas nell’Āyurveda assumono caratteristiche al contempo specifiche ed analoghe nei Doṣa: Vata, Pitta, Kapha.
L’approccio olistico dello Yoga è identico a quello dell’Āyurveda. La loro complementarietà è evidente, così come la loro genesi nell’ambito della Tradizione Vedica. Per questo l’utilizzo degli strumenti e metodologie messi a disposizione dallo Yoga da parte dell’Āyurveda è semplice ed armonico.

Tuberculosis is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is highly infectious and opportunistic disease. The synthetic drugs for anti-tuberculosis effect have been prescribed for symptomatic control of disease but produce much adverse effect. Naturally obtaining medicinal plants are incomparable resources of Siddha. From thousands of years, medicinal plants provide a great hope to curing diseases. This review spotlights the effort on anti-tubercular plants, which are various source of literature. This paper provides the plant description, chemical constituents, evidence based pharmacological activity. This will motivate and provide a way for further researches on medicinal plants, possess potent anti-tuberculosis activity.

Medical tourism has emerged as a one of the trending markets across the globe. It encompasses primarily and predominantly biomedical procedures, combined with travel and tourism such as when consumers elect to travel across international borders to receive some form of medical treatment, which may span the full range of medical services. Though travelling abroad for health benefits is not a recent concept, it has gained more momentum and media interest in the last decades. India is one of the major contributors in this industry. Towering medical costs, high insurance premiums, increasing number of uninsured and under insured people in developed nations, long waiting period in the home country, availability of high quality health care services at affordable rate, and internet/communication channels in developing countries, cheaper air fares, and the diversity of tourist destinations available in the country are the driving forces of the outbound medical tourism. Currently, India hosts about 1.27 million medical tourists from industrialized countries like UK and USA and from its neighboring countries such as Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and China. Its foreign exchange earnings from medical tourism are around US $1.8 billion. The Indian systems of medicine (ISM), i.e. Ayurveda, Unani, Yoga and Naturopathy, Siddha, etc., are among the most ancient systems of medical treatment, of the world. Medical tourism holds immense hope for development and promotion of Indian systems of medicine (ISM) worldwide, besides contributing to foreign exchange earnings. In fact, ISM systems are one of the elements of basic structure of medical tourism in India. India can provide medical and health care at international standard at comparatively low cost. This paper recognizes the perspectives of Unani system of medicine for medical tourism sector of India and explores the possible role of central council for research in Unani medicine (CCRUM) in hosting medical tourism centres in India. Finally, this paper analyses and concludes the scope of Unani medicine in medical tourism by which India can attracts more number of foreign tourists for the medical treatment.

The Government of India, under Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi has emphasised increased advocacy of AYUSH system of medicine and establishment of Indian systems of medicine specialty centres. Taking this vision forward, the Rashtrapati Bhavan with help of Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India; established the first AYUSH Wellness Clinic (AWC) of the country at President's Estate in July 2015. The clinic caters to the medical needs of the President, officials of President's Secretariat and residents of the President's Estate; and has treatment facilities in the streams of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha & Homeopathy. The patient-centered care offered at AWC has made it popular among its beneficiaries. The physicians at AWC have consistently worked had based on classical principles and have given results in all type of acute and chronic diseases. This paper is first in the series of successful case reports at AWC.

The transmission of traditional medical knowledge – either institutionally or through established lineages – is assumed to involve one single tradition or another. In India however, families of doctors often engage with multiple traditions, including Ayurveda, Unani, homeopathy, yoga, and biomedicine. Parents, children, siblings and spouses trained in different medical systems occasionally share knowledge and clinical space, producing versatile therapies. By exploring such cases, I challenge studies focused on single traditions and propose to examine “family space” as the physical and relational proximity that enables kin doctors to experiment with plural therapies while negotiating legitimacy and authority within the changing institution of the Indian family.

Background: A very less data is available on the services of AYUSH systems in India, which are now a part of national healthcare delivery structure. Government of India is focussing more and more on integration and mainstreaming of AYSUH health services. The National health policy 2017 envisages the same. In this context, it is essential to study the services rendered by Government AYUSH hospitals so as to learn about the lacunas and make suggestions for the betterment of the system and to increase the accessibility amongst the masses. Objectives: To study the utilization of services by patients attending AYUSH Hospital and to find out the client satisfaction among patients towards AYUSH services in a state level AYUSH hospital. Materials & Methods: The present study was carried out in the Outpatient Department (OPD) of Ayurvedic and Unani Tibbia College, a State level AYUSH Hospital located in Karol Bagh, New Delhi, India. This study was a descriptive cross-sectional survey, in which total 100 patients were studied. The duration of study was 15 working days. The data was gathered by direct patient interviews as well as hospital records and time motion study was also conducted to calculate the average waiting time of patients at various counters in the OPD. Descriptive statistics was done using percentages and proportions. Results: Among the services offered, ayurvedic treatment was mostly sought by the patients (43.6%). Neurological ailments were the commonest reasons for seeking treatment in Ayurveda (22.3%), whereas it was musculoskeletal disorders in Unani (22.3%); skin disorders in Homeopathy (46.9%) and gastrointestinal diseases in Siddha (50.2%). Overall, 43% of the patients were satisfied and 38% were very much satisfied with the AYUSH services provided in the AYUSH Hospital. Conclusion: Majority of the patients were satisfied with the services offered by the AYUSH hospital.

Introduction:
Infectious viral diseases kill seventeen million and over people annually. Nature based pharmacotherapy tends to be an alternate to antivirals in circumstance of inadequate effectiveness and antagonistic. Consequently, various Siddha herbal and metalloids pharmaceutical have been in use for therapeutic resolutions since olden eras and are recognized for our antiviral possessions with durable aftereffect. Specified the challenges and possibilities of Siddha Medicine’s antiviral treatment towards the current COVID -19, this analysis emphases the substantiated data on herbal and metalliod substances as these assorted knowhows can offer effective and unfailing delivery.
Data source:
The data used were obtained from PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect etc. Terms of Siddha herbs, metalloids and COVID – 19 infections were used as search. Siddha Literatures were analysed.
Result:
Infectious COVID -19 is causing utmost demise all round the world. As a customary medicine, deliberately Siddha Phyto herbal and metalloid compositions supports the positive clinical findings therewith of Novel Corona virus and three kind of tāenta curaṅkaḷ (varied fevers) which are widely proved effective in practice. The administration of Siddha drugs inclines to regulates immune activity, providing synergistic advantage on preventing and curing pathogen, could be thereupon of Novel Corona virus also. The remarkable delivery systems including decoction, nanoparticles in Siddha Medicine are an added gain.
Conclusion:
Siddha formulations, on emergence of latest viral variants could inhibit pathogens or synchronize the immune to sack out infections, and henceforth should be explored and analysed sooner as they stretch sturdy mark to defend life.

Siddha system of medicine is one of the oldest Indian system of medicine known to the mankind. Several indigenous siddha formulations formulated and hypothesized by ancient siddha practitioners are still used for clinical management of several dreadful metabolic disorders in humans like diabetes mellitus. Global market for siddha formulations seems remarkable but the need of the hour is to ensure the standard of the preparation. Starting from raw material to finished product the quality and genuinity of the product as to be ascertained. Considering the global need the modern standardization method adopted for identity, purity and shelf life of the preparation. Different techniques has been followed to analyze the purity of the raw materials it includes microscopic, macroscopic, Physical, chemical and biological method of analysis. Hence the main aim of the present investigation is to standardize the novel formulation Pungampoo Chooranam (PPC) as per AYUSH guideline and to reveal the property of the formulation to the scientific community for better understanding about the standards of the formulation. The results obtained from the physicochemical evaluation revels that the total ash value of PPCwas found to 8.01 %. In which the water soluble ash was 4.75% and acid insoluble ash was 0.69%. Similarly loss on drying value at 105 o C was fond to be 9.24% respectively. The water soluble extractive value of PPC was found to be 26.46 % whereas alcohol soluble extractive value is 29.35 %. n-hexane soluble extractive value of the test drug PPC was found to be 19.26%. Preliminary TLC analysis of the sample PPC emits fluorescence indicates the presence of fluorescent emitting compound. The results of HPTLC analysis of the sample PPC reveals the presence of 14 prominent peaks corresponds to 14 different compound's with Rf value ranging from 0.01 to 0.93 with percentage area of 0.82 to 18.52%. From the results of the present investigation it was concluded that the formulation PPC is highly stable and also possess biologically significant phytocomponents which is may be used as an ailment for treating various disease

The Government of India, under Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi has emphasised increased advocacy of AYUSH system of
medicine and establishment of Indian systems of medicine specialty centres. Taking this vision forward, the Rashtrapati Bhavan
with help of Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India; established the first AYUSH Wellness Clinic (AWC) of the country with all
the five systems under one roof at President's Estate in July 2015. A dilapidated building in the President's Estate was renovated
and converted into the AWC. The AWC has treatment facilities in the streams of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha
& Homeopathy. The clinic caters to the medical needs of the President, officials of President's Secretariat and residents of the
President's Estate. This paper reports the success of AWC in the first two years of its establishment. AWC has become popular
among its beneficiaries with about 63425 consultations for medicine and therapy done till two years since its inception. The
holistic treatment offered by AYUSH system of medicine has made it valuable treatment of all type of acute and chronic diseases.
Other initiatives at the clinic include AYUSH awareness workshops conducted regularly for residents, Village out-reach
programme and Skill-development and Internship Programme. AWC is a successful model of patient-centered care and patient
empowerment that is being replicated in various government departments nationwide

Fever is documented as a separate disease as per Traditional Siddha Indian Medicine.  There are 64 types of fever among which 52 types occur due to intrinsic causes and 12 types occur due to Extrinsic factors.  Intrinsic causes are due to the disturbances in the Vatha, Pitha and Kapha equilibrium. Some of the extrinsic factors include fever arising out of God’s wrath, excessive sexual desire, due to black magic, curse, trauma, phobia etc.  Fever as a symptom arises due to various aetiologies. It is also a main factor for complications such as Febrile fits, Shock, Dehydration and Hallucinations (apparent perception of something not present). Infants and children are more vulnerable for the after effects of fever. This usually happens due to delayed medical attention, Lack of Transport facilities and Manpower especially in rural areas. While thinking of designing a topical application for the effective management and control of fever, the Authors of this work, based upon their wide clinical and theoretical knowledge and experience came out with a formula.  This formula, which is having ingredients from Herbal origin, was subjected to pre-clinical studies and the research findings show the superiority of the formula when used through a new drug (Topical application) delivery system.

In unani system of medicine the use of flowers is widely accepted to treat a variety of health problems as they possess strong medicinal potential. Various flowers are administered unanimously either as a single crude drug or get powdered and mixed with other ingredients to form a compound unani formulation. The therapeutic efficacy of the unani formulations is absolutely dependent on the quality of the plant drug used. And if the plant drugs are adulterated, the quality of the preparation cannot go up to the standard level. Microscopical characterization is the only solution for establishing the correct identification of the plant drug material. As the research on the dry flower is meager, the present paper focus on the microscopical characters of five floral powders namely Shagufa-e-Anar, Gul-e-Khatmi, Gul-e-Madar, Zufah-e-Yabis and Zafran that are frequently used in the preparation of various unani compound formulations. The study includes mainly the identification of various cells / tissues / cell contents along with their measurements. Besides this the correct botanical and vernacular names, family name, organoleptic studies, therapeutic uses and important unani formulations containing these flowers as an ingredient have also been reported. All these studies will serve as a reference material in checking the adulteration and identification of authentic floral drug sample in various compound formulations of Unani System of Medicine.

In several components of the globe, sleeping in natural mats are quite common these days although few folks feel they reduce self decorousness, however the particular reason behind is that they are guaranteed with culture. In interior of human calm sleep, there are several advantages of plants based mostly mats that stay dormant still. Siddha, far-famed drugs of Asian nation shortly explains the practices of assorted sleeping mats with its medicative values which are to be delineated.

The aim of the present study was to assess the toxicity of LINGA CHENDURAM by analytical and toxicological studies. The analytical toxicity study was conducted for physicochemical properties of LINGA CHENDURAM and elements which are present in it. Mercuric sulfide was identified as the main ingredient in the test drug. Acute oral toxicity study in Wistar albino rats was conducted as per the OECD Guidelines 401 and 420. Groups of animals of a single sex were dosed in a stepwise procedure using the fixed doses of 5, 10, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 mg/kg. There was no significant toxicity in the treated group compared to the control. Repeated dose oral toxicity (sub-acute) study in Wistar albino rats (28 days) was conducted as per the OECD Guideline 407. Twenty-four rats were selected and divided into four groups of six rats each. The animals in group I (control) received honey daily, while those in groups II, III, IV received 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg of the test drug, respectively, through the oral route for 28 days. There was significant increase in the level of TLC and Prothrombin time. In contrast, the APTT and MCV level is gradually decreased. There was a significant decrease in the level of urea, potassium and LDL. In contrast, the Total Cholesterol, VLDL, and T3 level are increased. There was a degenerative change in the brain and kidney, inflammatory change in the liver, and congestion in the lung and spleen. The present studies confirm the LINGA CHENDURAM toxicity during prolonged administration of very high doses.

The aim of this study was carried out to standardise fingerprint for Vasanthakusumakara Mathirai by instrumental analysis. This drug is traditionally used for bronchial asthma, tuberculosis. The modern scientific instruments like Fourier Transform Infra-Red, Scanning Electron Microscope, Inductively Coupled Plasma Optic Emission Spectrometry were used to evaluate functional groups, particle size and heavy metal analysis respectively. FT-IR showed Amide, Alcohol, Alkene, Alkyne, Ether, Alkyl and Nitro group. These functional groups are responsible to treat bacterial infection and kills tubercle bacilli in sputum. In SEM the particle size ranges from 89.7nm to 138nm. So the drug has micro and nano particle which increases the therapeutic effect. While analysing ICP-OES, showed that Mercury was within permissible limit and other metals like Lead, Arsenic cadmium were below detectable limit. Thus, VKM has its standard fingerprint and evaluate the formula scientifically.

The Ministry of AYUSH recommended the use of a decoction of the mixture of Ocimum tenuiflorum, Cinnamomum verum, Piper nigrum, Zingiber officinale, and Vitis vinifera as a preventive measure to boost immunity and to inhibit the severity of infection caused by a novel coronavirus (COVID-19). The present study aimed to identify the probable modulated pathways via AYUSH recommended formulation as an immune booster against COVID-19.
Reported phytoconstituents of all the plants were retrieved from the ChEBI database, and their targets were predicted using DIGEP-Pred. STRING database and Cytoscape were used to predict the protein-protein interaction and construct the network interaction respectively. Likewise, MolSoft and admetSAR2.0 were used to predict the druglikeness score and ADMET profile of phytoconstituents. The study identified the modulation of HIF-1, p53, PI3K-Akt, MAPK, cAMP, Ras, Wnt, NF-kappa B, IL-17, TNF, and cGMP-PKG signaling pathways to boost the immune system. Further, multiple pathways were also identified which are involved in the regulation of pathogenesis of the multiple infections and non-infectious diseases due to the lower immune system. Results indicated that the recommended herbal formulation not only modulated the pathways related to boost the immune system but also modulated the multiple pathways that are contributing in the progression of multiple disease pathogenesis which would add the beneficial effect in the special subjects like patients from hypertension and diabetes in which 4-hydroxychloroquine therapeutic approach cannot be made. The study provides the scientific documentation of the role of the Ayurvedic formulation to combat COVID-19.

Visceral obesity syndrome also known as metabolic syndrome X is the bunch of medical conditions
characterised by hypertension, hyperglycaemia, dyslipidemia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular
disease affecting, nearly 240 million people worldwide. In India nearly 10000 people were affected per
year and overall it goes on escalating steadily due to amplified adulterated human behaviours. There
is a need of exigency at this juncture by knowing its complex pathology to condense human anguish
and financial load. Siddha system of medicine primarily describes as it may arise due to provocation of
the humours of the body. When our moral code of demeanour is deprived including intemperance and
deficit physical activity, there is a flawed tissue metabolism leading to metabolic syndrome (MS).
Classical books of Siddha were used for literary survey and databases were also analysed with the
prime terminology “Metabolic syndrome” for this systemic review. The speculative backdrop, broad set
of strategy in aetiology, pathogenesis and management of MS are discussed at extent through Siddha
system, in the paper which would be creditable in managing in an effectual and gainful approach.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Infectious viral diseases kill seventeen million and over people annually. Nature based pharmacotherapy tends to be an alternate to antivirals in circumstance of inadequate effectiveness and antagonistic. Consequently, various Siddha herbal and metalloids pharmaceutical have been in use for therapeutic resolutions since olden eras and are recognized for our antiviral possessions with durable aftereffect. Specified the challenges and possibilities of Siddha Medicine’s antiviral treatment towards the current COVID 19, this analysis emphases the substantiated data on herbal and metalliod substances as these assorted knowhows can offer effective and unfailing delivery.

Visceral obesity syndrome also known as metabolic syndrome X is the bunch of medical conditions characterised by hypertension, hyperglycaemia, dyslipidemia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease affecting, nearly 240 million people worldwide. In India nearly 10000 people were affected per year and overall it goes on escalating steadily due to amplified adulterated human behaviours. There is a need of exigency at this juncture by knowing its complex pathology to condense human anguish and financial load. Siddha system of medicine primarily describes as it may arise due to provocation of the humours of the body. When our moral code of demeanour is deprived including intemperance and deficit physical activity, there is a flawed tissue metabolism leading to metabolic syndrome (MS). Classical books of Siddha were used for literary survey and databases were also analysed with the prime terminology “Metabolic syndrome” for this systemic review. The speculative backdrop, broad set of st...

Abstract:
Remdesivir act directly on virus to stop multiplication against virus but the Rhodiola rosea act naturally to enhance immunity against virus replication. Remdesivir is an ATP analogue, which suppress the replication and multiplication process of viral genome. But remdesivir as a treatment is reported as riscky for liver and kidney risks..Researchers found side effects
with increased liver enzyme levels. Consequently there is a rapid require to look for secure medicine innovation and employ which don’t have any side effects. Rhodiola rosea is can be a better alternative to curing viral diseases. It’s well known antiviral agent and it can progress cellular immunity and humoral immune purpose. Remdesivir (RDV) is chemically differentstructure with Rhodiola rosea active compounds structures which are Salidroside and Rosarin. Although, both Remdesivir (RDV) and Rhodiola rosea has similar antiviral activity. But according to this hypothetical research both Remdesivir (RDV) and Rhodiola rosea has similar antiviral activity without no any side effect but in the case of RDV reported the risk of liver disease so this hypothesis indicates Ayurvedic & Homeopathic medicine prepared by Rhodiola rosea for the cureness of covid-19 just because of RDV & Rosea is similar antiviral activity against virus infection.

Pharmacogn Mag. 2017 Jul;13(Suppl 2):S273-S279. doi: 10.4103/pm.pm_454_16. Epub 2017 Jul 11.
Antiurolithiatic Effect of Sirupeelai Samoola Kudineer: A Polyherbal Siddha Decoction on Ethylene Glycol-induced Renal Calculus in Experimental Rats.
Vasanthi AHR1, Muthulakshmi V1, Gayathri V1, Manikandan R1, Ananthi S1, Kuruvilla S2.
Author information
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Sirupeelai Samoola Kudineer (SK), a polyherbal decoction containing four medicinal plants has been used in Siddha system of medicine, practiced in Southern parts of India for the management of urolithiasis.

OBJECTIVE:
The present study is carried out to scientifically validate the traditional claim and to study the mechanism of action of the drug.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
In the present study, anti-urolithiatic effect of SK was evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats using ethylene glycol through drinking water and intraperitoneal injection of sodium oxalate. Renal damage was confirmed by the increased production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS).

RESULTS:
Co-treatment with SK to urolithiatic rats for 21 days significantly prevented the elevation of renal and urinary stone biomarkers in plasma and renal tissue thereby preventing renal damage and the formation of renal calculi. Administration of SK at all doses and cystone restored the antioxidant (glutathione) levels by preventing the elevation of TBARS in the kidney tissue, which was further confirmed by histological sections.

CONCLUSIONS:
SK treatment promotes diuresis which leads to flushing of the renal stones and maintains the alkaline environment in the urinary system which probably mediates the antilithiatic activity. SK provides structural and functional protection to the kidneys by enhancing its physiological function against stone formation and validates its clinical use.

SUMMARY:
SK exhibited antilithiatic and diuretic potential in ethylene glycol and sodium oxalate induced urolithiasis in ratsElevated urinary stone markers (Calcium, oxalate, uric acid, magnesium and phosphates) in plasma and renal tubular enzymes (LDH, GGT, ALP, AST ALT) in urolithiatic rats were reversed by SK treatmentSK administration significantly reduced the level of renal stress markers like Urea, Creatinine, LPO and elevated SOD, GPx, GSH levels aiding in nephroprotectionSK also provides structural and functional protection against ethylene glycol- induced renal calculus in rats as evidenced by histopathological studies. Abbreviations used: SK: Sirupeelai Samoola Kudineer; TBARS: ThioBarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; SOD: SuperOxide Dismutase; GPx: Gluthathione peroxidase; GSH- Glutathione; LPO: Lipid peroxidation as measured as TBARS; AST: Aspartate AminoTransferase; ALT: Alanine Amino transferase; GGT: Gamma Glutamyl Transferase; LDH: Lactate Dehydrogenase.

KEYWORDS:
Ethylene glycol; Siddha drug Sirupeelai Samoola Kudineer; oxidative stress; sodium oxalate; urolithiasis